Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  In the meantime, however, a report which was not true reached Persia saying that the Emperor Justinian had become enraged and put Rufinus to death. Chosroes indeed was much perturbed by this, and, already filled with anger, he advanced against the Romans with his whole army. But Rufinus met him on the way as he was returning not far from the city of Nisibis. Therefore they proceeded to this city themselves, and, since they were about to establish the peace, the ambassadors began to convey the money thither. But the Emperor Justinian was already repenting that he had given up the strong holds of Lazica, and he wrote a letter to the ambassadors expressly commanding them by no means to hand them over to the Persians. For this reason Chosroes no longer saw fit to make the treaty; and then it came to the mind of Rufinus that he had counselled more speedily than safely in bringing the money into the land of Persia. Straightway, therefore, he threw himself on the earth, and lying prone he entreated Chosroes to send the money back with them and not march immediately against the Romans, but to put off the war to some other time. And Chosroes bade him rise from the ground, promising that he would grant all these things. So the ambassadors with the money came to Daras and the Persian army marched back.

  Then indeed the fellow-ambassadors of Rufinus began to regard him with extreme suspicion themselves, and they also denounced him to the emperor, basing their judgment on the fact that Chosroes had been persuaded to concede him everything which he asked of him. However, the emperor showed him no disfavour on account of this. At a time not long after this Rufinus himself and Hermogenes were again sent to the court of Chosroes, and they immediately came to agreement with each other concerning the treaty, subject to the condition that both sides should give back all the places which each nation had wrested from the other in that war, and that there should no longer be any military post in Daras; as for the Iberians, it was agreed that the decision rested with them whether they should remain there in Byzantium or return to their own fatherland. And there were many who remained, and many also who returned to their ancestral homes. [532 A.D.] Thus, then, they concluded the so-called “endless peace,” when the Emperor Justinian was already in the sixth year of his reign. And the Romans gave the Persians Pharangium and the fortress of Bolum together with the money, and the Persians gave the Romans the strongholds of Lazica. The Persians also returned Dagaris to the Romans, and received in return for him another man of no mean station. This Dagaris in later times often conquered the Huns in battle when they had invaded the land of the Romans, and drove them out; for he was an exceptionally able warrior. Thus both sides in the manner described made secure the treaty between them.

