Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  There is a city on the coast of Calabria called Tarentum, about two days’ journey distant from Dryus, on the road from there to Thurii and Rhegium. Thither John came with a few men, at the invitation of the Tarentines, having established the rest of his command as a garrison in Dryus. And when he saw that this city was exceedingly large and entirely without defences, he thought that he would be utterly unable to defend the whole of it; but he observed that the sea to the north of the city formed a bay on either side of a very narrow strip of land, where the port of Tarentum is situated, and thus the space between the bays naturally forms an isthmus for a distance of not less than twenty stades; so he formed the following plan. He cut off from the rest of the city that portion which lay on the isthmus, and enclosed it by means of a wall extending from one bay to the other and along the wall he dug a deep trench. There he collected not only the Tarentines but also all the inhabitants of the surrounding country, and he left them a garrison of considerable size. In this way all the Calabrians were now in a secure position and they consequently purposed to revolt from the Goths. Such was the course of events in this quarter.

  Totila, for his part, occupied a very strong fortress in Lucania, situated close to the boundaries of Calabria, called Acherontis by the Romans; and after establishing there a garrison of not less than four hundred men, he himself with the rest of his army marched against Ravenna, leaving in Campania some of the barbarians, who were charged with the guarding of Roman prisoners, the members of the senate being in that place.

  Βελισαρίῳ δὲ τόλμα προμηθὴς γέγονε τότε ἀρχὴν μὲν μανιώδης δόξασα εἶναι τοῖς τε ὁρῶσι καὶ ἀκούουσι πρῶτον, ἐκβᾶσα δὲ ἐς ἀρετῆς ἔργον ὑψηλόν τε καὶ δαιμονίως ὑπέρογκον. [2] τῶν γὰρ στρατιωτῶν ὀλίγους τινὰς φρουρᾶς ἕνεκα τῆς ἐν Πόρτῳ ἀπολιπὼν αὐτὸς ξὺν τῷ ἄλλῳ στρατῷ ἐς Ῥώμην ἦλθε, προσποιεῖσθαί τε αὐτὴν σθένει παντὶ ἤθελεν. [3] ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐχ οἷός τε ἦν ὅσα καθελὼν τοῦ περιβόλου Τουτίλας ἔτυχε βραχεῖ ἀνοικοδομήσασθαι χρόνῳ, ἐποίει τάδε. [4] λίθους ἄγχιστά πη ὄντας ξυναγαγὼν ἐπ̓ ἀλλήλους οὐδενὶ κόσμῳ ξυνέβαλεν, οὐδὲν τὸ παράπαν ἐντὸς ἔχοντας, ἐπεὶ οὔτε τίτανον εἶχεν οὔτε τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτον, ἀλλ̓ ὅπως μόνον τὸ τῆς οἰκοδομίας σώζοιτο πρόσωπον, σκολόπων τε μέγα τι χρῆμα ἔξωθεν ἵστη. [5] ἐτύγχανε δὲ καὶ τάφρους βαθείας ἀμφὶ τὸν περίβολον ὅλον ὀρύξας πρότερον, ὥσπερ μοι ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν λόγοις ἐρρήθη. [6] παντὸς δὲ τοῦ στρατοῦ προθυμίᾳ τῇ πάσῃ ταῦτα ἐργαζομένου πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν ἡμερῶν ὅσα τοῦ περιβόλου καθῄρητο τῷ τρόπῳ τούτῳ τετέλεστο. [7] τῶν τε Ῥωμαίων ὅσοι ἀμφὶ τὰ ἐκείνῃ χωρία ᾤκηντο ἐνταῦθα ἠγείροντο, τῆς τε ἐν Ῥώμῃ οἰκήσεως ἐπιθυμίᾳ καὶ ὅτι τῶν ἐπιτηδείων τέως σπανίζοντες ἀφθονίαν ἐνταῦθα εὗρον, ἥνπερ Βελισάριος ποιεῖν ἴσχυσε, ναῦς ὅτι πλείστας πάντων ἐμπλησάμενος τῶν ἀναγκαίων, ἔς τε Ῥώμην διὰ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐσκομίσας. [8] Ταῦτα ἐπεὶ Τουτίλας ἤκουσεν, ἄρας αὐτίκα παντὶ τῷ στρατῷ ἐπὶ Βελισάριόν τε καὶ Ῥώμην ἦλθεν, οὔπω Βελισαρίου τὰς πύλας ἐναρμόσασθαι τῷ περιβόλῳ ἰσχύσαντος. [9] πάσας γὰρ διαφθείρας Τουτίλας ἔτυχεν, ἅσπερ οὐκ ἔφθη τεχνιτῶν ἀπορίᾳ Βελισάριος τεκτηνάμενος. [10] ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ τῶν βαρβάρων στρατὸς ἀγχοῦ ἐγένοντο, τότε μὲν ἐνστρατοπεδευσάμενοι ηὐλίσαντο παρὰ Τίβεριν ποταμόν, ἡμέρᾳ τε τῇ ἐπιγενομένῃ ἅμα ἡλίῳ ἀνίσχοντι θυμῷ τε πολλῷ καὶ θορύβῳ ἐχόμενοι ἀμφὶ τὸ τεῖχος ᾔεσαν. [11] Βελισάριος δὲ τῶν μὲν στρατιωτῶν τοὺς μαχιμωτάτους ἀπολεξάμενος ἐς τὴν χώραν τῶν πυλῶν ἔστησε, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τῶν περιβόλων ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἐπιόντας πάσῃ δυνάμει ἐκέλευε. [12] γέγονε τοίνυν καρτερὰ μάχη. οἱ γὰρ βάρβαροι τὰ μὲν πρῶτα ἐλπίδα εἶχον αὐτοβοεὶ τὴν πόλιν αἱρήσειν, τοῦ δὲ πράγματος σφίσιν ἀντιστατοῦντος, καὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἰσχυρότατα ἀμυνομένων, ὀργῇ χρώμενοι τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπέκειντο, τοῦ θυμοῦ σφᾶς παρὰ δύναμιν ἐς τὴν εὐτολμίαν ὁρμῶντος. [13] οἵ τε Ῥωμαῖοι παρά δόξαν ἀντείχοντο, τοῦ κινδύνου, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, ἐς τὴν εὐψυχίαν ἐνάγοντος. [14] γέγονεν οὖν φόνος τῶν βαρβάρων ἅτε ἀφ̓ ὑψηλοῦ βαλλομένων πολύς, κόπῳ τε πολλῷ καὶ ταλαιπωρίᾳ ἑκάτεροι εἴχοντο καὶ ἡ μάχη πρωῒ ἀρξαμένη ἐτελεύτα ἐς νύκτα. [15] ἔπειτα οἱ μὲν βάρβαροι ἐν τοῖς στρατοπέδοις γενόμενοι ἐνυκτέρευσαν, τῶν ἐν σφίσι τραυματιῶν ἐπιμελούμενοι, Ῥωμαίων δὲ οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι ἐν τῷ περιβόλῳ φυλακὴν