Alcatraz: A Definitive History of the Penitentiary Years

by Michael Esslinger

  Cause of Death: Fracture of Skull

  Doc Barker’s father could not afford to have his son brought back to Oklahoma. Warden Johnston arranged for a small formal service and burial in Colma, California, where ironically several other celebrity crime figures have been laid to rest, including the famous old-west lawman Wyatt Earp. Services for Barker were held on January 17th at the Lasswell Funeral Parlor, and he was laid to rest in a pauper’s grave in the Mount Olivet Cemetery late that afternoon. Protestant Chaplain Wayne Hunter wrote a memo to Johnston stating that the only people in attendance were a prison clerk, two men from the funeral parlor, the manager of the cemetery, and four other cemetery employees.

  The only unusual occurrence reported was that when Barker’s casket was being prepared to be driven to the cemetery, a drunk staggered into the funeral parlor and yelled out only one word, “Barker.” When asked what he wanted, he turned around and walked out.

  Doc’s grave was marked only with his Alcatraz inmate number, #268.

  A telegram from Barker’s father asking that his son be buried in San Francisco.

  Stamphill’s wounds proved serious but not fatal and he would remain in the hospital until April 8, 1939. He was subsequently transferred to isolation, and was kept there until August 3, 1940, when he was released back into the general prison population. The experience of the escape attempt seemed to have changed Stamphill; from then on he would maintain a fairly clear conduct record and he held several jobs in various departments at Alcatraz. Stamphill was approved for transfer to Leavenworth in 1950, and he remained there until his parole in 1956. Once paroled, Stamphill started a small tax preparation and business accounting firm, which kept him out of trouble for nearly ten years. He married, but soon after started having personal and business problems that ultimately led to severe debt, and he eventually would violate his parole following another burglary. He was returned to Leavenworth and released several years later. He died in September of 1998 in Kansas City following complications from a stroke.

  A coroner’s inquest conducted by Coroner... B.W. Leland following the death of Doc Barker resulted in a deluge of negative press about the security practices at Alcatraz. Associate Warden Edward J. Miller appeared as the sole witness in the inquest. Miller admitted that the officers on duty could have been asleep during the escape and that they were “definitely not alert. ” However he did make it clear that the officers were required to call the Armory every half hour, which made it seem very unlikely that they were taking a nap during the time period when the inmates had escaped from D Block. Miller testified that no saws had been found, and no trace of filings or any material which might have been used to conceal the progress of work on the iron bars. The instrument that had been used to force the “tool-proof” outside bars was likewise never found. The jury findings of the inquest stated the following:

  We, the jury, find that the said Arthur R. Barker met his death attempting to escape from Alcatraz Prison from gunshot wounds inflicted by guards unknown.

  On December 30, 1940, Henri Young fatally stabbed Rufus McCain. He would later claim that this act resulted from conflicts that arose during the failed escape attempt of 1939. In news reports describing the murder trial, it was reported that Young stated to the jurors: “McCain held a great deal of animosity toward me. He wanted to use the wives of the guards as shields in the break, but I wouldn’t do it. I obstructed the plan. I told McCain freedom wasn’t everything, but he wouldn’t listen.” Young’s life would later be fictionalized in the book and motion picture Murder in the First.

  The escape of 1939 had been the first ever on the Rock to demonstrate a weakness in the main security system. This would be last escape to initiate from within D Block.

  ESCAPE ATTEMPT #5

  Date:

  May 21, 1941

  Inmates:

  Joseph Paul Cretzer

  Sam Richard Shockley

  Arnold Thomas Kyle

  Lloyd H. Barkdoll

  Location:

  Mat Shop (Model Industries Building)

  Joseph P. Cretzer

  Sam Richard Shockley

  Arnold Thomas Kyle

  Lloyd H. Barkdoll

  The 1941 escape attempt by inmates Joseph Cretzer, Sam Shockley, Arnold Kyle and Lloyd Barkdollwould unexpectedly serve as a prelude to the bloodiest chapter in the prison’s history, known as the Battle of Alcatraz in 1946. The biographies of Joe Cretzer, Sam Shockley and Arnold Kyle are covered extensively in a later section chronicling the events of ‘46. Prior to their capture in 1939, Cretzer and Kyle had been considered the number-one bank robbing team in the nation. They had previously made spectacular breaks from other penitentiaries and would seize upon the slightest opportunity to break from the Rock. All four men were serving life sentences and were assigned to work details in the Rubber Mat Shop.

