Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  [12] Πόλις δέ πού ἐστιν ἐν τῇ νήσῳ Σαρδοῖ, ἣ νῦν Σαρδινία καλεῖται, Τραϊανοῦ Φόρον αὐτὴν καλοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι. [13] ταύτην τειχήρη πεποίηται Ἰουστινιανός, οὐ πρότερον οὖσαν, ἀλλὰ Μαυρουσίοις τοῖς νησιώταις, οἳ Βαρβαρικῖνοι ἐπικαλοῦνται, ὁπηνίκα ἂν ληΐζεσθαι βουλομένοις ᾖ, ἐν προχείρῳ κειμένην.

  [14] Ἐν δὲ Γαδείροις, κατὰ θάτερα τῶν Ἡρακλέους στηλῶν, ἣ τοῦ πορθμοῦ ἐν δεξιᾷ ἐστι, κατὰ τὴν Λιβύης ἀκτὴν φρούριον ἦν ποτε Σέπτον ὄνομα, ὅπερ ἐδείμαντο μὲν ἐν τοῖς ἄνω χρόνοις Ῥωμαῖοι, Βανδίλων δὲ οὐκ ἐπιμελουμένων καθεῖλεν ὁ χρόνος. [15] ὁ δὲ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς βασιλεὺς Ἰουστινιανὸς τείχει μὲν ἐρυμνόν, φυλακτηρίῳ δὲ ἰσχυρὸν κατεστήσατο. [16] οὗ δὴ καὶ νεὼν ἀξιοθέατον τῇ p[392]θεοτόκῳ ἀνέθηκεν, ἀναψάμενος μὲν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς τὰ τῆς πολιτείας προοίμια, παντὶ δὲ ἀνθρώπων τῷ γένει ταύτῃ ἄμαχον τὸ φρούριον τοῦτο ποιούμενος.

  [17] Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν τοιαῦτά ἐστιν. ἀμφίλεκτον δὲ οὐδὲν γέγονεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔνδηλον ἀνθρώποις διαφανῶς πᾶσιν, ὡς ἐκ τῶν ἑῴων ὁρίων ἄχρι ἐς δύοντά που τὸν ἥλιον, ἃ δὴ πέρατά ἐστι τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς, οὐκ ἐρύμασι μόνοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατιωτῶν φυλακτηρίοις Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς τὴν πολιτείαν ἐκρατύνατο. [18] ὅσα μὲν οὖν τῶν Ἰουστινιανοῦ οἰκοδομημάτων μαθεῖν ἴσχυσα ἢ αὐτόπτης γεγενημένος ἢ τῶν θεασαμένων αὐτήκοος, ὅση δύναμις τῷ λόγῳ ἐπῆλθον. [19] ἐξεπίσταμαι δὲ ὡς πολλά με καὶ ἄλλα παρῆλθεν εἰπεῖν ἢ ὄχλῳ λαθόντα ἢ παντάπασιν ἄγνωστα μείναντα. [20] ὥστε εἴ τῳ διὰ σπουδῆς ἔσται διερευνήσασθαί τε ἅπαντα καὶ τῷ λόγῳ ἐνθεῖναι, προσέσται αὐτῷ τά τε δέοντα πεπραχέναι καὶ φιλοκάλου κλέος ἀπενεγκεῖν.

  The Dual Texts

  Al-Raqqah, a city in Syria located on the north bank of the Euphrates River, about 160 kilometres east of Aleppo, and the site of The Battle of Callinicum. The conflict took place on Easter Saturday, 19 April 531 AD, between the armies of the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius and the Sassanid Persians under Āzārethes. Procopius served with Belisarius on the eastern front until the latter was defeated at the Battle of Callinicum and recalled to Constantinople.

  DUAL GREEK AND ENGLISH TEXTS

  Translated by H. B. Dewing

  In this section, readers can view a section by section text of Procopius’ works, alternating between the original Greek and Dewing’s English translations.

