Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  XI

  Now when Solomon heard what had befallen Rufinus and Aïgan, he made ready for war and wrote as follows to the commanders of the Moors: “Other men than you have even before this had the ill fortune to lose their senses and to be destroyed, men who had no means of judging beforehand how their folly would turn out. But as for you, who have the example near at hand in your neighbours, the Vandals, what in the world has happened to you that you have decided to raise your hands against the great emperor and throw away your own security, and that too when you have given the most dread oaths in writing and have handed over your children as pledges to the agreement? Is it that you have determined to make a kind of display of the fact that you have no consideration either for God or for good faith or for kinship itself or for safety or for any other thing at all? And yet, if such is your practice in matters which concern the divine, in what ally do you put your trust in marching against the emperor of the Romans? And if you are taking the field to the destruction of your children, what in the world is it in behalf of which you have decided to endanger yourselves? But if any repentance has by now entered your hearts for what has already taken place, write to us, that we may satisfactorily arrange with you touching what has already been done; but if your madness has not yet abated, expect a Roman war, which will come upon you together with the oaths which you have violated and the wrong which you are doing to your own children.”

  Such was the letter which Solomon wrote. And the Moors replied as follows: “Belisarius deluded us with great promises and by this means persuaded us to become subjects of the Emperor Justinian; but the Romans, while giving us no share in any good thing, expected to have us, though pinched with hunger, as their friends and allies. Therefore it is more fitting that you should be called faithless than that the Moors should be. For the men who break treaties are not those who, when manifestly wronged, bring accusation against their neighbours and turn away from them, but those who expect to keep others in faithful alliance with them and then do them violence. And men make God their enemy, not when they march against others in order to recover their own possessions, but when they get themselves into danger of war by encroaching upon the possessions of others. And as for children, that will be your concern, who are not permitted to marry more than one wife; but with us, who have, it may be, fifty wives living with each of us, offspring of children can never fail.”

  When Solomon had read this letter, he decided to lead his whole army against the Moors. So after arranging matters in Carthage, he proceeded with all his troops to Byzacium. And when he reached the place which is called Mammes, where the four Moorish commanders, whom I have mentioned a little before, were encamped, he made a stockade for himself. Now there are lofty mountains there, and a level space near the foothills of the mountains, where the barbarians had made preparations for the battle and arranged their fighting order as follows. They formed a circle of their camels, just as, in the previous narrative, I have said Cabaon did, making the front about twelve deep. And they placed the women with the children within the circle; (for among the Moors it is customary to take also a few women, with their children, to battle, and these make the stockades and huts for them and tend the horses skilfully, and have charge of the camels and the food; they also sharpen the iron weapons and take upon themselves many of the tasks in connection with the preparation for battle); and the men themselves took their stand on foot in between the legs of the camels, having shields and swords and small spears which they are accustomed to hurl like javelins. And some of them with their horses remained quietly among the mountains. But Solomon disregarded one half of the circle of the Moors, which was towards the mountain, placing no one there. For he feared lest the enemy on the mountain should come down and those in the circle should turn about and thus make the men drawn up there exposed to attack on both sides in the battle. But against the remainder of the circle he drew up his whole army, and since he saw the most of them frightened and without courage, on account of what had befallen Aïgan and Rufinus, and wishing to admonish them to be of good cheer, he spoke as follows: “Men who have campaigned with Belisarius, let no fear of these men enter your minds, and, if Moors gathered to the number of fifty thousand have already defeated five hundred Romans, let not this stand for you as an example. But call to mind your own valour, and consider that while the Vandals defeated the Moors, you have become masters of the Vandals in war without any effort, and that it is not right that those who have conquered the greater should be terrified before those who are inferior. And indeed of all men the Moorish nation seems to be the most poorly equipped for war’s struggle. For the most of them have no armour at all, and those who have shields to hold before themselves have only small ones which are not well made and are not able to turn aside what strikes against them. And after they have thrown those two small spears, if they do not accomplish anything, they turn of their own accord to flight. So that it is possible for you, after guarding against the first attack of the barbarians, to win the victory with no trouble at all. But as to your equipment of arms, you see, of course, how great is the difference between it and that of your opponents. And apart from this, both valour of heart and strength of body and experience in war and confidence because you have already conquered all your enemies, — all these advantages you have; but the Moors, being deprived of all these things, put their trust only in their own great throng. And it is easier for a few who are most excellently prepared to conquer a multitude of men not good at warfare than it is for the multitude to defeat them. For while the good soldier has his confidence in himself, the cowardly man generally finds that the very number of those arrayed with him produces a want of room that is full of peril. Furthermore, you are warranted in despising these camels, which cannot fight for the enemy, and when struck by our missiles will, in all probability, become the cause of considerable confusion and disorder among them. And the eagerness for battle which the enemy have acquired on account of their former success will be your ally in the fight. For daring, when it is kept commensurate with one’s power, will perhaps be of some benefit even to those who make use of it, but when it exceeds one’s power it lends into danger. Bearing these things in mind and despising the enemy, observe silence and order; for by taking thought for these things we shall win the victory over the disorder of the barbarians more easily and with less labour.” Thus spoke Solomon.