  Lloyd Barkdoll was later said to have been the principle instigator of this escape attempt. He had previously been serving a life sentence for a series of bank robberies in Oregon, and he was transferred to Alcatraz on October 13, 1937 from the Federal Penitentiary at McNeil Island, where prison officials believed that he was planning a mass escape. Barkdoll had also been a key witness during the famous Henri Young trial, and Warden Johnston had subsequently stated in a newspaper interview that Barkdoll’s sole purpose for testifying had been to seek an opportunity for an escape.

  The Alcatraz escape attempt took place on May 21, 1941. Just after the inmates had returned from lunch, Clyne Stoops, a correctional officer assigned to the Industries was lured into the mat shop under the pretense that a piece of equipment had stopped working. As the officer started to examine the piece of machinery, the four inmates overpowered him, bound his hands and feet with heavy gauge twine, and then gagged him. The prisoners then took control of the workshop and moved eight other inmates who chose not to participate into an adjacent room.

  Taking turns and using a heavy piece of pipe, they struggled to pry open the inside casement, which was made of heavy wire. After nearly thirty minutes of intense prying, they were caught off guard when another officer entered the workshop. In a newspaper interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, Warden Johnston later recounted the following events:

  They had worked at it about half an hour when Manning, who wasn’t expected, entered the shop on a routine inspection tour. They had a lookout posted. When Manning entered one grabbed him on each side and one from behind, and they hustled him into the room with Stoops, binding him but not gagging him.

  Then they went back to the window. By this time they had pried off part of the casement. They dragged over a small motor driven emery stone and began grinding away at one of the toolproof bars.

  One of the convicts remained posted at the door as a guard, and when Officer Johnston entered he was hustled in with the other officers. So far as I can gather they at no time used any weapons on the officers, just overpowering them by surprise and strength of numbers. Barkdoll is a big, husky man and took the lead.

  Finally Captain Madigan entered the shop. They overpowered him too. But Captain Manning pointed out to them that it was time for the officers to ring in to the administration building, and that an alarm would be sounded if the officers failed to ring in. They were about ready to give up anyway. They had to cut through at least and probably three of the bars before they could drop down to the outside and they hadn’t even cut through one.

  So they freed Madigan. He phoned the administration building, and by the time we got there he was leading them away.

  In a later report, Barkdoll was commended for protecting the officers from being assaulted. It rea...“It was reported that during the escape attempt, when Cretzer, Kyle, and subject tied up the officers and threatened them with hammers and other weapons, Barkdoll kept the others from injuring the officers and protecting them from assault.” All four men were immediately sent to solitary confinement. Shockley would serve the remainder of his time at Alcatraz in the segregation unit, until the
1946 escape attempt.

  After he had been integrated back into the general prison population, Barkdoll would earn the designation of a model inmate. His progress reports reflect unanimous praise for his leadership abilities promoting positive conduct. The correctional staff characterized him as cheerful, friendly, and cooperative, with a pleasing personality and all the qualities of a natural leader. On March 12, 1945 he was assigned to the kitchen detail, and was later promoted to work in the Officer’s Dining Room. He would also be credited with starting an inmate orchestra. When other inmates participated in a culinary strike in October of 1948, Barkdoll stayed on the job, helping wherever he could. He was clearly liked and respected by prison officials, who provided him with monetary rewards even though he worked in a non-compensated industry assignment. On March 7, 1950, Barkdoll developed severe chest pains while walking in the recreation yard. He was taken to the hospital and shortly thereafter suffered a fatal heart attack. Under the direction of his wife, Barkdoll’s body was sent to Schroeder Mortuary in Coquille Oregon for burial.

