by Barry Parker
12. Kelly, Gunpowder, p. 191.
13. Craig L. Symonds, “Damn the Torpedoes! The Battle of Mobile Bay,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/mobilebay/mobile-bay-history-articles/damn-the-torpedoes-the.html (accessed March 18, 2013).
14. “Civil War Submarines,” AmericanCivilWar.com, http://americancivilwar.com/tcwn/civil_war/naval_submarine.html (accessed March 19, 2013).
15. “Balloons in the American Civil War,” CivilWar.com, http://www.civilwar.com/weapons/observation_balloons.html (accessed March 21, 2013).
CHAPTER 11. WHERE DOES THE BULLET GO? BALLISTICS OF RIFLE BULLETS AND CANNON SHELLS
1. “Internal Ballistics,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internal_ballistics (accessed March 24, 2013).
2. Nelson DeLeon, “Elementary Gas Laws: Charles Law,” Chemistry 101 Class Notes, Spring 2001, http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/gases/charleslaw.html (accessed March 25, 2013).
3. “Recoil,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/recoil (accessed March 27, 2013).
4. “Introduction to Ballistics,” Federation of American Scientists, http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/gunno/INFO6.html (accessed March 29, 2013).
5. “External Ballistics,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/external_ballistics (accessed April 1, 2013).
6. “Terminal Ballistics,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/terminal_ballistics (accessed April 1, 2013).
CHAPTER 12. HEY, LOOK…IT FLIES! AERODYNAMICS AND THE FIRST AIRPLANES
1. Isaac Asimov, The History of Physics (New York: Walker and Company, 1966), p. 133.
2. “Wright Brothers History: First Airplane Flight,” Welcome to the Wright House, http://www.wright-house.com/wright-brothers/wrights/1903.html (accessed April 5, 2013).
3. Mary Bellis, “A Visual Timeline: The Lives of the Wright Brothers and Their Invention of the Airplane,” About.com, http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventors/a/TheWrightBrothers.htm (accessed April 5, 2013).
4. Quentin Reynolds, The Wright Brothers: Pioneers of American Aviation (New York: Random House, 1981).
5. Fred Howard, Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers (New York: Ballantine Books, 1988), p. 72.
6. “What Makes an Airplane Fly—Level 1,” Allstar Network, http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/fltmidfly.htm (accessed April 8, 2013).
7. Mary Bellis, “The Dynamics of Airplane Flight,” About.com, http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blairplanedynamics.htm (accessed April 8, 2013).
8. “What Is Drag?” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/drag1.html (accessed April 10, 2013).
9. “The Birth of the Fighter Plane, 1915,” EyeWitness to History, 2008, http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/fokker.htm (accessed April 14, 2013).
10. “Aviation in World War I,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I (accessed April 14, 2013); R. L. O'Connell, Of arms and Men (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 262.
CHAPTER 13. THE MACHINE GUN WAR—WORLD WAR I
1. Ernest Volkman, Science Goes to War (New York: John Wiley, 2002), p. 151; R. L. O'Connell, Of Arms and Men (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 233.
2. Michael Duffy, “Weapons of War—Machine Guns,” firstworldwar.com, http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm (accessed April 20, 2013).
3. “World War I—Weapons,” History on the Net, http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/weapons.htm (accessed April 22, 2013).
4. Michael Duffy, “How It Began—Introduction,” firstworldwar.com, http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/ (accessed April 25, 2013); Jennifer Rosenberg, “World War I, About.com, http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwari/p/World-War-I.htm (accessed April 28, 2013).
5. O'Connell, Of Arms and Men, p. 262.
6. Stephen Sherman, “Legendary Aviators and Aircraft of World War One,” 2001, Acepilots.com, http://acepilots.com/wwi/ (accessed April 30, 2013).
7. Michael Duffy, “The War in the Air—Air Aces of World War One,” firstworldwar.com, http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/aces.htm (accessed April 30, 2013).
8. “Jan. 31, 1917: Germans Unleash U-Boats,” This Day in History, History, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germans-unleash-u-boats (accessed May 3, 2013); Alex L., “U-Boats in World War I,” HistoryJournal.org, http://www.historyjournal.org/2012/08/28/u-boats-in-world-war-i/ (accessed May 5, 2013).
9. “The Sinking of the RMS Lusitania,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania (accessed May 4, 2013).
10. “Poison Gas and World War One,” History Learning Site, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/poison_gas_and_world_war_one.htm (accessed May 5, 2013).
11. Michael Duffy, “Weapons of War—Poison Gas,” firstworldwar.com, http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm (accessed May 7, 2013).
12. “Chemical Weapons in World War I, Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I (accessed September 5, 2013).