  And the commanders of the Moors also, seeing the barbarians terrified at the orderly array of the Romans, and wishing to recall their host to confidence again, exhorted them in this wise: “That the Romans have human bodies, the kind that yield when struck with iron, we have been taught, O fellow-soldiers, by those of them whom we have recently met, the best of them all, some of whom we have overwhelmed with our spears and killed, and the others we have seized and made our prisoners of war. And not only is this so, but it is now possible to see also that we boast great superiority over them in numbers. And, furthermore, the struggle for us involves the very greatest things, either to be masters of all Libya or to be slaves to these braggarts. It is therefore necessary for us to be in the highest degree brave men at the present time. For it is not expedient that those whose all is at stake should be other than exceedingly courageous. And it behoves us to despise the equipment of arms which the enemy have. For if they come on foot against us, they will not be able to move rapidly, but will be worsted by the agility of the Moors, and their cavalry will be terrified both by the sight of the camels, and by the noise they make, which, rising above the general tumult of battle, will, in all likelihood, throw them into disorder. And if anyone by taking into consideration the victory of the Romans over the Vandals thinks them not to be withstood, he is mistaken in his judgment. For the scales of war are, in the nature of the case, turned by the valour of the commander or by fortune; and Belisarius, who was responsible for their gaining the mastery over the Vandals, has now, thanks to Heaven, been removed out of our way. And, besides, we too have many times conquered the Vandals and
stripped them of their power, and have thus made the victory over them a more feasible and an easier task for the Romans. And now we have reason to hope to conquer this enemy also if you shew yourselves brave men in the struggle.”

  After the officers of the Moors had delivered this exhortation, they began the engagement. And at first there arose great disorder in the Roman army. For their horses were offended by the noise made by the camels and by the sight of them, and reared up and threw off their riders and the most of them fled in complete disorder. And in the meantime the Moors were making sallies and hurling all the small spears which they had in their hands, thus causing the Roman army to be filled with tumult, and they were hitting them with their missiles while they were unable either to defend themselves or to remain in position. But after this, Solomon, observing what was happening, leaped down from his horse himself first and caused all the others to do the same. And when they had dismounted, he commanded the others to stand still, and, holding their shields before them and receiving the missiles sent by the enemy, to remain in their position; but he himself, leading forward not less than five hundred men, made an attack upon the other portion of the circle. These men he commanded to draw their swords and kill the camels which stood at that point. Then the Moors who were stationed there beat a hasty retreat, and the men under Solomon killed about two hundred camels, and straightway, when the camels fell, the circle became accessible to the Romans. And they advanced on the run into the middle of the circle where the women of the Moors were sitting; meanwhile the barbarians in consternation withdrew to the mountain which was close by, and as they fled in complete disorder the Romans followed behind and killed them. And it is said that ten thousand of the Moors perished in this encounter, while all the women together with the children were made slaves. And the soldiers secured as booty all the camels which they had not killed. Thus the Romans with all their plunder went to Carthage to celebrate the festival of triumph.

  οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι χρώμενοι θυμῷ πανδημεὶ ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίους αὖθις, οὐδένα σφῶν ἀπολιπόντες, ἐστράτευσαν, καὶ καταθεῖν τὰ ἐν Βυζακίῳ χωρία ἤρξαντο, οὐδεμιᾶς ἡλικίας τῶν σφίσι παραπιπτόντων φειδόμενοι. [2] ἄρτι τε Σολόμωνι ἐς Καρχηδόνα ἐληλακότι βάρβαροι πλήθει μεγάλῳ ἐς Βυζάκιον ἐληλυθέναι καὶ ληίζεσθαι πάντα τὰ ἐκείνῃ ἠγγέλλοντο. ἄρας οὖν κατὰ τάχος παντὶ τῷ στρατῷ ἐπ̓ αὐτοὺς ᾔει. [3] γενόμενος δὲ ἐν Βουργάωνι, ἔνθα οἱ πολέμιοι ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο, ἡμέρας μέν τινας ἀντεκάθητο, ὅπως, ἐπειδὰν τάχιστα ἐν τῷ ὁμαλεῖ γένωνται οἱ Μαυρούσιοι, τῆς ξυμβολῆς ἄρχοι. [4] ὡς δὲ ἐκεῖνοι ἐν τῷ ὄρει ἔμενον, διεῖπέ τε ὡς ἐς μάχην καὶ διεκόσμει τὸ στράτευμα, οἱ δὲ Μαυρούσιοι ἐς μὲν τὸ πεδίον ἥκιστα Ῥωμαίοις τὸ λοιπὸν ἐς μάχην ἰέναι διενοοῦντο ῾ἤδη γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἄμαχόν τι δέος ἐσῄεἰ, ἐν δὲ τῷ ὄρει ἤλπιζον ῥᾷον αὐτῶν περιέσεσθαι τῷ πολέμῳ. [5] ἔστι δὲ τὸ ὄρος ὁ Βουργάων ἐπὶ πλεῖστον μὲν ἀπότομον καὶ τὰ πρὸς ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον δεινῶς ἄβατον, τὰ δὲ πρὸς ἑσπέραν εὐέφοδόν τε καὶ ὑπτίως ἔχον. [6] καὶ σκοπέλω ὑψηλὼ δύο ἀνέχετον νάπην τινὰ ἐν μέσῳ σφῶν ἐργαζομένω, στενὴν μὲν κομιδῆ, ἐς βάθος δέ τι ἄφατον κατατείνουσαν. [7] οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι τὴν μὲν ἄκραν τοῦ ὄρους ἀπέλιπον ἀνδρῶν ἔρημον, οὐδὲν ἐνθένδε πολέμιον οἰόμενοι σφίσιν ἔσεσθαι: ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὸν ἀμφὶ τὸν πρόποδα χῶρον ἔλιπον οὗ δὴ εὐπρόσοδος ὁ Βουργάων ἦν. [8] κατὰ δὲ τὰ μέσα στρατοπεδευσάμενοι ἔμενον, ὅπως, ἢν οἱ πολέμιοι ἐπὶ σφᾶς ἀνιόντες μάχης ἄρξωσιν, αὐτοὶ ἤδη ὕπερθεν ἐκείνων γενόμενοι κατὰ κορυφὴν βάλλωσιν. [9] ἦσαν δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐν τῷ ὄρει καὶ ἵπποι πολλοὶ ἢ ἐς φυγὴν παρεσκευασμένοι, ἢ ἐς τὴν δίωξιν, ἢν τῆς μάχης κρατήσωσι. [10] Σολόμων δέ, ἐπεὶ εἶδε τοὺς Μαυρουσίους οὐκέτι ἐν τῷ ὁμαλεῖ ἐθέλοντας διαμάχεσθαι, καὶ ἅμα τῇ προσεδρείᾳ τὸ Ῥωμαίων στράτευμα ἐν χωρίῳ ἐρήμῳ ἤχθετο, ἐς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐν Βουργάωνι ἠπείγετο. [11] ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς στρατιώτας καταπεπληγμένους τῷ τῶν ἐναντίων ὁμίλῳ πολυπλασίῳ ἢ ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ μάχῃ γεγενημένῳ, ξυγκαλέσας τὸ πλῆθος ἔλεξε τοιάδε: [12] ‘Τὸ μὲν δέος ᾧ πρὸς ὑμᾶς οἱ πολέμιοι χρῶνται, οὐχ ἑτέρου του κατηγόρου δεῖται, ἀλλ̓ αὐτεπάγγελτον ἐξελήλεγκται