  Although the escape attempt of 1941 had proved unsuccessful, it was destined to become a prelude to a later prison tragedy...

  A photograph of Arnold Kyle, taken in 1963. The effects of decades spent in prison are plainly evident.

  ESCAPE ATTEMPT #6

  Date:

  September 15, 1941

  Inmates:

  John Richard Bayless

  Location:

  Powerhouse

  A series of mug shots of John Richard Bayless, spanning fifty years. The progression of images illustrates the effects of nearly a lifetime spent in prison. Bayless was one of the few inmates to be released from Alcatraz only to return following another crime conviction.

  John Bayless was one of a small select group of inmates who were sent to Alcatraz twice, under two completely separate convictions. He was born on May 16, 1915 into a middle-class family in Wichita, Kansas. His father was steadily employed as a railroad worker and his mother was described and an affectionate and devoted homemaker. Like many boys of the age, he became a Boy Scout, developed an avid interest in science and attended church every Sunday. It wasn’t until he turned sixteen that his life started to change course. While he was still in high school, his parents decided to divorce and this was apparently a very traumatic experience for Bayless. He was sent to live with his grandmother in Willow Springs, Missouri, and after graduating high school in 1933, he decided to enlist in the U.S. Navy.

  In the Navy Bayless was trained as an aircraft mechanic on the Aircraft Carrier USS Saratoga, based out of Long Beach, California. But despite his naval training and a promising future in aviation, he detested military life. On July 28, 1935, Bayless wrote a bad check for a payment on a 1931 Ford Roadster, deserted the Navy and drove back home to Missouri. The car was immediately reported stolen and Bayless was soon arrested after being caught trying to forge his grandmother’s signature on another check. He was convicted of forgery and on December 16, 1935, and was sentenced to serve two years at the U.S. Southwestern Reformatory, in El Reno, Oklahoma.

  Within only a few months of his release, Bayless met and married an attractive young girl named Gwendolyn, and the two quickly moved into a furnished apartment. However, his wife soon grew suspicious that her new husband didn’t work, yet somehow always seemed to have money. He would leave with friends for long periods during the day and return without volunteering any information about his activities. He finally told his young bride excitedly that he had inherited money and that they would receive the entire sum the following month. She too was excited, and was now starting to adjust into her new life.

  On October 29, 1937 the couple decided to drive to Wichita, Kansas with John’s seventeen-year-old friend Orville Sims and his wife Orletta, so that Gwendolyn could visit her mother. When John tired during the drive, Orville took over the wheel, and began driving erratically. Orville lost control and the car rolled over numerous times before plunging violently into a ditch. John and Gwendolyn, who were riding in the backseat, found themselves pinned underneath the wreckage. They were finally able to free themselves and hurried to the nearest hospital. Gwendolyn had suffered serious injuries including a fractured vertebra in her neck and a broken femur in her right leg. John walked away with only a minor back injury and a few stitches in his left hand. Gwendolyn would need to remain in the hospital for several weeks, so Bayless decided to rent a car and head back home to get some money.

  A local newspaper, The Wichita Eagle, ran a story on the accident and this helped to alert law enforcement officials to the location of Bayless and his partner in crime. After meeting with Gwendolyn, police decided to raid the Bayless apartment, where they found bank diagrams and other items that linked John to a series of crimes. At the same time that agents were raiding the apartment, Sims and Bayless were in Mansfield, Missouri, casing a bank. Dressed in dark blue overalls, each with a watch chain dangling from his pocket, the men drew guns on two female employees at the downtown Merchants Bank. They locked the two women in the bank vault, and made off with all of the cash from their tills.

