Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  Such were the words written by Gelimer in this letter. And Pharas, having signified this to Belisarius, as well as what they had previously written to each other, begged him to declare as quickly as possible what his wish was. And Belisarius (since he was greatly desirous of leading Gelimer alive to the emperor), as soon as he had read the letter, became overjoyed and commanded Cyprian, a leader of foederati, to go to Papua with certain others, and directed them to give an oath concerning the safety of Gelimer and of those with him, and to swear that he would be honoured before the emperor and would lack nothing. And when these men had come to Pharas, they went with him to a certain place by the foot of the mountain, where Gelimer came at their summons, and after receiving the pledges just as he wished he came with them to Carthage. And it happened that Belisarius was staying for a time in the suburb of the city which they call Aclas. Accordingly Gelimer came before him in that place, laughing with such laughter as was neither moderate nor the kind one could conceal, and some of those who were looking at him suspected that by reason of the extremity of his affliction he had changed entirely from his natural state and that, already beside himself, he was laughing for no reason. But his friends would have it that the man was in his sound mind, and that because he had been born in a royal family, and had ascended the throne, and had been clothed with great power and immense wealth from childhood even to old age, and then being driven to flight and plunged into great fear had undergone the sufferings on Papua, and now had come as a captive, having in this way had experience of all the gifts of fortune, both good and evil, for this reason, they believed, he thought that man’s lot was worthy of nothing else than much laughter. Now concerning this laughter of Gelimer’s, let each one speak according to his judgment, both enemy and friend. But Belisarius, reporting to the emperor that Gelimer was a captive in Carthage, asked permission to bring him to Byzantium with him. At the same time he guarded both him and all the Vandals in no dishonour and proceeded to put the fleet in readiness.

  Now many other things too great to be hoped for have before now been experienced in the long course of time, and they will continue as long as the fortunes of men are the same as they now are; for those things which seem to reason impossible are actually accomplished, and many times those things which previously appeared impossible, when they have befallen, have seemed to be worthy of wonder; but whether such events as these ever took place before I am not able to say, wherein the fourth descendant of