τὴν οἴκοθεν ἐπαγόμενον μαρτυρίαν [13] ὁρᾶτε γὰρ δή που τοὺς ἐναντίους εἰς τόσας μὲν καὶ τόσας μυριάδας συνειλεγμένους, οὐ τολμῶντας δὲ ἡμῖν εἰς τὸ πεδίον καταβαίνοντας ξυμβαλεῖν, οὐδὲ πιστεύειν ἐπὶ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ἔχοντας ἀλλ̓ εἰς τὴν τοῦ χωρίου τούτου δυσκολίαν καταφυγόντας. [14] ὥστε ὑμῖν οὐδέ τι ἐγκελεύεσθαι ἔν γε τῷ παρόντι ἐπάναγκες. οἷς γὰρ τὰ πράγματα καὶ ἡ τῶν πολεμίων ἀσθένεια τὸ θαρσεῖν δίδωσιν, οὐδὲν οἶμαι τῆς ἐκ τῶν λόγων ὠφελείας προσδεῖ. [15] τοσοῦτον δὲ ὑπομνῆσαι ὑμᾶς δεήσἑ̣̣̓ ὡς, ἢν μετὰ εὐψυχίας καὶ τήνδε τὴν ξυμβολὴν διενέγκωμεν, λελείψεται ἡμῖν, Βανδίλων τε νενικημένων καὶ Μαυρουσίων εἰς ταὐτὸ τύχης ἐληλακότων, τῶν Λιβύης ἀγαθῶν ἀπόνασθαι πάντων, οὐδὲν ὅ τι καὶ πολέμιον ἐννοεῖν ἔχουσιν [16] ὅπως δὲ μὴ κατὰ κορυφὴν ὑμᾶς οἱ πολέμιο βάλλωσι, μηδέ τι ἐκ τοῦ χωρίου ἡμῖν γίγνοιτο βλάβος, ἐγὼ προνοήσω.’ [17] Τοσαῦτα παρακελευσάμενος Σολόμων, Θεόδωρον ἐκέλευεν, ὃς τῶν ἐξκουβιτώρων ἡγεῖτ̣̣̔̓ ῾οὕτω γὰρ τοὺς φύλακας Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσἰ, πεζοὺς χιλίους ἐπαγαγόμενον ἀμφὶ δείλην ὀψίαν ἔχοντά τε καὶ τῶν σημείων τινὰ ἐς τὰ πρὸς ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον τοῦ Βουργάωνος λάθρα ἀναβῆναι, οὗ μάλιστα δύσοδόν τε τὸ ὄρος καὶ σχεδόν τι ἀπόρευτον ἦν, ἐπιστείλας ὥστε, ἐπειδὰν ἄγχι ἐς τὸν τοῦ ὄρους κολωνὸν ἵκωνται, ἐνταῦθα ἡσυχάζοντας τὸ λοιπὸν διανυκτερεύειν, ἅμα τε ἡλίῳ ἀνίσχοντι καθύπερθεν φαινομένους τῶν πολεμίων καὶ τὰ σημεῖα ἐνδεικνυμένους βάλλειν. [18] ὁ δὲ κατὰ ταῦτα ἐποίει. καὶ ἐπεὶ πόρρω ἦν τῶν νυκτῶν, διὰ τοῦ κρημνώδους ἐγγὺς τοῦ σκοπέλου ἀφικόμενοι μὴ ὅτι Μαυρουσ�
�ους, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ῥωμαίους ἅπαντας ἔλαθον: [19] ἐς προφυλακὴν γὰρ τῷ λόγῳ ἐστέλλοντο, μή τις ἔξωθεν ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον κακουργήσων ἴοι. ὄρθρου δὲ βαθέος Σολόμων παντὶ τῷ στρατῷ κατὰ τοῦ Βουργάωνος τὰ ἔσχατα ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἀνέβαινε. [20] καὶ ἐπειδὴ πρωῒ ἐγεγόνει ἐγγύς τε οἱ πολέμιοι καθεωρῶντο, οὐκέτι γυμνήν, ὥσπερ τὸ πρότερον, οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν τοῦ ὄρους ὑπερβολὴν ὁρῶντες, ἀλλὰ ἀνδρῶν τε ἀνάπλεων καὶ σημεῖα Ῥωμαϊκὰ ἐνδεικνυμένων ῾ἤδη γὰρ καὶ ὑπέφαινέ τι ἡμέρας᾿ διηποροῦντο. [21] ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν χειρῶν οἱ ἐν τῇ ἄκρᾳ ἦρχον, οἵ τε Ῥωμαῖοι τὸ στράτευμα οἰκεῖον εἶναι καὶ οἱ βάρβαροι ἐν μέσῳ τῶν πολεμίων γεγονέναι ᾐσθάνοντο, βαλλόμενοι δὲ ἑκατέρωθεν, καὶ οὐ παρὸν σφίσι τοὺς