  CONTENTS

  The Wars of Justinian

  BOOK I. THE PERSIAN WAR

  BOOK II. THE PERSIAN WAR (Continued)

  BOOK III. THE VANDALIC WAR

  BOOK IV. THE VANDALIC WAR (Continued)

  BOOK V. THE GOTHIC WAR

  BOOK VI. THE GOTHIC WAR (continued)

  BOOK VII. THE GOTHIC WAR (continued)

  BOOK VIII. THE GOTHIC WAR (continued)

  Secret History

  The Buildings of Justinian

  BOOK I.

  BOOK II.

  BOOK III.

  BOOK IV.

  BOOK V.

  BOOK VI.

  Detailed table of contents

  The Wars of Justinian

  BOOK I. THE PERSIAN WAR

  Προκόπιος Καισαρεὺς τοὺς πολέμους ξυνέγραψεν οὓς Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς πρὸς βαρβάρους διήνεγκε τούς τε ἑῴους καὶ ἑσπερίους, ὥς πη αὐτῶν ἑκάστῳ ξυνηνέχθη γενέσθαι, ὡς μὴ ἔργα ὑπερμεγέθη ὁ μέγας αἰὼν λόγου ἔρημα χειρωσάμενος τῇ τε λήθῃ αὐτὰ καταπρόηται καὶ παντάπασιν ἐξίτηλα θῆται, ὧνπερ τὴν μνήμην αὐτὸς ᾤετο μέγα τι ἔσεσθαι καὶ ξυνοῖσον ἐς τὰ μάλιστα τοῖς τε νῦν οὖσι καὶ τοῖς ἐς τὸ ἔπειτα γενησομένοις, εἴ ποτε καὶ αὖθις ὁ χρόνος ἐς ὁμοίαν τινὰ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀνάγκην διάθοιτο. [2] τοῖς τε γὰρ πολεμησείουσι καὶ ἄλλως ἀγωνιουμένοις ὄνησίν τινα ἐκπορίζεσθαι οἵα τέ ἐστιν ἡ τῆς ἐμφεροῦς ἱστορίας ἐπίδειξις, ἀποκαλύπτουσα μὲν ὅποι ποτὲ τοῖς προγεγενημένοις τὰ τῆς ὁμοίας ἀγωνίας ἐχώρησεν, αἰνισσομένη δὲ ὁποίαν τινὰ τελευτὴν τοῖς γε ὡς ἄριστα βουλευομένοις τὰ παρόντα, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, ἕξει. [3] καί οἱ αὐτῷ ξυνηπίστατο πάντων μάλιστα δυνατὸς ὢν τάδε ξυγγράψαι κατ̓ ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, ὅτι δὲ αὐτῷ ξυμβούλῳ ᾑρημένῳ Βελισαρίῳ τῷ στρατηγῷ σχεδόν τι ἅπασι παραγενέσθαι τοῖς πεπραγμένοις ξυνέπεσε. [4] πρέπειν τε ἡγεῖτο ῥητορικῇ μὲν δεινότητα, ποιητικῇ δὲ μυθοποιΐαν, [5] ξυγγραφῇ δὲ ἀλήθειαν. ταῦτά τοι οὐδέ του τῶν οἱ ἐς ἄγαν ἐπιτηδείων τὰ μοχθηρὰ ἀπεκρύψατο, ἀλλὰ τὰ πᾶσι ξυνενεχθέντα ἕκαστα ἀκριβολογούμενος ξυνεγράψατο, εἴτε εὖ εἴτε πη ἄλλῃ αὐτοῖς εἰργάσθαι ξυνέβη. [6] Κρεῖσσον δὲ οὐδὲν ἢ ἰσχυρότερον τῶν ἐν τοῖσδε τοῖς πολέμοις τετυχηκότων τῷ γε ὡς ἀληθῶς τεκμηριοῦσθαι βουλομένῳ φανήσεται. [7] πέπρακται γὰρ ἐν τούτοις μάλιστα πάντων ὧν ἀκοῇ ἴσμεν: θαυμαστὰ οἷα, ἢν μή τις τῶν τάδε ἀναλεγομένων τῷ παλαιῷ χρόνῳ τὰ πρεσβεῖα διδοίη καὶ τὰ καθ̓ αὑτὸν οὐκ ἀξιοίη θαυμαστὰ οἴεσθαι. [8] ὥσπερ οὖν ἀμέλει τοὺς μὲν νῦν στρατευομένους ἔνιοι καλοῦσι τοξότας, ἀγχεμάχους δὲ καὶ ἀσπιδιώτας καὶ τοιαῦτα ἄττα ὀνόματα τοῖς παλαιοτάτοις