εἶχον, οἱ δὲ ἀνδρίας πέρι μάλιστα πάντων εὖ ἥκοντες ἐν περιτροπῇ τὰς τῶν πυλῶν χώρας ἐφύλασσον, τριβόλους ἔμπροσθεν πολλοὺς θέμενοι, ὅπως μὴ ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς οἱ πολέμιοι ἐπὶ σφᾶς ἴωσιν. [16] Οἱ δὲ τρίβολοι τοιοίδε εἰσί. σκολόπων τεττάρων ἰσομήκων μάλιστα τὰ ὄπισθε πρὸς ἄλληλα ἐναρμοσάμενοι τριγώνου σχῆμα τὰς αὐτῶν εὐθείας πανταχόθεν ἐργάζονται, καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐς τὴν γῆν ὅπου παρατύχῃ ῥίπτουσι. [17] ταύτῃ τε τῶν σκολόπων οἱ μὲν τρεῖς ἐς τὸ ἔδαφος ἰσχυρότατα ἑστήκασι πάντες, ὁ δὲ λειπόμενος ἀνέχων μόνος ἐμπόδιον ἀνδράσι τε καὶ ἵπποις ἐς ἀεὶ γίγνεται. [18] ὁσάκις δέ τις τοῦτον δὴ κυλίνδει τὸν τρίβολον, ὁ μὲν τέως ἐκ τῶν σκολόπων τὴν τοῦ ἀέρος ὄρθιον κληρωσάμενος χώραν ἐς τὸ ἔδαφος ἕστηκεν, ἄλλος δὲ ἀντ̓ αὐτοῦ γιγνόμενος ἄνω τοῖς ἐπιέναι βουλομένοις ἐμπόδιόν ἐστιν. οἱ μὲν τρίβολοι τοιοίδε εἰσίν. ἑκάτεροι δὲ οὕτω μετὰ τὴν μάχην ηὐλίσαντο. [19] Τῇ δὲ ὑστεραίᾳ Τουτίλας αὖθις παντὶ τῷ στρατῷ τειχομαχεῖν ἔγνω, οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τρόπῳ τῷ εἰρημένῳ ἠμύνοντο. καθυπέρτεροί τε τῇ ξυμβολῇ γεγενημένοι ἐπεξελθεῖν τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐθάρσησαν. [20] καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων ὑποχωρούντων διώκοντες τῶν Ῥωμαίων τινὲς πόρρω που τοῦ περιβόλου ἐγένοντο. οὓς δὴ κυκλώσεσθαι οἱ βάρβαροι ἔμελλον, ὡς μὴ ἀναστ�
�έφειν ἐς τὴν πόλιν δυνατοὶ εἶεν. ἀλλὰ Βελισάριος ῾κατενόησε γὰρ τὰ ποιούμενἀ τῶν ἀμφ̓ αὑτὸν πολλοὺς ἐνταῦθα στείλας διασώσασθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας ἴσχυσεν. [21] οὕτω τε ἀποκρουσθέντες οἱ βάρβαροι ἀνεχώρησαν, πολλοὺς μὲν ἀποβεβληκότες τῶν ἐν σφίσι μαχίμων, πλείστους δὲ τραυματίας ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον ἐπαγόμενοι. [22] ἐνταῦθά τε ἡσυχῆ ἔμενον, τά τε τραύματα θεραπεύοντες καὶ τῶν ὅπλων ἐπιμελούμενοι ῾πολλὰ γὰρ σφίσι διέφθαρτο ἤδἠ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἐν παρασκευῇ πάσῃ ποιούμενοι. Ἡμέραις δὲ πολλαῖς ὕστερον ἐπὶ τὸν περίβολον ὡς τειχομαχήσοντες ᾔεσαν. [23] Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ σφίσιν ὑπαντιάσαντες ἐς χεῖρας ἦλθον. τύχῃ τέ τινι ὁ τὸ Τουτίλα σημεῖον φέρων καιρίαν πληγεὶς αὐτός τε ἐκ τοῦ ἵππου ἐκπίπτει καὶ τὸ σημεῖον ἐς τὴν γῆν ἔρριψε. [24] καὶ Ῥωμαίων μὲν ὅσοι ἐς τὰ πρῶτα ἐμάχοντο, ὥρμησαν ὥστε τὸ σημεῖον καὶ τὸν νεκρὸν ἁρπασόμενοι. φθάσαντες δὲ τῶν βαρβάρων οἱ εὐτολμότατοι