  Εὐθὺς δὲ βασιλεῖ ἑκατέρῳ ἐπιβουλὴν γενέσθαι ξυνηνέχθη πρὸς τῶν ὑπηκόων: ὅντινα μέντοι τρόπον αὐτίκα δηλώσω. Χοσρόης ὁ Καβάδου ἄτακτός τε ἦν τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ νεωτέρων πραγμάτων ἐραστὴς ἄτοπος. [2] διὸ δὴ αὐτός τε ἀεὶ ἔμπλεως ταραχῆς τε καὶ θορύβων ἐγίνετο καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν αἰτιώτατος. [3] ἀχθόμενοι οὖν αὐτοῦ τῇ ἀρχῇ ὅσοι ἐν Πέρσαις δραστήριοι ἦσαν, ἕτερον σφίσι βασιλέα καταστήσασθαι ἐκ τῆς Καβάδου οἰκίας ἐν βουλῇ εἶχον. [4] καὶ ῾ἦν γὰρ αὐτοῖς πολύς τις πόθος τῆς Ζάμου ἀρχῆς ἣν δὴ ὁ νόμος αἰτίᾳ τῆς τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ λώβης, ὥσπερ μοι ἐρρήθη, ἐκώλυἐ λογισάμενοι ηὕρισκον σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ἄμεινον εἶναι Καβάδην μὲν τὸν αὐτοῦ παῖδα καὶ τῷ πάππῳ ὁμώνυμον ἐς τὴν ἀρχὴν καταστήσασθαι, Ζάμην δέ, ἅτε τῷ παιδὶ ἐπίτροπον ὄντα, διοικεῖσθαι ὅπη βούλοιτο τὰ Περσῶν πράγματα. [5] γενόμενοί τε παρὰ τὸν Ζάμην τό τε βούλευμα ἐξήνεγκαν καὶ προθυμίᾳ πολλῇ ἐγκελευόμενοι ἐς τὴν πρᾶξιν ἐνῆγον. καὶ ἐπεὶ τὸν ἄνδρα ἡ βουλὴ ἤρεσκεν, ἐς καιρὸν τῷ Χοσρόῃ ἐπιθήσεσθαι διενοοῦντο. ἔκπυστος δὲ ἡ βουλὴ μέχρι ἐς τὸν βασιλέα γεγενημένη τὰ πρασσόμενα διεκώλυσε. [6] Ζάμην τε γὰρ αὐτὸν ὁ Χοσρόης καὶ τοὺς αὑτοῦ τε καὶ Ζάμου ἀδελφοὺς ἅπαντας ξὺν γόνῳ παντὶ ἄρσενι ἔκτεινε, καὶ Περσῶν τῶν δοκίμων ὅσους τῶν ἐπ̓ αὐτῷ βεβουλευμένων ἢ ἄρξαι ἢ μεταλαχεῖν τρόπῳ δὴ ὅτῳ τετύχηκεν. ἐν τοῖς καὶ Ἀσπεβέδης ἦν ὁ τῆς Χοσρόου μητρὸς ἀδελφός. [7] Καβάδην μέντοι τὸν Ζάμου υἱὸν αὐτὸς μὲν κτείνειν οὐδαμῆ εἶχεν. ἔτι γὰρ ὑπὸ χαναράγγῃ τῷ Ἀδεργουδουνβάδῃ ἐτρέφετο. αὐτῷ δὲ χαναράγγῃ τὸν παῖδα τοῦτον ὅνπερ ἐθρέψατο ἐπέστελλε διαχρήσασθαι. οὔτε γὰρ τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἀπιστεῖν ἐδικαίου οὔτε ἄλλως αὐτὸν βιάζεσθαι εἶχεν. [8] ὁ μὲν οὖν χαναράγγης, ἐπεὶ τὰς Χοσρόου ἐντολὰς ἤκουσε, περιαλγήσας τε καὶ ἀποκλαύσας τὴν συμφορὰν ἐκοινολογεῖτο τῇ γυναικὶ καὶ Καβάδου τίτθῃ ὅσα οἱ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπιστείλειε. δακρύσασα δὲ ἡ γυνὴ καὶ τῶν γονάτων τοῦ ἀνδρὸς λαβομένη, ἔχρῃζε τέχνῃ μηδεμιᾷ Καβάδην κτεῖναι. [9] βουλευσάμενοι οὖν ἐν σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ἐλογίσαντο κρυπτόμενον μὲν ὡς ἀσφαλέστατα τὸν παῖδα ἐκτρέφειν, τῷ δὲ Χοσρόῃ κατὰ τάχος σημῆναι ὥς οἱ ὁ Καβάδης ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀφανισθείη. [10] καὶ τῷ τε βασιλεῖ κατὰ ταῦτα ἐσήμαινον τόν τε Καβάδην οὕτως ἀπέκρυψαν ὥστε τούτου γε παρείχοντο οὐδενὶ αἴσθησιν, ὅτι μὴ Οὐαρράμῃ τε τῷ σφετέρῳ παιδὶ καὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν ἑνί, ὃς δὴ αὐτοῖς πιστότατος ἐς τὰ μάλιστα ἔδοξεν εἶναι. [11] ἐπεὶ δὲ προϊόντος τοῦ χρόνου ἐς ἡλικίαν ὁ Καβάδης ἦλθε, δείσας ὁ χαναράγγης μὴ τὰ πεπραγμένα ἐς φῶς ἄγοιτο, χρήματά τε τῷ Καβάδῃ ἐδίδου καὶ αὐτὸν ἀπαλλαγέντα ἐκέλευε διασώζεσθαι ὅπη οἱ φεύγοντι δυνατὰ εἴη. τότε μὲν οὖν Χοσρόην τε καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας ταῦτα διαπεπραγμένος ὁ χαναράγγης ἐλάνθανε. [12] Χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον ὁ μὲν Χοσρόης ἐς γῆν τὴν Κολχίδα στρατῷ μεγάλῳ ἐσέβαλλεν, ὥς μοι ἐν τοῖς ὄπισθεν λόγοις γεγράψεται. [13] εἵπετο δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ τούτου δὴ τοῦ χαναράγγου υἱὸς Οὐαρράμης, ἄλλους τε τῶν οἰκετῶν ἐπαγόμενος καὶ ὃς αὐτῷ τὰ ἐς τὸν Καβάδην ξυνεπιστάμενος ἔτυχεν: ἐνταῦθα τῷ βασιλεῖ Οὐαρράμης τὰ ἀμφὶ τῷ Καβάδῃ ἅπαντα ἔφραζε, καὶ τὸν οἰκέτην ἐφ̓ ἅπασίν οἱ ὁμολογοῦντα παρείχετο. [14] ταῦτα ἐπεὶ ὁ Χοσρόης ἔγνω, τῷ τε θυμῷ ἤδη ὑπερφυῶς εἴχετο καὶ δεινὰ ἐποιεῖτο εἰ πρὸς δούλου ἀνδρὸς τοιαῦτα ἔργα πεπονθὼς εἴη, οὐκ ἔχων τε ὅπως οἱ ὑποχείριον τὸ�
� ἄνδρα ποιοίη, ἐπενόει τάδε. [15] ἡνίκα ἐκ γῆς τῆς Κολχίδος ἐπ̓ οἴκου ἀναχωρεῖν ἔμελλε, γράφει τῷ χαναράγγῃ τούτῳ ὅτι δὴ αὐτῷ βεβουλευμένα εἴη παντὶ τῷ στρατῷ ἐς γῆν τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἐσβάλλειν, οὐκ ἐν μιᾷ μέντοι τῆς χώρας εἰσόδῳ, ἀλλὰ δίχα ποιησαμένῳ τὸ Περσῶν στράτευμα, ὅπως οἱ ἐντός τε καὶ ἐκτὸς ποταμοῦ Εὐφράτου ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἡ ἐσβολὴ ἔσται. [16] μιᾷ μὲν οὖν τῆς στρατιᾶς μοίρᾳ ἐς τὴν πολεμίαν αὐτόν, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, ἐξηγήσεσθαι, ἑτέρῳ δὲ οὐδενὶ ἐνδιδόναι τῶν αὐτοῦ δούλων ἴσα τῷ βασιλεῖ ἐν ταύτῃ δὴ τῇ τιμῇ ἔχειν, ὅτι μὴ αὐτῷ χαναράγγῃ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἕνεκα. [17] δεῖν τοίνυν αὐτὸν μὲν ἐν τῇ ἀποπορείᾳ κατὰ τάχος οἱ ἐς ὄψιν ἐλθεῖν, ὅπως αὐτῷ κοινολογησάμενος ἅπαντα ἐπιστέλλοι ὅσα ξυνοίσειν τῇ στρατιᾷ μέλλοι, τοὺς δὲ ξὺν αὐτῷ ὄπισθε κελεύειν ὁδῷ ἰέναι. [18] ταῦτα ἐπεὶ ὁ χαναράγγης ἀπενεχθέντα εἶδε, περιχαρὴς γεγονὼς τῇ ἐς αὐτὸν τοῦ βασιλέως τιμῇ μακράν τε ἀπολελειμμένος τῶν οἰκείων κακῶν, αὐτίκα τὰ ἐντεταλμένα ἐπιτελῆ ἐποίει. [19] ἐν δὲ τῇ ὁδῷ ταύτῃ ἀντέχειν τῷ πόνῳ οὐδαμῆ ἔχων ῾ἦν γάρ τις γέρων ὁ ἀνὴρ μάλιστἀ τόν τε χαλινὸν μεθεὶς τοῦ ἵππου ἐκπίπτει καί οἱ τὸ ἐν τῷ σκέλει ὀστέον ἐρράγη: διὸ δὴ αὐτῷ ἐπάναγκες ἦν ἐνταῦθα θεραπευομένῳ ἡσυχῆ μένειν, ἔς τε τὸ χωρίον τοῦτο τῷ βασιλεῖ ἥκοντι ἐς ὄψιν ἦλθε. [20] καὶ αὐτῷ Χοσρόης ἔφασκε ξυστρατεύειν σφίσιν οὕτως ἔχοντι τοῦ ποδὸς ἀδύνατα εἶναι, ἀλλὰ χρῆναι αὐτὸν ἔς τι τῶν ἐκείνῃ φρουρίων ἰόντα τῆς πρὸς τῶν ἰατρῶν ἐπιμελείας ἐνταῦθα τυχεῖν. [21] οὕτω μὲν ὁ Χοσρόης τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ θανάτῳ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἀπεπέμψατο, καὶ ξὺν αὐτῷ ὄπισθεν εἵποντο οἵπερ αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ φρουρίῳ ἀπολεῖν ἔμελλον, ἄνδρα ἐν Πέρσαις ἀήττητον στρατηγὸν ὄντα τε καὶ λεγόμενον, ὅσπερ ἐπὶ δώδεκα ἔθνη βαρβάρων στρατεύσας ἅπαντα Καβάδῃ βασιλεῖ παρεστήσατο. [22] τοῦ δὲ Ἀδεργουδουνβάδου ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀφανισθέντος, Οὐαρράμης ὁ παῖς τὸ τοῦ χαναράγγου ἀξίωμα ἔσχε. [23] χρόνῳ δὲ οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον εἴτε Καβάδης αὐτός, ὁ τοῦ Ζάμου υἱός, εἴτε τις ἄλλος ἐπιβατεύων τοῦ Καβάδου ὀνόματος ἐς Βυζάντιον ἦλθε: Καβάδῃ μέντοι βασιλεῖ τὴν ὄψιν ἐμφερέστατος ἦν. [24] καὶ αὐτὸν Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς ἀμφιγνοῶν μέν, ἅτε δὴ Καβάδου βασιλέως υἱωνόν, ξὺν φιλοφροσύνῃ πολλῇ ἐν τιμῇ ἔσχε. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀμφὶ Πέρσας τοὺς Χοσρόῃ ἐπαναστάντας ἐγένετο ὧδε. [25] Ὕστερον δὲ καὶ τὸν Μεβόδην ὁ Χοσρόης διεχρήσατο ἐξ αἰτίας τοιᾶσδε. τῶν τι σπουδαίων διαχειρίζων, παρόντι τῷ Ζαβεργάνῃ ἐπέταττε τὸν Μεβόδην καλεῖν: ἐτύγχανε δὲ τῷ Μεβόδῃ ὁ Ζαβεργάνης διάφορος ὤν: ὃς δὴ παῤ αὐτὸν ἀφικόμενος εὕρισκε μὲν στρατιώτας τοὺς αὐτῷ ἑπομένους διέποντα, ἔλεγε δὲ ὅτι δὴ αὐτὸν ὡς τάχιστα ὁ βασιλεὺς καλοίη. [26] καὶ ὁ μὲν αὐτίκα μάλα, ἐπειδὰν τὰ ἐν ποσὶ διάθηται, ἕψεσθαι ὡμολόγει, ὁ δὲ τῷ ἐς αὐτὸν ἔχθει ἠγμένος ἀπήγγελλε Χοσρόῃ ὡς οὐ βούλοιτο Μεβόδης ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἥκειν, φάσκων οἵ τινα ἀσχολίαν εἶναι. [27] θυμῷ τοίνυν ὁ Χοσρόης ἐχόμενος, στείλας τῶν οἱ ἑπομένων τινὰ παρὰ τὸν τρίποδα τὸν Μεβόδην ἐκέλευεν ἰέναι. ὅ τι δὲ τοῦτό ἐστιν, αὐτίκα δηλώσω. [28] τρίπους σιδηροῦς πρὸ τῶν βασιλείων ἐσαεὶ ἕστηκεν. ἐπειδὰν οὖν τις τῶν Περσῶν πύθηται ὅτι δὴ αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεὺς χαλεπῶς ἔχοι, τούτῳ δὲ οὔτε πη ἐς ἱερὸν καταφυγεῖν θέμις οὔτε ἀλλχαόσε ἰέναι, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τοῦτον καθημένῳ τὸν τρίποδα τὴν βασιλέως προσδέχεσθαι ψῆφον, τῶν πάντων οὐδενὸς φυλάσσειν αὐτὸν ἀξιοῦντος. [29] ἐνταῦθα ὁ Μεβόδης ἐν σχήματι οἰκτρῷ ἐκάθητο ἡμέρας πολλάς, ἕως τις αὐτὸν Χοσρόου ἐπαγγείλαντος λαβὼν ἔκτεινεν. ἐς τοῦτό τε αὐτῷ τὰ τῆς ἐς Χοσρόην εὐεργεσίας ἐχώρησεν.