ἐθέλουσι νέμειν, ταύτην τε τὴν ἀρετὴν ἐς τοῦτον ἐληλυθέναι τὸν χρόνον ἥκιστα οἴονται, ἀταλαίπωρόν γε καὶ τῆς πείρας ἀπωτάτω τὴν περὶ αὐτῶν ποιούμενοι δόξαν. [9] οὐ γάρ τις πώποτε αὐτοῖς ἔννοια γέγονεν ὅτι δὴ τοῖς μὲν παῤ Ὁμήρῳ τοξεύουσιν, οἷσπερ καὶ ὑβρίζεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς τέχνης ὀνομαζομένοις ξυνέβαινεν, οὐχ ἵππος ὑπῆν, οὐ δόρυ, οὐκ ἀσπὶς ἤμυνεν, οὐκ ἄλλο οὐδὲν τοῦ σώματος φυλακτήριον ἦν, ἀλλὰ πεζοὶ μὲν ἐς μάχην ᾔεσαν, ἀποκεκρύφθαι δὲ αὐτοῖς ἦν ἀναγκαῖον, ἑταίρου του ἐκλεγομένοις ἀσπίδα ἢ στήλῃ ἐπὶ τύμβῳ τινὶ κεκλιμένοις, [10] ἔνθα οὔτε τρεπό
μενοι διασώζεσθαι οὔτε φεύγουσι τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπιτίθεσθαι οἷοί τε ἦσαν, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐμφανοῦς διαμάχεσθαι, ἀλλά τι κλέπτειν ἐδόκουν ἀεὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ ξυμβολῇ γινομένων. [11] ἄνευ δὲ τούτων οὕτως ἀταλαιπώρως ἐχρῶντο τῇ τέχνῃ, ὥστε πελάσαντες τῷ σφετέρῳ μαζῷ τὴν νευρὰν εἶτα τὸ βέλος ἀφίεσαν κωφόν τε καὶ οὐτιδανὸν εἰκότως τοῖς δεχομένοις ἐσόμενον. τοιαύτη μέν τις οὖσα ἡ τοξεία φαίνεται πρότερον. [12] οἱ δέ γε τανῦν τοξόται ἴασι μὲν ἐς μάχην τεθωρακισμένοι τε καὶ κνημῖδας ἐναρμοσάμενοι μέχρι ἐς γόνυ. ἤρτηται δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς δεξιᾶς πλευρᾶς τὰ βέλη, [13] ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἑτέρας τὸ ξίφος. εἰσὶ δὲ οἷς καὶ δόρυ προσαποκρέμαται καὶ βραχεῖά τις ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων ἀσπὶς ὀχάνου χωρίς, οἵα τά τε ἀμφὶ τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ τὸν αὐχένα ἐπικαλύπτειν. [14] ἱππεύονται δὲ ὡς ἄριστα καὶ θέοντος αὐτοῖς ὡς τάχιστα τοῦ ἵππου τὰ τόξα τε οὐ χαλεπῶς ἐντείνειν οἷοί τέ εἰσιν ἐφ̓ ἑκάτερα καὶ διώκοντάς τε βάλλειν τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ φεύγοντας. [15] ἕλκεται δὲ αὐτοῖς κατὰ τὸ μέτωπον ἡ νευρὰ παῤ αὐτὸ μάλιστα τῶν ὤτων τὸ δεξιόν, τοσαύτης ἀλκῆς ἐμπιπλᾶσα τὸ βέλος, ὥστε τὸν ἀεὶ παραπίπτοντα κτείνειν, οὔτε ἀσπίδος ἴσως οὔτε θώρακος ἀποκρούεσθαί τι δυναμένου τῆς ῥύμης. [16] εἰσὶ δὲ οἳ τούτων ἥκιστα ἐνθυμούμενοι σέβονται μὲν καὶ τεθήπασι τὸν παλαιὸν χρόνον, οὐδὲν δὲ ταῖς ἐπιτεχνήσεσι διδόασι πλέον. ἀλλὰ τούτων οὐδὲν κωλύσει μὴ οὐχὶ μέγιστά τε καὶ ἀξιολογώτατα ἐν τοῖσδε τοῖς πολέμοις ξυμβῆναι. [17] λελέξεται δὲ πρῶτον ἀρξαμένοις μικρὸν ἄνωθεν ὅσα Ῥωμαίοις ξυνηνέχθη καὶ Μήδοις πολεμοῦσι παθεῖν τε καὶ δρᾶσαι.

