Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  XX

  MEANWHILE Bessas continued to grow more wealthy than ever by retailing his grain, since his prices were fixed by the necessity of those who wanted it. And since he was entirely wrapped up in his concern for this traffic, he neither paid heed to the defence of the walls nor concerned himself with any other measures for security whatsoever, but any of the soldiers who so wished were allowed to neglect their duties; and meanwhile there was only an insignificant garrison on the walls, and even this received very little attention. For those who chanced from day to day to be assigned to guard duty were freely permitted to sleep, since no one was put in command of them who might possibly take some notice of such an act; nor did any officers consent to go the rounds of the fortifications, as had been customary, and inspect the guards to see what they were doing, and furthermore not one of the citizens was able to assist them in keeping guard; for an exceedingly small number, as I have said, were left in the city and these were wasted to the last degree by the famine.

  Thus it came about that four Isaurians who were keeping guard by the Asinarian Gate did as follows: having waited carefully for that part of the night during which it always fell to the lot of the soldiers next them to sleep while the guarding of that portion of the wall devolved upon them, they fastened ropes to the battlement long enough to reach down to the ground, and laying hold of these with both hands got outside the fortifications; then they went before Totila and agreed to receive him and the Gothic army into the city; for, as they declared, they were able to do this without any trouble. And Totila promised that he would be exceedingly grateful to them if they made good these promises and that he would put them in possession of great sums of money; he then sent with them two of his men to look over the place from which these men claimed that the Goths could effect an entrance into the city. So this party came up beside the wall and, laying hold of the ropes, ascended to the battlement, where not a man uttered a sound or observed what was going on. So when they reached the top, the Isaurians shewed the barbarians everything, namely that those who wished to ascend would meet with no obstacle, and that after they had come up they would have complete freedom of action, meeting as they would with not the least resistance; then, after bidding them carry this report to Totila, they sent them away.

  Now when Totila heard this report, he was, in a way, pleased at the intelligence, but, notwithstanding this, he felt a suspicion as regards the Isaurians and was not inclined to place very much confidence in them. Not many days later these men came to him again, urging him to undertake the enterprise. Totila thereupon sent two other men with them, with instructions that they too should make a thorough investigation of the whole situation and bring back a report. And these men, upon returning to him, made a report in all respects like that of those previously sent. But during this time a large force of Roman soldiers, who were out on a reconnoitering expedition, charged upon ten Goths walking along a road not far from the city, and they took them prisoners and straightway brought them before Bessas. And he enquired of these barbarians what Totila’s purpose really was; and the Goths said that he was in hopes that some of the Isaurians would deliver the city to him: for the story had already become known to many of the barbarians. But even when Bessas and Conon heard this, they treated the matter with great unconcern and took no heed of the report. And a third time the Isaurians came into the presence of Totila and tried to induce the man to do the deed. So he sent with them a number of men and among them one related to him by blood, and they, upon returning to him, reported the whole situation and encouraged him to proceed.

  Totila, then, as soon as night came on, put his whole force under arms in silence and led them up near the Asinarian Gate. And he commanded four men who were conspicuous among the Goths for their bravery and strength to climb up the ropes with the Isaurians to the battlements, during that part of the night, of course, in which the guarding of that portion of the wall fell to the Isaurians while the others were taking their turn at sleeping. And when these men got inside the fortifications, they descended to the Asinarian Gate without meeting any opposition; there they shattered with axes both the wooden beam with which the Romans customarily made the gates fast by fitting it into recesses in the wall on either side, and also all the ironwork into which the guards always inserted their keys to shut the gates or open them according to the need of the moment. Then they swung the gates open, just as they wished to do, and without any trouble received Totila and the Gothic army into the city.

  But Totila collected his men there in one place and would not allow them to scatter at all, for he feared that they would fall into some ambush set by the enemy. And tumult and confusion, as was natural, fell upon the city, and the most of the Roman soldiers were fleeing with their commanders through another gate, each one taking whatever course he found easy to follow, while only a few with the rest of the Romans were taking refuge in the sanctuaries. Among the patricians Decius and Basilius, in company with a few others (for horses happened to be at hand for them) succeeded in escaping with Bessas. But Maximus, Olyvrius, Orestes, and some others fled to the church of the Apostle Peter. Among the common people, however, it so fell out that only five hundred men had been left throughout the whole city, and these with difficulty found refuge in the sanctuaries. For all the rest of the population were gone, some having departed to other lands and some having been carried off by the famine, as I have stated above. Now many persons during that night kept reporting to Totila that both Bessas and the enemy were fleeing. But he, saying the report they had given was a pleasing one, would not permit a pursuit. “For what could be sweeter for a man,” he said, “than a fleeing enemy?”