  XXIII

  Straightway it came about that plots were formed against both rulers by their subjects; and I shall now explain how this happened. Chosroes, the son of Cabades, was a man of an unruly turn of mind and strangely fond of innovations. For this reason he himself was always full of excitement and alarms, and he was an unfailing cause of similar feelings in all others. All, therefore, who were men of action among the Persians, in vexation at his administration, were purposing to establish over themselves another king from the house of Cabades. And since they longed earnestly for the rule of Zames, which was made impossible by the law by reason of the disfigurement of his eye, as has been stated, they found upon consideration that the best course for them was to establish in power his child Cabades, who bore the same name as his grandfather, while Zames, as guardian of the child, should administer the affairs of the Persians as he wished. So they went to Zames and disclosed their plan, and, urging him on with great enthusiasm, they endeavoured to persuade him to undertake the thing. And since the plan pleased him, they were purposing to assail Chosroes at the fitting moment. But the plan was discovered and came to the knowledge of the king, and thus their proceedings were stopped. For Chosroes slew Zames himself and all his own brothers and those of Zames together with all their male offspring, and also all the Persian notables who had either begun or taken part in any way in the plot against him. Among these was Aspebedes, the brother of Chosroes’ mother.

  Cabades, however, the son of Zames, he was quite unable to kill; for he was still being reared under the chanaranges, Adergoudounbades. But he sent a message to the chanaranges, bidding him himself kill the boy he had reared; for he neither thought it well to shew mistrust, nor yet had he power to compel him. The chanaranges, therefore, upon hearing the commands of Chosroes, was exceedingly grieved and, lamenting the misfortune, he communicated to his wife and Cabades’ nurse all that the king had commanded. Then the woman, bursting into tears and seizing the knees of her husband, entreated him by no means to kill Cabades. They therefore consulted together, and planned to bring up the child in the most secure concealment, and to send word in haste to Chosroes that Cabades had been put out of the world for him. And they sent word to the king to this effect, and concealed Cabades in such a way that the affair did not come to the notice of any o
ne, except Varrames, their own child, and one of the servants who seemed to them to be in every way most trustworthy. But when, as time went on, Cabades came of age, the chanaranges began to fear lest what had been done should be brought to light; he therefore gave Cabades money and bade him depart and save himself by flight wherever he could. At that time, then, Chosroes and all the others were in ignorance of the fact that the chanaranges had carried this thing through.

  At a later time Chosroes was making an invasion into the land of Colchis with a great army, as will be told in the following narrative. And he was followed by the son of this same chanaranges, Varrames, who took with him a number of his servants, and among them the one who shared with him the knowledge of what had happened to Cabades; while there Varrames told the king everything regarding Cabades, and he brought forward the servant agreeing with him in every particular. When Chosroes learned this he was forthwith exceedingly angry, and he counted it a dreadful thing that he had suffered such things at the hand of a man who was his slave; and since he had no other means of getting the man under his hand he devised the following plan. When he was about to return homeward from the land of Colchis, he wrote to this chanaranges that he had decided to invade the land of the Romans with his whole army, not, however, by a single inroad into the country, but making two divisions of the Persian army, in order that the attack might be made upon the enemy on both sides of the River Euphrates. Now one division of the army he himself, as was natural, would lead into the hostile land, while to no one else of his subjects would he grant the privilege of holding equal honour with the king in this matter, except to the chanaranges himself on account of his valour. It was necessary, therefore, that the chanaranges should come speedily to meet him as he returned, in order that he might confer with him and give him all the directions which would be of advantage to the army, and that he should bid his attendants travel behind him on the road. When the chanaranges received this message, he was overjoyed at the honour shown him by the king, and in complete ignorance of his own evil plight, he immediately carried out the instructions. But in the course of this journey, since he was quite unable to sustain the toil of it (for he was a very old man), he relaxed his hold on the reins and fell off his horse, breaking the bone in his leg. It was therefore necessary for him to remain there quietly and be cared for, and the king came to that place and saw him. And Chosroes said to him that with his leg in such a plight it was not possible that he make the expedition with them, but that he must go to one of the fortresses in that region and receive treatment there from the physicians. Thus then Chosroes sent the man away on the road to death, and behind him followed the very men who were to destroy him in the fortress, — a man who was in fact as well as in name an invincible general among the Persians, who had marched against twelve nations of barbarians and subjected them all to King Cabades. After Adergoudounbades had been removed from the world, Varrames, his son, received the office of chanaranges. Not long after this either Cabades himself, the son of Zames, or someone else who was assuming the name of Cabades came to Byzantium; certainly he resembled very closely in appearance Cabades, the king. And the Emperor Justinian, though in doubt concerning him, received him with great friendliness and honoured him as the grandson of Cabades. So then fared the Persians who rose against Chosroes.