  I

  Procopius of Caesarea has written the history of the wars which Justinian, Emperor of the Romans, waged against the barbarians of the East and of the West, relating separately the events of each one, to the end that the long course of time may not overwhelm deeds of singular importance through lack of a record, and thus abandon them to oblivion and utterly obliterate them. The memory of these events he deemed would be a great thing and most helpful to men of the present time, and to future generations as well, in case time should ever again place men under a similar stress. For men who purpose to enter upon a war or are preparing themselves for any kind of struggle may derive some benefit from a narrative of a similar situation in history, inasmuch as this discloses the final result attained by men of an earlier day in a struggle of the same sort, and foreshadows, at least for those who are most prudent in planning, what outcome present events will probably have. Furthermore he had assurance that he was especially competent to write the history of these events, if for no other reason, because it fell to his lot, when appointed adviser to the general Belisarius, to be an eye-witness of practically all the events to be described. It was his conviction that while cleverness is appropriate to rhetoric, and inventiveness to poetry, truth alone is appropriate to history. In accordance with this principle he has not concealed the failures of even his most intimate acquaintances, but has written down with complete accuracy everything which befell those concerned, whether it happened to be done well or ill by them.

  It will be evident that no more important or mightier deeds are to be found in history than those which have been enacted in these wars, — provided one wishes to base his judgment on the truth. For in them more remarkable feats have been performed than in any other wars with which we are acquainted; unless, indeed, any reader of this narrative should give the place of honour to antiquity, and consider contemporary achievements unworthy to be counted remarkable. There are those, for example, who call the soldiers of the present day “bowmen,” while to those of the most ancient times they wish to attribute such lofty terms as “hand-to-hand fighters,” “shield-men,” and other names of that sort; and they think that the valour of those times has by no means survived to the present, — an opinion which is at once careless and wholly remote from actual experience of these matters. For the thought has never occurred to them that, as regards the Homeric bowmen who had the misfortune to be ridiculed by this term derived from their art, they were neither carried by horse nor protected by spear or shield. In fact there was no protection at all for their bodies; they entered battle on foot, and were compelled to conceal themselves, either singling out the shield of some comrade, or seeking safety behind a tombstone on a mound, from which position they could neither save themselves in case of rout, nor fall upon a flying foe. Least of all could they participate in a decisive struggle in the open, but they always seemed to be stealing something which belonged to the men who were engaged in the struggle. And apart from this they were so indifferent in their practice of archery that they drew the bowstring only to the breast, so that the missile sent forth was naturally impotent and harmless to those whom it hit. Such, it is evident, was the archery of the past. But the bowmen of the present time go into battle wearing corselets and fitted out with greaves which extend up to the knee. From the right side hang their arrows, from the other the sword. And there are some who have a spear also attached to them and, at the shoulders, a sort of small shield without a grip, such as to cover the region of the face and neck. They are expert horsemen, and are able without difficulty to direct their bows to either side while riding at full speed, and to shoot an opponent whether in pursuit or in flight. They draw the bowstring along by the forehead about opposite the right ear, thereby charging the arrow with such an impetus as to kill whoever stands in the way, shield and corselet alike having no power to check its force. Still there are those who take into consideration none of these things, who reverence and worship the ancient times, and give no credit to modern improvements. But no such consideration will prevent the conclusion that most great and notable deeds have been performed in these wars. And the history of them will begin at some distance back, telling of the fortunes in war of the Romans and the Medes, their reverses and their successes.