τό τε σημεῖον ἁρπάζουσι καὶ τοῦ νεκροῦ χεῖρα τὴν λαιὰν ἀποτεμόντες ξὺν αὑτοῖς ἔλαβον. [25] ψέλλιον γὰρ χρυσοῦν ἐπὶ ταύτης ὁ πεπτωκὼς φορῶν ἔτυχε λόγου ἄξιον, ᾧπερ ἐναβρύνεσθαι τοὺς ἐναντίους ἥκιστα ἤθελον, φεύγοντες δηλονότι τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔργου αἰσχύνην. [26] καὶ ὁ μὲν τῶν βαρβάρων στρατὸς ἐς ὑπαγωγὴν ἐτράποντο οὐδενὶ κόσμῳ, Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ τὸ μὲν ἄλλο τοῦ νεκροῦ σῶμα ἐσκύλευσαν, τοὺς δὲ πολεμίους ἐπὶ πλεῖστον διώκοντες πολλοὺς ἔκτειναν, ἔς τε τὴν πόλιν κακῶν παντάπασιν ἀπαθεῖς ἦλθον. [27] Τότε δὲ ὅσοι ἐν Γότθοις λόγιμοι ἦσαν Τουτίλᾳ προσελθόντες ἐλοιδοροῦντό τε καὶ ἀνέδην αὐτῷ τὴν ἀβουλίαν ὠνείδιζον, ὅτι δὴ Ῥώμην ἑλὼν οὔτε ξύμπασαν ἐς ἔδαφος καθεῖλεν, ὅπως μηκέτι τοῖς πολεμίοις καταληπτὴ εἴη, οὔτε αὐτὸς ἔσχεν, ἀλλ̓ ὅπερ πόνῳ τε καὶ χρόνῳ πολλῷ αὐτοῖς ἐργασθὲν ἔτυχε, τοῦτο λόγῳ αὐτὸς οὐδενὶ διαφθείρειεν. [28] οὕτω τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐμπέφυκε πρὸς τῶν πραγμάτων τὰς ἀποβάσεις ἀεὶ τὴν γνώμην ῥυθμίζειν καὶ τὴν διάνοιαν τῷ τῆς τύχης ῥεύματι προσχωρεῖν, ἀγχιστρόφους τε ἀπ̓ αὐτοῦ τὰς μεταστάσεις ποιεῖσθαι τῆς δόξης. [29] διὸ δὴ καὶ Γότθοι εὐημεροῦντα μὲν τοῖς ἐγχειρήμασι Τουτίλαν ἐτεθήπεσαν ἴσα θεῷ, ἄμαχόν τινα καὶ ἀήττητον ἀποκαλοῦντες, ἡνίκα πόλεων τῶν ἁλισκομένων ἐκ μοίρας τινὸς τὰ τείχη διαφθείρειν εἴα, σφαλέντι δέ, ὥσπερ ἐρρήθη, λοιδορεῖσθαι οὐκ ἀπηξίουν τῶν ἔναγχος σφίσιν ἀμφ̓ αὐτὸν εἰρημένων ἀμνημονοῦντες, ἀπ̓ ἐναντίας τε αὐτῶν οὐδεμιᾷ ὀκνήσει ἰόντες. [30] ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα οὐχ οἷόν τέ ἐστι μὴ οὐχὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐς ἀεὶ ἁμαρτάνεσθαι, ἐπεὶ καὶ φύσει γίγνεσθαι εἴωθε. [31] Τουτίλας δὲ καὶ οἱ βάρβαροι λύσαντες τὴν προσεδρείαν ἐς Τίβουριν πόλιν ἀφίκοντο, πάσας σχεδόν τι τὰς τοῦ Τιβέριδος γεφύρας διελόντες, ὅπως μὴ Ῥωμαῖοι εὐπετῶς σφίσιν ἐπιέναι οἷοί τε ὦσι. [32] γέφυραν μέντοι μίαν, ἣ Μολιβίου ἐπώνυμός ἐστι, διαφθεῖραι οὐδαμῆ ἴσχυσαν, ἐπεὶ ἄγχιστα τῆς πόλεως ἐτύγχανεν οὖσα. τό τε ἐν Τιβούρει φρούριον ἀνοικοδομήσασθαι σθένει παντὶ ἔγνωσαν: [33] καθελόντες γὰρ αὐτὸ πρότερον ἔτυχον: τά τε χρήματα ἐνταῦθα καταθέμενοι ἅπαντα ἡσυχῆ ἔμενον. [34] καὶ Βελισάριος ἀδεέστερον ἤδη τὰς πύλας τοῦ Ῥώμης περιβόλου πανταχόθι ἐφαρμοσάμενος σιδήρῳ τε αὐτὰς περιβαλὼν αὖθις βασιλεῖ τὰς κλεῖς ἔπεμψε. καὶ ὁ χειμὼν ἔληγε, καὶ τὸ δωδέκατον ἔτος ἐτελεύτα τῷ πολέμῳ τῷδε, ὃν Προκόπιος ξυνέγραψεν.