  When news of the bank robbery was broadcast over police radios, the agents headed to Sim’s residence, where they found both men asleep. On awaking, Bayless made a comment that would be entered into his arrest report: “Lucky you caught me asleep copper, or I’d have blasted you.” In early 1938, several FBI agents and United States Marshals, all armed, escorted the young men to the courtroom. Bayless and Sims stood before Judge Albert L. Reeves in the Federal Court of Kansas City, pleading guilty to two Federal Grand Jury indictments for robbery of an FDIC bank using force, violence and deadly weapons. They were sentenced to serve twenty years for the first count, and twenty-five years for the second. Bayless would arrive at Leavenworth on February 1, 1938, and he was transferred to Alcatraz on November 29, 1938, as inmate #AZ-466.

  The official transfer order for John Bayless to be sent to Alcatraz in 1936.

  At Alcatraz, Bayless was considered a low-maintenance inmate who rarely sought trouble. He was a loner, and spent most of his time during recreation periods by himself. On September 15, 1941, Bayless was assigned to the garbage detail, which was generally considered a choice assignment by the inmates. This work detail permitted Bayless to collect garbage and debris from all over the island, under limited supervision. On this day at the end of his shift, Bayless made a spontaneous decision to escape under a dense layer of fog. Just before the inmates were rounded up for the final count and rallied back to the main cellhouse, Bayless slipped away and dropped to the rocky shore near the powerhouse. But by the time he had made it to the water’s edge, the guard staff noticed him missing from his work detail and immediately notified the Control Center. The piercing sound of the klaxon siren rang out over the island.

  Bayless removed his shirt, shoes, and socks, then immersed himself in the water until he was chest-deep. He would later state that once he was in the ice-cold water, he had trouble staying afloat, and quickly realized that he would be unable to make the swim across the Bay. Wilkinson, one of the officers assigned to the same detail, quickly spotted Bayless in the water. The prisoner didn’t resist capture, and after being shackled, he was marched directly into D Block. When Bayless was brought to trial in San Francisco on January 28, 1943, he again demonstrated his desperation by breaking free and making a dash from the U.S. Marshals while they were inside the courthouse. He was immediately tackled, and was sent back to isolation on Alcatraz. In April of 1943 he was convicted of attempted escape, and was sentenced to serve an additional thirty years.

  A memo from the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, describing the escape attempt by Bayless.

  A Telegram describing Bayless’ attempt to escape from a full courtroom in San Francisco. Ironically, he made a second break for freedom during his trial for the first escape attempt.

  Bayless would serve his time quietly in segregation, and would eventually earn a transfer back to Leavenworth in November o
f 1950. He was awarded a conditional parole release on August 19, 1951, and landed himself back in jail on February 26, 1952, after committing another bank robbery. This time he was convicted and sentenced to serve thirty-five years. One year to the day after his release, he arrived for his second term at Alcatraz on August 19, 1952, as inmate #AZ-966.

  Bayless would be among the last inmates to depart Alcatraz when it finally closed on March 21, 1963. He was sent back to McNeil Island and would not serve his time idly; once more he would find himself involved in a violent and desperate prison break. On November 8, 1965, Bayless and fellow inmate Dennis Hubbard concealed themselves behind another prisoner as he passed through an electric sentry gate into a minimum-security dormitory. Using a hand-fashioned knife, they overpowered a guard and bound and tied him using duct tape. They escaped through a non-barred window and under the cover of heavy rain, scaled the perimeter fences and disappeared into the landscape.

  The duo found a vacant house that belonged to the prison’s physician, who was away on a hunting expedition. They remained inside the house undetected for five days, until the physician returned home. When prison officials came for them, they offered no resistance, and Bayless again stood trial for escape. He was sentenced to another forty-five years, and would again be paroled for good time served on August 20, 1973. But just one month later he was back in prison at Leavenworth for attempted bank robbery. Bayless was re-paroled to a community treatment center in Long Beach California, and died on July 30, 1981. He had finally returned to the city in which he had committed his first crime.