  Ἡνίκα τὸν βίον Ἀρκάδιος ὁ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς ἐν Βυζαντίῳ τελευτᾶν ἤμελλεν ῾ἦν γάρ οἱ παῖς Θεοδόσιος οὔπω τοῦ τιτθοῦ ἀπαλλαγείς᾿, διηπορεῖτο ἀμφί τε τῷ παιδὶ καὶ τῇ βασιλείᾳ, εὖ θέσθαι ἄμφω ὡς ἥκιστα ἔχων. [2] ἐγίνετο γάρ τις αὐτῷ ἔννοια, ὡς, ἢν μὲν κοινωνόν τινα Θεοδοσίῳ τῆς ἡγεμονίας πορίζηται, αὐτὸς ἂν τὸν παῖδα τὸν αὑτοῦ διαχρησάμενος τῷ ἔργῳ εἴη, πολέμιον αὐτῷ δύναμιν τὴν βασίλειον περιβεβλημένον ἐπαγαγών, [3] ἢν δὲ μόνον αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς καταστήσηται, πολλοὶ μὲν τῆς βασιλείας ἐπιβατεύσουσι, τῆς τοῦ παιδὸς ἐρημίας, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, ἀπολαύοντες, ἐπαναστάντες δὲ πόνῳ οὐδενὶ τυραννήσουσι, τὸν Θεοδόσιον διαφθείραντες, ἐπεὶ οὐδένα ἐν Βυζαντίῳ ξυγγενῆ εἶχεν ὅστις ἂν αὐτῷ ἐπίτρο�
�ος εἴη. [4] Ὁνώριον γάρ οἱ τὸν θεῖον ἐπαρκέσειν οὐδαμῆ ἤλπισε, πονηρῶν ἤδη τῶν Ἰταλίας πραγμάτων ὄντων. [5] οὐδὲν δὲ ἧσσον καὶ τὰ ἐκ Μήδων αὐτὸν ξυνετάρασσε, δεδιότα μὴ οἱ βάρβαροι οὗτοι τῆς τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος καταθέοντες ἡλικίας ἀνήκεστα ἔργα Ῥωμαίους δράσωσιν. [6] ἐς ταύτην Ἀρκάδιος τὴν ἀμηχανίαν ἐμπεπτωκώς, καίπερ οὐ γεγονὼς εἰς τὰ ἄλλα ἀγχίνους, βουλεύεται βουλὴν ἥτις οἱ τόν τε παῖδα καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν διασώσασθαι εὐπετῶς ἴσχυσεν, εἴτε κοινολογησάμενος τῶν λογίων τισίν, οἷοι πολλοὶ βασιλεῖ παρεδρεύειν εἰώθασιν, ἢ θείας τινὸς ἐπιπνοίας αὐτῷ γενομένης. [7] διαθήκης γὰρ διαθεὶς γράμματα, διάδοχον μὲν τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἀνεῖπε τὸν παῖδα, ἐπίτροπον δὲ αὐτῷ κατεστήσατο Ἰσδιγέρδην τὸν Περσῶν βασιλέα, ᾧ δὴ πολλὰ ἐν ταῖς διαθήκαις ἐπέσκηψε Θεοδοσίῳ τὴν βασιλείαν σθένει τε καὶ προνοίᾳ πάσῃ ξυνδιασώσασθαι. [8] Ἀρκάδιος μὲν ὧδε τήν τε ἀρχὴν καὶ τὰ οἰκεῖα διοικησάμενος