  XXIV

  AT that time Belisarius conceived a daring and far-seeing plan, which in the beginning indeed appeared insane to those who first saw and heard of his actions. but its outcome proved to be a splendid achievement of marvellous importance. For he sallied forth, leaving behind only a few of his soldiers to keep guard in Portus, and went himself with the rest of his army to Rome, with the intention of trying with all his strength to establish himself in possession of the city. And since he was unable in a short time to rebuild all the portions of the wall which Totila had torn down, he did as follows. Gathering stones which lay close by, he threw them one on top of the ether, regardless of order, without putting anything at all between the stones, since he had neither lime nor anything else of the sort, but caring only that the face of the masonry should be preserved, and he set a great quantity of stakes on the outside. Now he had previously, as it happened, dug deep trenches around the entire circuit-wall, as stated in the previous narrative. And since the whole army carried out this work with unbounded enthusiasm, in twenty-five days such parts of the fortifications as had been torn down had been finished in this manner. And all the Romans who lived in the neighbourhood gathered in the city, both because of their desire to make their homes in Rome, and also because they had for a time been scantily supplied with provisions and they found abundance there; for Belisarius had been able to bring this about by loading a great number of boats with all manner of provisions and bringing them up to Rome by the river.

  When Totila heard this, he immediately set his whole army in motion and marched against Belisarius and Rome, before Belisarius had as yet been able to fit the gates to the wall. For it so happened that Totila had destroyed them all, and Belisarius had not up to that time succeeded in having gates built because of the lack of artisans. And when the barbarian army came near the city, they made camp for the moment and bivouacked on the bank of the Tiber, but on the following day at sunrise they advanced, filled with great fury and shouting as they came, to a position before the walls. But Belisarius had selected the most warlike of his soldiers and stationed them in the open gateways, commanding the rest to stand above and ward off the assailants from the wall with all their force. So a fierce battle ensued; for the barbarians, on their part, at first entertained the hope that they would capture the city at the first shout, but since the attempt proved difficult, and the Romans offered a most vigorous resistance, they gave way to rage and began to press upon the foe, their fury inspiring them to daring beyond their strength. The Romans, meanwhile, resisted with unexpected determination, the danger naturally arousing them to bravery. Consequently a great slaughter of the barbarians took place, since they were being shot at from a high position, and both armies were be
coming very weary and distressed; and the battle, which had begun in the morning, ended at night. Thereupon the barbarians repaired to their camps and passed the night there, caring for their wounded; as for the Romans, some were keeping guard on the wall, while others, who were the men most conspicuous of all for their bravery, were guarding the open gateways in relays, having placed triboli in great numbers in front of them, so that the enemy might not make a surprise attack upon them.

  Now these triboli are of the following sort. Four spikes of equal length are fastened together at their butts in such a manner that their points form the outline of a triangle on every side. These they throw at random upon the ground, and because of their form three of the spikes all plant themselves very firmly upon the ground, while the remaining one stands up alone and always proves an obstacle for both men and horses. And as often as anybody rolls over one of these triboli, the spike which hitherto has chanced to stand up straight in the air becomes planted on the ground, but another one takes its place above, as an obstacle to those who wish to advance to the attack. Such are the triboli. So both sides bivouacked thus after the battle.

  On the following day Totila decided to storm the wall again with his whole army, and the Romans proceeded to ward them off in the manner described; and gaining the upper hand in the engagement, they plucked up courage to make a sally against their enemy. And as the barbarians retreated, some of the Romans, in pursuing them, went to a considerable distance from the fortifications. These the barbarians were on the point of surrounding, so that they might be unable to return to the city. But Belisarius, noting what was taking place, sent a large number of his men to that point and thus succeeded in rescuing the force. After being repulsed in this way the barbarians withdrew, having lost many of their able fighting men, and bringing with them a great number of wounded to their camp. There they remained quiet, caring for their wounds and attending to their arms, many of which had now been destroyed, and putting everything else in readiness.