Gizeric, and his kingdom at the height of its wealth and military strength, were completely undone in so short a time by five thousand men coming in as invaders and having not a place to cast anchor. For such was the number of the horsemen who followed Belisarius, and carried through the whole war against the Vandals. For whether this happened by chance or because of some kind of valour, one would justly marvel at it. But I shall return to the point from which I have strayed.

  Ὁ μὲν οὖν Βανδιλικὸς πόλεμος ἐτελεύτα ὧδε. ὁ δὲ φθόνος, οἷα ἐν μεγάλῃ εὐδαιμονίᾳ φιλεῖ γίγνεσθαι, ᾤδαινεν ἤδη ἐς Βελισάριον, καίπερ αὐτῷ οὐδεμίαν παρέχοντα σκῆψιν. [2] τῶν γὰρ ἀρχόντων τινὲς διέβαλον αὐτὸν ἐς βασιλέα, τυραννίδα αὐτῷ οὐδαμόθεν προσήκουσαν ἐπικαλοῦντες. [3] βασιλεὺς δὲ ταῦτα μὲν ἐς τὸ πᾶν οὐκ ἐξήνεγκεν, ἢ τὴν διαβολὴν ἐν ὀλιγωρίᾳ ποιησάμενος, ἢ καὶ βέλτιον αὐτῷ ἐνομίσθη. [4] Σολόμωνα δὲ πέμψας αἵρεσιν Βελισαρίῳ παρέσχετο ἑλέσθαι ὁποτέραν ἂν αὐτῷ βουλομένῳ εἴη, πότερα ξὺν Γελίμερί τε καὶ Βανδίλοις ἐς Βυζάντιον ἥκειν, ἢ αὐτοῦ μένοντ̣̣̔̓ ἐκείνους στεῖλαι. [5] ὁ δὲ ῾οὐ γὰρ ἔλαθον αὐτὸν ὁ̣̣̓ ἄρχοντες τὴν τυραννίδα ἐπενεγκόντες᾿ ἐς Βυζάντιον ἀφικέσθαι ἠπείγετο, ὅπως δὴ τήν τε αἰτίἁ̣̣̓ ἐκλύσηται καὶ τοὺς διαβαλόντας μετελθεῖν δύνηται. ὅτῳ δὲ τρόπῳ τὴν τῶν κατηγόρων πεῖραν ἔμαθεν, ἐρῶν ἔρχομαι. [6] ὅτε δὴ τὴν διαβολὴν τήνδε ποιεῖσθαι οἱ διαβαλόντες ἤθελον, δείσαντες μὴ σφίσιν ὁ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν μέλλων κομιεῖν βασιλεῖ ἐν θαλάσσῃ ἀφανισθεὶς τὰ πρασσόμενα διακωλύσῃ, ἐν δύο γραμματείοις τὴν τυραννίδ̣̣̔̓ γράψαντες, ἀγγέλους δύο ὡς βασιλέα ἐν ναυς῾̣̣̓ δύο στέλλειν διενοοῦντο. [7] τούτοιν ἅτερος μὲν λαθὼν. ἔπλευσεν, ὁ δὲ ἕτερος ἐξ ὑποψίας δή τινος ἐν Μανδρακίῳ ἥλω, καὶ τὰ γράμματα τοῖς λαβοῦσιν αὐτὸν ἐγχειρίσας ἔκπυστα ἐποίει τὰ πρασσόμενα [8] ταύτῃ τε μαθὼν Βελισάριος ἐς ὄψιν ἐλθεῖν τὴν βασιλέως, ὥσπερ ἐρρήθη, ἠπείγετο. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ἐν Καρχηδόνι ἐφέρετο τῇδε. [9] Μαυρούσιοι δὲ ὅσοι ἔν τε Βυζακίῳ καὶ Νουμιδίᾳ ᾤκηντο, ἐς ἀπόστασίν τε ἐξ αἰτίας οὐδεμιᾶς εἶδον καὶ τὰς σπονδὰς διαλύσαντες χεῖρας ἀνταίρειν ἐξαπιναίως Ῥωμαίοις ἔγνωσαν. καὶ τοῦτο οὐκ ἀπὸ τρόπου τοῦ οἰκείου σφίσιν ἐπράσσετο [10] ἔστι γὰρ ἐν Μαυρουσίοις οὔτε θεοῦ φόβος οὔτε ἀνθρώπων αἰδώς. μέλει γὰρ αὐτοῖς οὔτε ὅρκων οὔτε ὁμήρων, ἢν καὶ παῖδες ἢ ἀδελφοὶ τῶν ἐν σφίσιν ἡγουμένων τύχωσιν ὄντες. [11] οὐδὲ ἄλλῳ οὐδενὶ εἰρήνη ἐν Μαυρουσίοις, ὅτι μὴ τῶν πολεμίων τῶν κατ̓ αὐτῶν δέει κρατύνεται. ὅτῳ δὲ αὐτοῖς αἵ τε πρὸς Βελισάριον σπονδαὶ ἐγένοντο καὶ ὅτῳ διελύθησαν τρόπῳ, ἐγὼ δηλώσω. [12] ἡνίκα ὁ βασιλέως στόλος ἐπίδοξος ἐγεγόνει ὡς ἐς Λιβύην ἀφίξεται, δείσαντες οἱ Μαυρούσιοι μή τι ἐνθένδε κακὸν λάβωσι ταῖς ἐκ τῶν γυναικῶν μαντείαις ἐχρῶντο. [13] ἄνδρα γὰρ μαντεύεσθαι ἐν τῷ ἔθνει τούτῳ οὐ θέμις, ἀλλὰ γυναῖκες σφίσι κάτοχοι ἐκ δή τινος ἱερουργίας γινόμεναι προλέγουσι τὰ ἐσόμενα, τῶν πάλαι χρηστηρίων οὐδενὸς ἧσσον. [14] τότε οὖν πυνθανομένοις αὐτοῖς, ὥσπερ ἐρρήθη, αἱ γυναῖκες ἀνεῖλον, στρατὸν ἐξ ὑδάτων, Βανδίλων κατάλυσιν, Μαυρουσίων φθοράν τε καὶ ἧτταν, [15] ὅτε Ῥωμαίοις ὁ στρατηγὸς ἀγένειος ἔλθοι. ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες οἱ Μαυρούσιοι, ἐπεὶ τὸ βασιλέως στράτευμα εἶδον ἐκ θαλάσσης ἧκον, ἐν δέει τε μεγάλῳ ἐγένοντο καὶ ξυμμαχεῖν Βανδίλοις ἥκιστα ἤθελον, ἀλλ̓ ἐς Βελισάριον πέμψαντες καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην, ὡς πρόσθεν δεδήλωται, κρατυνάμενοι ἡσύχαζόν τε καὶ τὸ μέλλον ὅπη ἐκβήσεται ἐκαραδόκουν. [16] ἐπεὶ δὲ Βανδίλων τὰ πράγματα ἤδη ἐς πέρας ἀφῖκτο, πέμπουσιν ἐς τὸ Ῥωμαίων στράτευμα, διερευνώμενοι εἴ τις αὐτοῖς ἐν ἀρχῇ ἀγένειός ἐστιν. [17] ἐπεὶ δὲ ἅπαντας πώγωνος ἑώρων ἐμπιπλαμένους, οὐ χρό�
�ον τὸν παρόντα τὸ μαντεῖον σημαίνειν σφίσιν ᾤοντο, ἀλλὰ πολλαῖς γενεαῖς ὕστερον, ταύτῃ τὸ λόγιον ἑρμηνεύοντες, ᾗ αὐτοὶ ἤθελον. [18] αὐτίκα μὲν οὖν ἐς τὴν διάλυσιν τῶν σπονδῶν ὥρμηντο, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἐκ Βελισαρίου δέος αὐτοὺς διεκώλυεν. [19] οὐ γάρ ποτε πολέμῳ Ῥωμαίων περιέσεσθαι, παρόντος γε αὐτοῦ, ἐν ἐλπίδι εἶχον. [20] ὡς δὲ τὴν ἄφοδον αὐτοῦ σὺν τοῖς ὑπασπισταῖς τοῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ δορυφόροις ποιεῖσθαι ἤκουσαν, ἤδη τε τὰς ναῦς ὑπ̓ αὐτῶν τε καὶ Βανδίλων πληροῦσθαι ἐπύθοντο, τὰ ὅπλα ἐξαπιναίως ἀράμενοι ἅπασαν κακοῦ ἰδέαν ἐς τοὺς Λίβυας ἐπεδείξαντο. [21] οἱ γὰρ στρατιῶται ὀλίγοι τε ἐν ἑκάστῃ ἐσχατιᾶς χώρᾳ καὶ ἔτι ἀπαράσκευοι ὄντες, καταθέουσιν οὐκ ἂν εἶχον πανταχόσε τοῖς βαρβάροις ἀνθίστασθαι, οὐδὲ τὰς ἐπεκδρομὰς συχνάς τε καὶ οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ ἐμφανοῦς γινομένας διακωλύσειν. [22] ἀλλ̓ ἄνδρες μὲν οὐδενὶ κόσμῳ ἐκτείνοντο, γυναῖκες δὲ σὺν παισὶν ἐν ἀνδραπόδων λόγῳ ἐγίνοντο, τά τε χρήματα ἐκ πάσης ἐσχατιᾶς ἤγετο καὶ φυγῆς ἡ χώρα ξύμπασα ὑπεπίμπλατο. ταῦτα Βελισαρίῳ ἤδη που ἀναγομένῳ ἠγγέλλετο. [23] καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν ἀναστρέφειν οὐκέτι εἶχε, Σολόμωνι δὲ διέπειν τὸ Λιβύης κράτος παρείχετο, ἀπολέξας καὶ τῶν ὑπασπιστῶν τε καὶ δορυφόρων τῶν αὑτοῦ μέρος τὸ πλεῖστον, ὥστε Σολόμωνι ἑπομένους Μαυρουσίων ὅτι τάχιστα τοὺς ἐπαναστάντας τῆς ἐς Ῥωμαίους ἀδικίας σὺν προθυμίᾳ πολλῇ τίσασθαι. [24] καὶ βασιλεὺς δὲ στρατιὰν ἄλλην Σολόμωνι ἔπεμψε, ξὺν Θεοδώρῳ τε τῷ ἐκ Καππαδοκίας καὶ Ἰλδίγερι: ὃς δὴ Ἀντωνίνης γαμβρὸς τῆς Βελισαρίου γυναικὸς ἦν. [25] ἐπειδὴ δὲ τῶν ἐπὶ Λιβύης χωρίων τοὺς φόρους οὐκέτι ἦν ἐν γραμματείοις τεταγμένους εὑρεῖν, ᾗπερ αὐτοὺς ἀπεγράψαντο ἐν τοῖς ἄνω χρόνοις Ῥωμαῖοι, ἅτε Γιζερίχου ἀναχαιτίσαντός τε καὶ διαφθείραντος κατ̓ ἀρχὰς ἅπαντα, Τρύφων τε καὶ Εὐστράτιος πρὸς βασιλέως ἐστάλησαν, ἐφ̓ ᾧ τοὺς φόρους αὐτοῖς τάξουσι κατὰ λόγον ἑκάστῳ. οἳ δὴ οὐ μέτριοι Λίβυσιν οὐδὲ φορητοὶ ἔδοξαν εἶναι.