13. “Tanks and World War One,” History Learning Site, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tanks_and_world_war_I (accessed May 11, 2013).
14. Michael Duffy, “Weapons of War—Tanks,” firstworldwar.com, http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/tanks.htm (accessed May 11, 2013).
15. “Apr. 6, 1917: America Enters World War I,” This Day in History, History, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/america-enters-world-war-i (accessed May 12, 2013).
CHAPTER 14. THE INVISIBLE RAYS: THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RADIO AND RADAR IN WAR
1. Barry Parker, Science 101: Physics (Irvington, NY: Collins-Smithsonian, 2007), p. 129.
2. Ibid., p. 122.
3. Ibid., p. 121; “Guglielmo Marconi,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi (accessed May 15, 2013).
4. Parker, Science 101, pp. 123, 132.
5. “Learn about Australian Weather Watch Radar,” Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology,” http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/radar/about (accessed May 17, 2013).
6. Robert Buderi, The Invention That changed the World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 103.
7. Louis Brown, A Radar History of World War II (Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999), p. 84.
8. James Phinney Baxter III, quoted in Buderi, Invention That Changed the World.
CHAPTER 15. SONAR AND THE SUBMARINE
1. Isaac Asimov, The History of Physics (New York: Walker and Company, 1966), p. 124.
2. Nathan Earls, “The Physics of Submarines,” University of Alaska Fairbanks, http://www.ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/nathan_earls/intro_slide.html (accessed May 20, 2013).
3. Marshall Brain and Craig Freudenrich, “How Submarines Work,” How Stuff Works,” http://www.science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/submarine (accessed May 22, 2013).
4. “Sonar,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sonar (accessed May 25, 2013).
5. Mary Bellis, “The History of Sonar,” About.com, http://www.inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/sonar_history.htm (accessed May 25, 2013).
6. “Torpedo,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/torpedo (accessed May 28, 2013).
7. “The German U-Boats,” uboat.net, http://www.uboat.net/boats.htm (accessed May 30, 2013).
8. “Battle of the Philippine Sea,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea (accessed May 30, 2013).
CHAPTER 16. THE GREAT WAR: WORLD WAR II
1. Jennifer Rosenberg, “World War II Starts,” About.com, http://www.history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/wwiistarts.htm (accessed June 1, 2013); “World War Two—Causes,” History on the Net.com, http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW2/causes.htm (accessed June 1, 2013).
2. Editors of Legacy Publishers, “Start of World War II: September 1939–March 1940,” How Stuff Works, http://www.history.howstuffworks/world-war-ii/start-world-war-2.htm (accessed June 1, 2013).
4. Louis Brown, A Radar History of World War II (Philadelphia: Institute of Physics, 1979).
5. Robert Buderi, The Invention That Changed the World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 79.
6. Brown, Radar History, p. 107.
7. Buderi, Invention, p. 89.
8. “The Battle of Britain,” BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/battle_of_britain (accessed June 5, 2013).
9. “Junkers Ju 87,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87 (accessed June 6, 2013).
10. “Reasons for America's Entry into WWII,” Hubpages, http://www.jdf78.hubpages.com/hub/Reasons-for-American-Entry-Into-WWII (accessed June 7, 2013).
11. “Air Warfare of World War II,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II (accessed June 8, 2013).
12. “V-2 Rocket,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket (accessed June 9, 2013); Kennedy Hickman, “World War II: V-2 Rocket,” About.com, http://www.militaryhistory.about.com/od/artillerysiegeweapons/p/v2rocket.htm (accessed June 10, 2013).
13. “Norden Bombsight, Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norden_bombsight (accessed June 11, 2013).
14. “World War 2 Code Breaking: 1939–1945,” History, http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/ww2/code-breaking.html (accessed June 13, 2013).
15. “More Information About: Alan Turing,” BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/alan_turing (accessed June 14, 2013).
CHAPTER 17. THE ATOMIC BOMB
1. Isaac Asimov, The History of Physics (New York: Walker and Company, 1966), p. 598.
2. Amir Aczel, Uranium Wars (New York: MacMillan, 2009), p. 179.
3. Ibid., p. 74.
4. Ibid., p. 88.
5. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), p. 204.
6. Ibid., p. 79.
7. Aczel, Uranium Wars, p. 61.
8. Ibid., p. 104.
9. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 256.
10. Barry Parker, Quantum Legacy (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002), p. 217.
11. Ibid., p. 213.
12. Aczel, Uranium Wars, p. 132.
13. Jim Baggott, The First War of Physics (New York: Pegasus, 2010), p. 100.
14. Ibid., p. 89; Aczel, Uranium Wars, p. 146.
15. Baggott, First War of Physics, p. 232.
16. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 447.