πολεμίους ἀμύνεσθαι, ἐς ἀλκὴν μὲν οὐκέτι ἔβλεπον, ἐς φυγὴν δὲ αὐτίκα ξύμπαντες ὥρμηντο. [22] οὔτε δὲ ἐς τοῦ Βουργάωνος τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἀναδραμεῖν ἔχοντες, πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων κατεχομένην, οὔτε ἐς τὸ ὁμαλὲς διὰ τοῦ πρόποδός πη ἰέναι, ἐνθένδε σφίσιν ἐπικειμένων τῶν ἐναντίων, ἔς τε τὴν νάπην καὶ ἐς τῶν σκοπέλων τὸν ἕτερον δρόμῳ πολλῷ ᾔεσαν, οἱ μὲν αὐτοῖς ἵπποις, οἱ δὲ καὶ πεζῇ. [23] ἅτε δὲ ὅμιλος πολὺς ἐν φόβῳ καὶ θορύβῳ μεγάλῳ φεύγοντες, σφᾶς τε αὐτοὺς ἔκτεινον καὶ ἐς τὴν νάπην βαθεῖαν κομιδῆ οὖσαν ἐσπίπτοντες ἀεὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἔθνησκον, τοῖς μέντοι ὄπισθεν ἰοῦσιν οὐ παρείχοντο τοῦ κακοῦ αἴσθησιν. [24] ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν τεθνεώτων ἵππων τε καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἡ νάπη ἔμπλεως γενομένη διάβασιν ἐκ τοῦ Βουργάωνος ἐς ὄρος ἐποίει τὸ ἕτερον, ἐνταῦθα ἐσώζοντο οἱ ὑπολειπόμενοι, διὰ τῶν σωμάτων τὴν πορείαν ποιούμενοι. [25] ἀπέθανον δὲ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ πόνῳ Μαυρουσίων μὲν μυριάδες πέντε, ὡς αὐτῶν ἰσχυρίζοντο οἱ περιόντες, Ῥωμαίων δὲ τὸ παράπαν οὐδείς, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ πληγήν τινα ἔλαβεν ἢ πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων ἢ τύχης αὐτῷ ξυμβάσης τινός, ἀλλ̓ ἀκραιφνεῖς πάντες τῆς νίκης ἀπώναντο ταύτης. [26] διέφυγον δὲ καὶ οἱ τῶν βαρβάρων ἡγούμενοι πάντες, πλήν γε δὴ ὅτι Ἐσδιλάσας πίστεις λαβὼν Ῥωμαίοις αὑτὸν ἐνεχείρισε. [27] γυναικῶν μέντοι καὶ παίδων λείαν τοσαύτην τὸ πλῆθος Ῥωμαῖοι εἷλον ὥστε προβάτου τιμῆς παῖδα Μαυρούσιον τοῖς ὠνεῖσθαι βουλομένοις ἀπέδοντο. [28] καὶ τότε Μαυρουσίων τοὺς ὑπολειπομένους γυναικῶν τῶν σφετέρων τὸ λόγιον ἐσῄει, ὡς ἄρα τὸ γένος αὐτοῖς πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀγενείου ὀλεῖται. [29] Τὸ μὲν οὖν Ῥωμαίων στράτευμα ξύν τε τῇ λείᾳ καὶ τῷ Ἐσδιλάσᾳ ἐς Καρχηδόνα ἐσήλαυνον τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων ὅσοις μὴ ἀπολωλέναι ξυμβέβηκεν, ἐν Βυζακίῳ μὲν ἱδρῦσθαι ἀδύνατα ἐδόκει εἶναι, ὅπως μὴ ὀλίγοι ὄντες πρὸς Λιβύων τῶν σφίσιν ὁμόρων βιάζωνται, ξὺν δὲ ἄρχουσι τοῖς σφετέροις εἰς Νουμιδίαν ἀφικόμενοι ἱκέται γίνονται Ἰαύδα, ὃς τῶν ἐν Αὐρασίῳ Μαυρουσίων ἦρχε. [30] μόνοι δὲ Μαυρουσίων ἐν Βυζακίῳ διέμειναν ὧν ἡγεῖτο Ἀντάλας, ὃς δὴ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ τὴν ἐς Ῥωμαίους πίστιν φυλάξας κακῶν ἀπαθὴς ξὺν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις τοῖς αὑτοῦ ἔμεινεν.