  VIII

  So the Vandalic war ended thus. But envy, as is wont to happen in cases of great good fortune, was already swelling against Belisarius, although he provided no pretext for it. For some of the officers slandered him to the emperor, charging him, without any grounds whatever, with seeking to set up a kingdom for himself, a statement for which there was no basis whatever. But the emperor did not disclose these things to the world, either because he paid no heed to the slander, or because this course seemed better to him. But he sent Solomon and gave Belisarius the opportunity to choose whichever of two things he desired, either to come to Byzantium with Gelimer and the Vandals, or to remain there and send them. And Belisarius, since it did not escape him that the officers were bringing against him the charge of seeking supreme power, was eager to get to Byzantium, in order that he might clear himself of the charge and be able to proceed against his slanderers. Now as to the manner in which he learned of the attempt of his accusers, I shall explain. When those who denounced him wished to present this slander, fearing lest the man who was to carry their letter to the emperor should be lost at sea and thus put a stop to their proceedings, they wrote the aforesaid accusation on two tablets, purposing to send two messengers to the emperor in two ships. And one of these two sailed away without being detected, but the second, on account of some suspicion or other, was captured in Mandracium, and putting the writing into the hands of his captors, he made known what was being done. So Belisarius, having learned in this way, was eager to come before the emperor, as has been said. Such, then, was the course of these events at Carthage.

  But the Moors who dwelt in Byzacium and in Numidia turned to revolt for no good reason, and they decided to break the treaty and to rise suddenly against the Romans. And this was not out of keeping with their peculiar character. For there is among the Moors neither fear of God nor respect for men. For they care not either for oaths or for hostages, even though the hostages chance to be the children or brothers of their leaders. Nor is peace maintained among the Moors by any other means than by fear of the enemies opposing them. Now I shall set forth in what manner the treaty was made by them with Belisarius and how it was broken. When it came to be expected that the emperor’s expedition would arrive in Libya, the Moors, fearing lest they should receive some harm from it, consulted the oracles of their women. For it is not lawful in this nation for a man to utter oracles, but the women among them as a result of some sacred rites become possessed and foretell the future, no less than any of the ancient oracles. So on that occasion, when they made enquiry, as has been said, the women gave the response: “There shall be a host from the waters, the overthrow of the Vandals, destruction and defeat of the Moors, when the general of the Romans shall come unbearded.” When the Moors heard this, since they saw that the emperor’s army had come from the sea, they began to be in great fear and were quite unwilling to fight in alliance with the Vandals, but they sent to Belisarius and established peace, as has been stated previously, and then remained quiet and waited for the future, to see how it would fall out. And when the power of the Vandals had now come to an end, they sent to the Roman army, investigating whether there was anyone unbearded among them holding an office. And when they saw all wearing full beards, they thought that the oracle did not indicate the present time to them, but one many generations later, interpreting the saying in that way which they themselves wished. Immediately, therefore, they were eager to break the treaty, but their fear of Belisarius prevented them. For they had no hope that they would ever overcome the Romans in war, at least with him present. But when they heard that he was making his departure together with his guards and spearmen, and that the ships were already being filled with them and the Vandals, they suddenly rose in arms and displayed every manner of outrage upon the Libyans. For the soldiers were both few in each place on the frontier and still unprepared, so that they would not have been able to stand against the barbarians as they made inroads at every point, nor to prevent their incursions, which took place frequently and not in an open manner. But men were being killed indiscriminately and women with their children were being made slaves, and the wealth was being plundered from every part of the frontier and the whole country was being filled with fugitives. These things were reported to Belisarius when he was just about setting sail. And since it was now too late for him to return himself, he entrusted Solomon with the administration of Libya and he also chose out the greatest part of his own guards and spearmen, instructing them to follow Solomon and as quickly as possible to punish with all zeal those of the Moors who had risen in revolt and to exact vengeance for the injury done the Romans. And the emperor sent another army also to Solomon with Theodoras, the Cappadocian, and Ildiger, who was the son-in-law of Antonina, the wife of Belisarius. And since it was no longer possible to find the revenues of the districts of Libya set down in order in documents, as the Romans had recorded them in fo
rmer times, inasmuch as Gizeric had upset and destroyed everything in the beginning, Tryphon and Eustratius were sent by the emperor, in order to assess the taxes for the Libyans each according to his proportion. But these men seemed to the Libyans neither moderate nor endurable.