17. Aczel, Uranium Wars, p. 157.
18. Baggott, First War of Physics, p. 279.
19. Ibid., p. 299.
20. Aczel, Uranium Wars, p. 178.
CHAPTER 18. THE HYDROGEN BOMB, INTERCONTINENTAL MISSILES, LASERS, AND THE FUTURE
1. “Thermonuclear Weapon,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon (accessed June 20, 2013).
2. Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 466; “Cold War: A Brief History of the Atomic Bomb,” atomicarchive.com, http://www.atomicarchive.com/history/coldwar/page04.htm (accessed June 22, 2013).
3. Rhodes, Dark Sun, p. 468; “Thermonuclear Weapon.”
4. Rhodes, Dark Sun, p. 482.
5. Ibid., p. 506.
6. “Intercontinental Ballistic Missile,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intercontinental_ballistic_missile (accessed June 26, 2013).
7. Barry Parker, Quantum Legacy (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002), p. 159.
8. “Gordon Gould,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Gould (accessed September 12, 2013).
9. Parker, Quantum Legacy, p. 179.
10. “Extrinsic Semiconductor, Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrinsic_semiconductor (accessed September 12, 2013).
11. “What Is the Keyhole Satellite and What Can It Really Spy On?” How Stuff Works, http://www.science.howstuffworks.com/question529.htm (accessed September 12, 2013).
12. “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle (accessed June 27, 2013).
13. Joe Haldeman and Martin Greenberg, Future Weapons of War (Riverdale, NY: Baen, 2008).
14. “How E-Bombs Work,” How Stuff Works, http://www.sciencehowstuffworks.com/e-bomb3.htm (accessed June 28, 2013).
15. Joel Baglole, “XM25- Future Grenade Launcher,” About.com, http://www.usmilitary.about.com/od/weapons/a/xm25grenadelaunch.htm (accessed June 29, 2013).
16. “Smart Bullet,” Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_bullet (accessed September 12, 2013).
17. “MAARS,” Qinetiq North America, https://www.qinetiq-na.com/products/unmanned-systems/maars/, (accessed September 12, 2013).
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ABM (anti-ballistic missile), 281
acceleration, 35, 36
acceleration of gravity, 37, 38, 82
aces (pilots), 188
acoustic torpedo, 218
active sonar, 216
Adolphus, Gustav, 99, 100
Adrianople, 49
Adrianople, Battle of, 49
aerodynamics, 165, 166
Afghanistan, 23
Agincourt, Battle of, 53
ailerons, 177, 178, 180
airplanes in World War II, 234
Akkadian Empire, 24
Albacore, 221
Albert of Wallenstein, 99, 100
alchemists, 60
Alexander the Great, 33
Alexandria, 33, 48
alpha particles, 247
Alsos Mission, 269
American Civil War, 131
American entry into World War II, 231
American Revolutionary War, 135
ampere, 125
Ampere, Andre, 126
Anderson, Herbert, 264
angle of attack, 175
angular momentum, 40, 134
Anthony, 48
Apollo program, 280
Archimedes, 33, 150, 212
Archimedes’ principle, 33, 150, 211, 212
Archimedes’ screw, 33
Aristotle, 29, 30, 33, 78, 79
arquebus, 88
Assyrians, 24, 25, 26, 27
atmospheric drag, 112
atomic bomb, 245–71
atomic number, 245, 246, 254
atomic weight, 245, 246
Babylonia, 28
Babylonians, 24
Bacon, Roger, 61
ballast tanks, 213
ballista, 30, 31, 45, 48
ballistic coefficient, 159
ballistic pendulum, 111
ballistics, 80, 151
balloons (Civil War), 149
barbarians, 49
Bardeen, John, 288, 291
Basilica, 64, 65
Bataan, 232
battery, 125
Battle of Britain, 229–31
Battle of France, 226
Battle of Hastings, 51
Battle of the Bulge, 234
Battle of Waterloo, 122
bazooka, 240
Ben Hur, 22
Bernoulli, Daniel, 166
Bernoulli principle, 172, 174
beta particles, 247
Bethe, Hans, 263, 268, 274
Big Bertha, 184
Big Willy, 194
binoculars, 203
Bishop, Billy, 188
Black Bart, 62
Black, Joseph, 108
Bleriot, Louis, 179
Bletchley Park, 223
blitzkrieg, 225, 226, 230, 240
Bloch, Felix, 263
blockade (Civil War) 144
Boelcke, Oswald, 188
Bohr, Niels, 248–56, 260, 282
Bolton, Mather, 109
bombe, 244
Boone Daniel, 135
Boot, Harry, 208, 229