ἐτελεύτησεν: Ἰσδιγέρδης δὲ ὁ Περσῶν βασιλεύς, ἐπεὶ τὸ γράμμα τοῦτο ἀπενεχθὲν εἶδεν, ὢν καὶ πρότερον ἐπὶ τρόπου μεγαλοφροσύνῃ διαβόητος ἐς τὰ μάλιστα, ἀρετὴν ἐπεδείξατο θαύματός τε πολλοῦ καὶ λόγου ἀξίαν. [9] τὰς γὰρ Ἀρκαδίου ἐντολὰς ἐν ἀλογίᾳ οὐδεμιᾷ ποιησάμενος εἰρήνῃ τε ἀφθόνῳ χρώμενος διαγέγονεν ἐς Ῥωμαίους τὸν πάντα χρόνον καὶ Θεοδοσίῳ τὴν ἀρχὴν διεσώσατο. [10] αὐτίκα γοῦν πρὸς Ῥωμαίων τὴν βουλὴν γράμματα ἔγραψεν, ἐπίτροπός τε οὐκ ἀπαρνούμενος Θεοδοσίου βασιλέως εἶναι καὶ πόλεμον ἐπανατεινόμενος, ἤν τις αὐτῷ ἐς ἐπιβουλὴν ἐγχειροίη καθίστασθαι. [11] Ἐπεὶ δὲ Θεοδόσιος μὲν ἀνήρ τε ἐγεγόνει καὶ ἡλικίας πόρρω ἀφῖκτο, Ἰσδιγέρδης δὲ νοσήσας ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἠφάνιστο, ἐπῆλθε μὲν ἐς Ῥωμαίων τὴν γῆν Οὐαραράνης ὁ Περσῶν βασιλεὺς στρατῷ μεγάλῳ, ἔδρασε δὲ οὐδὲν ἄχαρι, ἀλλ̓ ἄπρακτος ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὰ οἰκεῖα τρόπῳ τοιῷδε. [12] Ἀνατόλιον τὸν τῆς ἕω στρατηγὸν Θεοδόσιος ὁ βασιλεὺς πρεσβευτὴν ἐς Πέρσας μόνον αὐτὸν ἐτύγχανε πέμψας: ὃς ἐπειδὴ ἄγχιστα ἐγεγόνει τοῦ Μήδων στρατοῦ, ἀποθρώσκει μὲν τοῦ ἵππου μόνος, πεζῇ δὲ βαδίζων ἐπὶ Οὐαραράνην ᾔει. [13] καὶ αὐτὸν Οὐαραράνης ἰδὼν τῶν παρόντων ἀνεπυνθάνετο ὅστις ποτὲ ὁ προσιὼν εἴη. οἱ δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων εἶναι στρατηγὸν ἔφασαν. [14] καταπλαγεὶς οὖν τῷ ὑπερβάλλοντι τῆς τιμῆς ὁ βασιλεὺς αὐτὸς στρέψας τὸν ἵππον ὀπίσω ἀπήλαυνε, καί οἱ ἅπας ὁ τῶν Περσῶν λεὼς εἵπετο. [15] γενόμενος δὲ ἐν γῇ τῇ οἰκείᾳ τόν τε πρεσβευτὴν ξὺν φιλοφροσύνῃ πολλῇ εἶδε, καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην ξυνεχώρησεν οὕτως ὥσπερ Ἀνατόλιος αὐτοῦ ἔχρῃζεν, ἐφ̓ ᾧ μέντοι μηδέτεροι ἐν χωρίῳ οἰκείῳ ἐν γειτόνων τοῖς τῶν ἑτέρων ὁρίοις ὄντι ὀχύρωμα νεώτερόν τι ἐργάζονται. οὗ δὴ αὐτοῖς ἐξειργασμένου ἑκάτεροι τὰ οἰκεῖα ὅπη ἐβούλοντο ἔπρασσον.