  When it was already day and there was now no suspicion left of any ambush, Totila, for his part, went to the church of the Apostle Peter to — pray, but the Goths began to slay — those who fell in their way. And in this manner there perished among the soldiers twenty-six, and among the people sixty. And when Totila had come to the sanctuary, Pelagius came before him carrying the Christian scriptures in his hand, and, making supplication in every manner possible, said “Spare thine own, O Master.” And — Totila, — mocking him — with a haughty air of indifference, said “Now at — last, Pelagius, you have come to make yourself a suppliant before me.”

  “Yes” replied Pelagius, “at a time when God has made me your slave. Nay, spare your slaves, O Master, from now on.” And Totila received this supplication with favour and forbade the Goths thereafter to kill any Roman at all, but he permitted them, while setting aside for him the most valuable of the property, to have unrestricted authority to plunder all the rest for themselves.

  Now he found much of value in the houses of patricians, but most of all in the house where Bessas had lodged. For that ill-starred wretch had been only collecting for Totila the outrageous sums which, as set forth above, he had charged for the grain. And thus the Romans in general, and particularly the members of the senate, found themselves reduced to such straits that they clothed themselves in the garments of slaves and rustics, and lived by begging bread or any other food from their enemies; a very notable example of this change of fortune being that of Rusticiana, the daughter of Symmachus, who had been wife of Boetius, a woman who was always lavishing her wealth upon the needy. Indeed these wretches went about to all the houses and kept knocking at the doors and begging that they give them food, feeling no shame in doing so.

  Now the Goths, on their part, were eager to put Rusticiana to death, bringing against her the charge that after bribing the commanders of the Roman army, she had destroyed the statues of Theoderic, her motive in so doing having been to avenge the murder not only of her father Symmachus, but also of her husband Boethius. But Totila would not permit her to suffer any harm, but he guarded both her and all the other women safe from insult, although the Goths were extremely eager to have intercourse with them. Consequently not one of them had the ill fortune to suffer personal insult, whether married, unwed, or widow, and Totila won great renown f
or moderation from this course.

  Τῇ δὲ ὑστεραίᾳ Γότθους ἅπαντας ξυγκαλέσας ὁ Τουτίλας ἔλεξε τοιάδε: ‘Οὐ καινήν τινα οὐδὲ ἀγνῶτα ὑμῖν παραίνεσιν ποιησόμενος ἐνθάδε ὑμᾶς, ἄνδρες ξυστρατιῶται, ξυνήγαγον, ἀλλ̓ ἐκεῖνα ἐρῶν, ἅπερ ἐγὼ μὲν πολλάκις ἐς ὑμᾶς εἶπον, ὑμῖν δὲ αὐτὰ ἐνδεξαμένοις τὰ μέγιστα τῶν ἀγαθῶν ξυνηνέχθη γενέσθαι. [2] μὴ τοίνυν τινὶ ὀλιγωρίᾳ διὰ τοῦτο ἐς τὴν παραίνεσιν τανῦν χρήσησθε. [3] λόγων γὰρ τῶν ἐς εὐδαιμονίαν ἀγόντων κόρον οὐκ εἰκὸς ἀνθρώπῳ γενέσθαι, κἂν τῇ πολυλογίᾳ τις ἀποκναίειν δοκῇ: ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ πρὸς τὴν ἐξ αὐτῶν εὐεργεσίαν ἀπειπεῖν ἄξιον. [4] λέγω δὲ ὅτι πρώην μὲν ἐς μυριάδας εἴκοσι μαχιμωτάτων ξυνιόντες στρατιωτῶν πλούτῳ τε ὑπερφυεῖ χρώμενοι καὶ ἵππων τε καὶ ὅπλων περιουσίαν τινά, ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα, ἐνδεικνύμενοι, καὶ γερόντων ξυνετωτάτων πολὺν ὅμιλον, ὅπερ τοῖς ἐς ἀγῶνας καθισταμένοις ξυμφορώτατον εἶναι δοκεῖ, πρὸς ἀνδρῶν ἑπτακισχιλίων Γραικῶν ἡσσηθέντες, τήν τε ἀρχὴν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ξύμπαντα λόγῳ οὐδενὶ ἀφῃρήμεθα. [5] νῦν δ̓ ἡμῖν ἐς ὀλίγους ἀπολειφθεῖσι γυμνούς τε καὶ οἰκτροὺς καὶ οὐδ̓ ὁτουοῦν τῶν πάντων ἐμπείρους κρατεῖν τῶν πολεμίων πλέον ἢ δισμυρίων ὄντων τετύχηκε. [6] τὰ μὲν οὖν πεπραγμένα συλλήβδην εἰπεῖν τοιαῦτά ἐστι: τὰς δὲ τῶν οὕτω ξυμβαινόντων αἰτίας ἐν εἰδόσιν ὑμῖν αὐτίκα δηλώσω: ὅτι Γότθοι μὲν πρότερον τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων περὶ ἐλάσσονος πεποιημένοι τὸ δίκαιον, ἔπρασσον ἔς τε ἀλλήλους καὶ τοὺς κατηκόους Ῥωμαίους ἀνόσια ἔργα, οἷς δή, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, ἠγμένος ὁ θεὸς ἐπ̓ αὐτοὺς τὸτε ξὺν τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐστράτευσε. [7] καὶ διὰ ταῦτα πλήθει τε καὶ ἀρετῇ καὶ τῇ ἄλλῃ τοῦ πολέμου παρασκευῇ τῶν ἐναντίων παρὰ πολὺ ὑπεραίροντες δυνάμει τινὶ ἀφανεῖ τε καὶ ὡς ἥκιστα γινωσκομένῃ ἡσσήθημεν. [8] οὐκοῦν τὸ φυλάξαι τὰ ἀγαθὰ ἐφ̓ ὑμῖν κείσεται, διασώζουσι δηλονότι τὸ δίκαιον. μεταβαλλομένοις γὰρ καὶ τὰ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα πολέμια ἔσται. [9] οὐ γὰρ ἀνθρώπων γένει οὐδὲ φύσει ἐθνῶν ξυμμαχεῖν εἴωθεν, ἀλλ̓ οἷς ἂν μᾶλλον ὁ τοῦ δικαίου λόγος τιμῷτο. πόνος τε οὐδεὶς αὐτῷ τἀγαθὰ ἐφ̓ ἑτέρους μετενεγκεῖν. [10] ἀνθρώπῳ μὲν γὰρ τὸ μὴ ἀδικεῖν μόνον ἐν γνώμῃ ἐστί, θεῷ δὲ ξύμπαντα ἐν τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ πέφυκε κεῖσθαι. [11] φημὶ τοίνυν ὑμᾶς χρῆναι τὴν δικαιοσύνην ἔς τε ἀλλήλους καὶ τοὺς κατηκόους τηρεῖν. ταὐτὸν γὰρ ἂν εἴη λέγειν τὴν εὐημερίαν ἐς ἀεὶ διασώζεσθαι.’ [12] Τοσαῦτα ὁ Τουτίλας ἐς τοὺς Γότθους εἰπὼν καὶ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Ῥωμαίων βουλῆς ξυγκαλέσας πολλὰ ὠνείδισέ τε καὶ ἐκάκισεν, οἳ δὴ πολλὰ πρός τε Θευδερίχου καὶ Ἀταλαρίχου ἀγαθὰ πεπονθότες, ἐπί τε τῆς ἀρχῆς ἁπάσης αὐτοὶ ἐς ἀεὶ καταστάντες καὶ τήν τε πολιτείαν διοικησάμενοι, πλούτου τε περιβεβλημένοι μέγα τι χρῆμα, εἶτα ἐς Γότθους τοὺς εὐεργέτας πολλῇ ἀγνωμοσύνῃ ἐχόμενοι, ἐς ἀπόστασίν τε οὐ δέον ἐπὶ τῷ σφετέρῳ πονηρῷ ἴδοιεν καὶ τοὺς Γραικοὺς ἐπὶ τῇ πατρίδι ἐπαγάγοιντο, προδόται σφῶν αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ αἰφνιδίου γεγενημένοι. [13] καὶ ἀνεπυνθάνετο μὲν εἴ τι πρὸς Γότθων πάθοιεν αὐτοὶ κακὸν πώποτε. [14] λέγειν δὲ ἠνάγκαζεν, εἴ τι ἀγαθὸν σφίσι πρὸς Ἰουστινιανοῦ βασιλέως ξυμβαίνοι, καταλέγων ἐφεξῆς ἅπαντα, ὅτι δὴ τὰς μὲν ἀρχὰς ἀφῄρηντο σχεδόν τι ἁπάσας, πρὸς δὲ τῶν καλουμένων λογοθετῶν αἰκιζόμενοι λογισμοὺς ἐκτίνειν τῶν σφίσιν ἐς Γότθους πεπολιτευμένων ἀναγκασθεῖεν καὶ τῷ πολέμῳ κεκακωμένοι φόρους τοὺς δημοσίους οὐδέν τι ἐνδεέστερον ἢ ἐν τῇ εἰρήνῃ τοῖς Γραικοῖς φέροιεν: ἄλλα τε πολλὰ ἐνετίθει τῷ λόγῳ, ὅσα δεσπότην δυσμενῆ τοὺς δεδουλωμένους ὀνειδίζειν εἰκός. [15] Ἡρωδιανόν τε αὐτοῖς ἐνδεικνύμενος καὶ τοὺς τὴν πόλιν αὐτῷ παραδόντας Ἰσαύρους ‘Ὑμεῖς μέν’ ἔφη ‘ξύντροφοι Γότθοις γεγενημένοι οὐδὲ χῶρόν τινα ἔρημον ἐς τήνδε ἡμῖν ἐνδιδόναι τὴν ἡμέραν ἐγνώκατε, οἵδε δὲ ἡμᾶς Ῥώμῃ τε αὐτῇ καὶ Σπολιτίῳ ἐδέξαντο. [16] διόπερ ὑμεῖς μὲν ἐν οἰκετῶν λόγῳ γεγένησθε, οὗτοι δὲ Γότθοις φίλοι τε, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, καὶ ξυγγενεῖς γεγενημένοι τὰς ὑμετέρας [17] ἀρχὰς τὸ λοιπὸν ἕξουσιν.’ οἱ μὲν οὖν πατρίκιοι ταῦτα ἀκούοντες σιωπῇ εἴχοντο. Πελάγιος δὲ Τουτίλαν ὑπὲρ ἀνδρῶν ἐπταικότων τε καὶ δεδυστυχηκότων παραιτούμενος οὐκέτι ἀνίει, ἕως αὐτοὺς φιλανθρωπίας ὑπόσχεσιν ποιησάμενος ἀπεπέμψατο. [18] Ἔπειτα δὲ Πελάγιόν τε καὶ τῶν ἐν Ῥώμῃ ῥητόρων ἕνα, Θεόδωρον ὄνομα, πρέσβεις ἐς βασιλέα Ἰουστινιανὸν ἔστειλεν, ὅρκοις αὐτοὺς δεινοτάτοις καταλαβών, ὅτι τε εὐνοίᾳ ἐς αὐτὸν χρήσονται καὶ ἀναστρέφειν ὅτι τάχιστα ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἐν σπουδῇ ἕξουσιν. [19] ἐπέστελλέ τε αὐτοῖς τὴν εἰρήνην οἱ παντὶ σθένει παρὰ βασιλέως πορίζεσθαι, ὅπως δὴ μὴ αὐτὸς ἀναγκάζηται Ῥώμην ἐς ἔδαφος καθελὼν ξύμπασαν καὶ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς συγκλήτου διαφθείρας βουλῆς ἐς Ἰλλυριοὺς τὸν πόλεμον ἄγειν. καὶ γράμματα δὲ Ἰουστινιανῷ βασιλεῖ ἔγραψεν. [20] ἤδη μὲν οὖν βασιλεὺς ἠκηκόει τὰ ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ ξυμπεπτωκότα. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ πρέσβεις παῤ αὐτὸν ἦλθον, ἀπήγγειλάν τε ὅσα ὁ Τουτίλας σφίσιν ἐπέστελλε καὶ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἐνεχείρισαν. [21] Ἐδήλου δὲ ἡ γραφὴ τάδε: ‘Ὅσα μὲν ἐν Ῥωμαίων τῇ πόλει γενέσθαι ξυνέβη, ἐπεὶ μεμαθηκέναι σε ἅ
παντα οἶμαι, σιωπᾶν ἔγνωκα. [22] ὧν δὲ ἕνεκα τοὺς πρέσβεις ἀπέσταλκα τούσδε αὐτίκα εἴσῃ. αἰτούμεθα τὰ ἐκ τῆς εἰρήνης καλὰ σέ τε προσίεσθαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἡμῖν ξυγχωρεῖν. [23] ὧνπερ μνημεῖά τε καὶ παραδείγματα κάλλιστα ἔχομεν Ἀναστάσιόν τε καὶ Θευδέριχον, οἳ βεβασιλεύκασι μὲν οὐ πολλῷ πρότερον, εἰρήνης δὲ καὶ ἀγαθῶν πραγμάτων ἅπαντα ἐνεπλήσαντο τὸν κατ̓ αὐτοὺς χρόνον. [24] ἢν γάρ σοι ταῦτά ποτε βουλομένῳ εἴη, πατήρ τε ἂν ἐμὸς εἰκότως καλοῖο καὶ ξυμμάχους [25] ἡμᾶς ἐφ̓ οὓς ἂν βούλοιο τὸ λοιπὸν ἕξεις.’ ταῦτα ἐπεὶ βασιλεὺς Ἰουστινιανὸς ἀπενεχθέντα εἶδε, καὶ τοὺς λόγους τῶν πρέσβεων ἅπαντας ἤκουσεν, ἀπεπέμψατο αὐτοὺς αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα, τοῦτό τε μόνον αὐτοῖς ἀποκρινόμενος καὶ Τουτίλᾳ γράψας, ὅτι δὴ αὐτοκράτορα τοῦ πολέμου πεποίηται Βελισάριον, κύριός τε διὰ τοῦτο ἐκεῖνος εἴη τὰ πρὸς Τουτίλαν ὅπως βούλοιτο διοικήσασθαι.