Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  XXI

  Such was the progress of the wars in each land. And the Gothic War continued as follows. After the emperor had summoned Belisarius to Byzantium as stated in the preceding narrative, he held him in honour, and not even at the death of Germanus did he purpose to send him to Italy, but he actually appointed him commander of the imperial guards as being General of the East, and detained him there. And Belisarius was first of all the Romans in dignity, although some of them had been enrolled before him among the patricians and had actually ascended to the seat of the consuls. But even so they all yielded first place to him, being ashamed in view of his achievements to take advantage of the law and to claim the right which it conferred, a circumstance which pleased the emperor exceedingly. Meanwhile John, the nephew of Vitalian, was passing the winter in Salones. And during all this time the commanders of the Roman army, expecting him in Italy, remained inactive. And the winter drew to its close and the sixteenth year ended in this Gothic War, the history of which Procopius has written. [551 A.D.]

  When the following year opened, John was minded to depart from Salones and lead his army as quickly as possible against Totila and the Goths. But the emperor prevented him, bidding him remain there until Narses the eunuch should arrive. For he had decided to appoint him commander-in-chief for this war. But the reason why this was the wish of the emperor was explicitly evident to no one in the world; for it is impossible that an emperor’s purpose be discovered except by his own will; but the surmises which people expressed I shall here set down. The thought had occurred to the Emperor Justinian that the other commanders of the Roman army would be quite unwilling to take orders from John, not consenting to be in any way inferior to him in rank. And consequently he feared lest by being at cross purposes or by playing the coward through envy they might make havoc of their operations.

  And I also heard the following account of the matter given by a Roman gentleman when I was sojourning in Rome; and this man was a member of the senate. This Roman said that once, during the time when Atalaric the grandson of Theoderic ruled Italy, a herd of cattle came into Rome in the late evening from the country through the forum which the Romans call the Forum of Peace; for in that place has been situated from ancient times the temple of Peace, which was struck by lightning. And there is a certain ancient fountain before this forum, and a bronze bull stands by it, the work, I think, of Pheidias the Athenian or of Lysippus. For there are many statues in this quarter which are the works of these two men. Here, for example, is another statue which is certainly the work of Pheidias; for the inscription on the statue says this. There too is the calf of Myron. For the ancient Romans took great pains to make all the finest things of Greece adornments of Rome. And he said that one of the cattle then passing by — a steer — left the herd and mounting this fountain stood over the brazen bull. And by some chance a certain man of Tuscan birth was passing by, one who appeared to be a very rustic fellow, and he understood the scene which was being enacted and said (for the Tuscans even down to my day are gifted with prophecy) that one day a eunuch would undo the ruler of Rome. And then indeed that Tuscan and the words he uttered earned only laughter. For before actual experience comes men are ever wont to mock at prophecies, whilst proof does not upset them, because the events have not come about and the tale of them is not credible, but seems akin to some ridiculous myth.

  But now all men, yielding to the arguments of actual events, marvel at this sign. And it was perhaps for this reason that Narses marched as general against Totila, the emperor’s judgment penetrating the future, or chance ordaining the inevitable thing. So Narses, receiving a notable army and great sums of money from the emperor, set forth. But when he came with his command to the midst of Thrace, he spent some time at Philippopolis, having been cut off from his road. For an army of Huns had made a descent upon the Roman domain and were plundering and pillaging everything with no man to stand in their way. But after some of them had advanced against Thessalonice and the rest took the road to Byzantium, Narses finally departed thence and marched forward.

  Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ὁ μὲν Ἰωάννης ἐπὶ Σαλώνων Ναρσῆν ἔμενε, Ναρσῆς δὲ Οὔννων τῇ ἐφόδῳ συμποδιζόμενος σχολαίτερον ᾔει, ἐν τούτῳ ὁ Τουτίλας προσδεχόμενος τὴν Ναρσοῦ στρατιὰν ἐποίει τάδε. [2] ἄλλους τε Ῥωμαίους καί τινας τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς συγκλήτου βουλῆς ἐν Ῥώμῃ καθίστη, τοὺς λοιποὺς ἐπὶ Καμπανίας ἐάσας. [3] καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐκέλευεν ὅση δύναμις ἐπιμελεῖσθαι τῆς πόλεως, ἐνδεικνύμενος ὅτι δὴ αὐτῷ μεταμέλει τῶν οἱ ἐς Ῥώμην εἰργασμένων τὰ πρότερα, ἐπεὶ ἐμπρήσας αὐτῆς πολλὰ ἔτυχεν, ἄλλως τε καὶ ὑπὲρ Τίβεριν ποταμόν. [4] οἱ δὲ καθεστῶτες ἐν αἰχμαλώτων λόγῳ καὶ περιῃρημένοι χρήματα πάντα, μὴ ὅτι τῶν κοινῶν, ἀλλ̓ οὐδὲ τῶν ἰδίᾳ σφίσι προσηκόντων δυνατοὶ ἦσαν μεταποιεῖσθαι. [5] Καίτοι ἀνθρώπων μάλιστα πάντων ὧν ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν φιλοπόλιδες Ῥωμαῖοι τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες, περιστέλλειν τε τὰ πάτρια πάντα καὶ διασώζεσθαι ἐν σπουδῇ ἔχουσιν, ὅπως δὴ μηδὲν ἀφανίζηται Ῥώμῃ τοῦ παλαιοῦ κόσμου. [6] οἵ γε καὶ πολύν τινα βεβαρβαρωμένοι αἰῶνα τάς τε πόλεως διεσώσαντο οἰκοδομίας καὶ τῶν ἐγκαλλωπισμάτων τὰ πλεῖστα, ὅσα οἷόν τε ἦν χρόνῳ τε τοσούτῳ τὸ μῆκος καὶ τῷ ἀπαμελεῖσθαι δἰ ἀρετὴν τῶν πεποιημένων ἀντέχειν. [7] ἔτι μέντοι καὶ ὅσα μνημεῖα τοῦ γένους ἐλέλειπτο ἔτι, ἐν τοῖς καὶ ἡ ναῦς Αἰνείου, τοῦ τῆς πόλεως οἰκιστοῦ, καὶ εἰς τόδε κεῖται, θέαμα παντελῶς ἄπιστον. [8] νεώσοικον γὰρ ποιησάμενοι ἐν μέσῃ τῇ πόλει, παρὰ τὴν τοῦ Τιβέριδος ὄχθην, ἐνταῦθά τε αὐτὴν καταθέμενοι, ἐξ ἐκείνου τηροῦσιν. ἥπερ ὁποία ποτέ ἐστιν αὐτὸς θεασάμενος ἐρῶν ἔρχομαι. [9] Μονήρης τε ἡ ναῦς ἥδε καὶ περιμήκης ἄγαν τυγχάνει οὖσα, μῆκος μὲν ποδῶν εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατόν, εὖρος δὲ πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι, τὸ δέ γε ὕψος τοσαύτη ἐστὶν ὅσον αὐτὴν ἐρέσσεσθαι μὴ ἀδύνατα εἶναι. [10] ξύλων δὲ κόλλημα οὐδὲ ἓν τὸ παράπαν ἐνταῦθά ἐστιν οὐδὲ σιδήρων ἄλλῃ τινὶ μηχανῇ τὰ ξύλα τοῦ πλοίου εἰς ἄλληλά πη ἐρήρεισται, ἀλλὰ μονοειδῆ ξύμπαντά ἐστι λόγου τε καὶ ἀκοῆς κρείσσω καὶ μόνῳ γεγονότα, ὅσα γε ἡμᾶς εἰδέναι, ἐν τῷδε τῷ πλοίῳ. [11] ἥ τε γὰρ τρόπις μονοφυὴς οὖσα ἐκ πρύμνης ἄκρας ἄχρι ἐς τὴν πρῷραν διήκει, κατὰ βραχὺ μὲν θαυμασίως ἐπὶ τὸ κοῖλον ὑποχωροῦσα, καὶ αὖ πάλιν ἐνθένδε κατὰ λόγον εὖ μάλα ἐπὶ τὸ ὀρθόν τε καὶ διατεταμένον ἐπανιοῦσα. [12] τά τε παχέα ξύμπαντα ξύλα ἐς τὴν τρόπιν ἐναρμοσθέντα ῾ἅπερ οἱ μὲν ποιηταὶ δρυόχους καλοῦσιν, ἕτεροι δὲ νομέας᾿ ἐκ τοίχου μὲν ἕκαστον θατέρου ἄχρι ἐς τῆς νεὼς διήκει τὸν ἕτερον τοῖχον. [13] ὑφιζάνοντα δὲ καὶ αὐτὰ ἐξ ἑκατέρας ἄκ
ρας καμπὴν ποιεῖται διαφερόντως εὐπρόσωπον, ὅπως ἂν τὴν νῆα μάλιστα κοίλην ἀποτετορνεῦσθαι ξυμβαίη, εἴτε τῆς φύσεως κατὰ τὴν τῆς χρείας ἀνάγκην τά τε ξύλα διακοψάσης καὶ ξυναρμοσαμένης τὰ πρότερα τὸ κύρτωμα τοῦτο εἴτε χειροποιήτῳ τέχνῃ τε καὶ μηχανῇ ἄλλῃ τῆς τῶν νομέων ἀνωμαλίας ἐν ἐπιτηδείῳ γεγενημένης. [14] σανίς τε πρὸς ἐπὶ τούτοις ἑκάστη ἐκ πρύμνης ἄκρας ἐς τῆς νηὸς ἐξικνεῖται τὴν ἑτέραν ἀρχήν, μονοειδὴς οὖσα καὶ κέντρα σιδηρᾶ τούτου ἕνεκα προσλαβοῦσα μόνον, ὅπως δὴ ταῖς δοκοῖς ἐναρμοσθεῖσα τὸν τοῖχον ποιῇ. [15] οὕτω μὲν ἡ ναῦς ἥδε πεποιημένη κρείσσω παρέχεται τοῦ λόγου τὴν ὄψιν, ἐπεὶ τῶν ἔργων τὰ πλείστῳ παραλόγῳ ξυμβαίνοντα οὐκ εὐδιήγητα τίθεται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀεὶ τῶν πραγμάτων ἡ φύσις, ἀλλὰ ταῖς ἐπινοίαις τὰ ξυνειθισμένα νικῶσα καὶ τοῦ λόγου κρατεῖ. [16] τούτων δὲ δὴ τῶν ξύλων οὐδὲν οὔτε σέσηπεν οὔτε τι ὑποφαίνει ὡς σαπρὸν εἴη, ἀλλ̓ ἀκραιφνὴς πανταχόθι οὖσα ἡ ναῦς, ὥσπερ ὑπόγυον τῷ τεχνίτῃ τῷ αὐτῆς, ὅστις ποτ̓ ἦν, νεναυπηγημένη, ἔρρωται καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ θαυμαστὸν ὅσον. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀμφὶ τῇ τοῦ Αἰνείου νηὶ ταύτῃ ἔχει. [17] Τουτίλας δὲ πλοῖα μακρὰ ἐς τριακόσια Γότθων πληρώσας ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐκέλευεν ἰέναι, ληΐζεσθαι τοὺς παραπίπτοντας ἐπιστείλας δυνάμει τῇ πάσῃ. [18] οὗτος δὲ ὁ στόλος ἄχρι ἐς τὴν Φαιάκων χώραν, ἣ νῦν Κέρκυρα ἐπικαλεῖται, οὐδὲν ἄχαρι ἐργάζεσθαι ἔσχε. [19] νῆσον γὰρ οὐδεμίαν ἐν τῷδε τῷ διάπλῳ οἰκουμένην ξυμβαίνει εἶναι ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν Χάρυβδιν πορθμοῦ μέχρι ἐς τὴν Κέρκυραν, ὥστε πολλάκις ἐγὼ ἐνταῦθα γενόμενος διηπορούμην ὅπη ποτὲ ἄρα τῆς Καλυψοῦς ἡ νῆσος εἴη. [20] ταύτης γὰρ τῆς θαλάσσης οὐδαμῆ νῆσον τεθέαμαι, ὅτι μὴ τρεῖς, οὐ πολλῷ ἄποθεν τῆς Φαιακίδος, ἀλλ̓ ὅσον ἀπὸ σταδίων τριακοσίων, ἄγχιστά πη ἀλλήλων οὔσας, βραχείας κομιδῆ καὶ οὐδὲ ἀνθρώπων οἰκία ἐχούσας οὔτε ζῴων οὔτε ἄλλων τὸ παράπαν οὐδέν. Ὀθονοὶ δὲ καλοῦνται τανῦν αἱ νῆσοι αὗται. [21] καὶ φαίη ἄν τις τὴν Καλυψὼ ἐνταῦθα γενέσθαι, καὶ ἀπ̓ αὐτοῦ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα γῆς τῆς Φαιακίδος ὄντα οὐ πολλῷ ἄποθεν ἢ σχεδίᾳ, ὥς φησιν Ὅμηρος, ἢ ἄλλῳ τῳ τρόπῳ νεώς τινος χωρὶς ἐνθένδε διαπορθμεύσασθαι. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα ἡμῖν ὅσον τεκμηριοῦσθαι εἰρήσθω. [22] τοῖς γὰρ παλαιοτάτοις ἐς τὸ ἀκριβὲς ἐναρμόσασθαι τὸν ἀληθῆ λόγον οὐ ῥᾴδιον, ἐπεὶ ὁ πολὺς χρόνος τά τε τῶν χωρίων ὀνόματα καὶ τὴν ἀμφ̓ αὐτοῖς δόξαν ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον μεταβάλλειν φιλεῖ. [23] Τὸ πλοῖον ἀμέλει ὅπερ ἐν γῇ τῇ Φαιάκων ἐκ λίθου λευκοῦ πεποιημένον παρὰ τὴν ταύτης ἀκτὴν ἕστηκεν, ἐκεῖνό τινες οἴονται εἶναι ὃ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα ἐς τὴν Ἰθάκην ἐκόμισεν, ἡνίκα ξεναγεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ἐνταῦθα ξυνέβη. [24] καίτοι οὐ μονοειδὲς τὸ πλοῖον τοῦτό ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ ἐκ λίθων ὅτι μάλιστα πολλῶν ξύγκειται. [25] καὶ γράμματα ἐν αὐτῷ ἐγκεκόλαπται καὶ διαρρήδην βοᾷ τῶν τινὰ ἐμπόρων ἐν τοῖς ἄνω χρόνοις ἱδρύσασθαι τὸ ἀνάθημα τοῦτο Διὶ τῷ Κασίῳ. [26] Δία γὰρ Κάσιον ἐτίμων ποτὲ οἱ τῇδε ἄνθρωποι, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡ πόλις ἐν ᾗ τὸ πλοῖον τοῦτο ἕστηκεν ἐς τόνδε τὸν χρόνον Κασώπη ἐπικαλεῖται. [27] τοῦτον δὲ τὸν τρόπον ἐκ λίθων πολλῶν καὶ ἡ ναῦς ἐκείνη πεποίηται ἣν Ἀγαμέμνων ὁ τοῦ Ἀτρέως τῆς Εὐβοίας ἐν Γεραιστῷ ἀνέθηκε τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι, ἀφοσιούμενος κἀν τούτῳ τὴν ἐς αὐτὴν ὕβριν, ἡνίκα διὰ τὸ τῆς Ἰφιγενείας πάθος τὸν ἀπόπλουν ἡ Ἄρτεμις ξυνεχώρει τοῖς Ἕλλησιν. [28] ἃ δὴ γράμματα ἐν πλοίῳ τούτῳ ἢ τηνικάδε ἢ ὕστερον ξυσθέντα δηλοῖ ἐν ἑξαμέτρῳ. ὧν τὰ μὲν πλεῖστα ἐξίτηλα χρόνῳ τῷ μακρῷ γέγονε, τὰ δὲ πρῶτα καὶ ἐς τόδε διαφαίνεται λέγοντα ὧδε: Νῆά με λαϊνέην ἱδρύσατο τῇδ̓ Ἀγαμέμνων, Ἑλλήνων στρατιῆς σῆμα πλοϊζομένης. [29] καὶ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἔχει: ‘Τύννιχος ἐποίει Ἀρτέμιδι Βολοσίᾳ.’ οὕτω γὰρ τὴν Εἰλείθυιαν ἐν τοῖς ἄνω χρόνοις ἐκάλουν, ἐπεὶ καὶ βολὰς τὰς ὠδῖνας ὠνόμαζον. ἐμοὶ δὲ αὖθις ὅθενπερ ἐξέβην ἰτέον. [30] Ἐπειδὴ ἐς τὴν Κέρκυραν οὗτος ὁ Γότθων στόλος ἀφίκετο, αὐτήν τε ἦγον καὶ ἔφερον ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς καὶ ὅσαι ἄλλαι αὐτῇ νῆσοι ἐπίκεινται, [31] αἳ Συβόται καλοῦνται: διαβάντες δὲ καὶ εἰς τὴν ἤπειρον ἐξαπιναίως ἅπαντα ἐληΐζοντο τὰ ἀμφὶ Δωδώνην χωρία καὶ διαφερόντως Νικόπολίν τε καὶ Ἀγχίαλον, οὗ δὴ Ἀγχίσην, τὸν Αἰνείου πατέρα, ἐξ Ἰλίου ἁλούσης ξὺν τῷ παιδὶ πλέοντά φασιν οἱ ἐπιχώριοι ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀφανισθῆναι καὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν τῷ χωρίῳ δοῦναι. [32] περιιόντες δὲ τὴν παραλίαν ὅλην καὶ ναυσὶ Ῥωμαίων ἐντυχόντες πολλαῖς αὐτοῖς φορτίοις ἁπάσας εἷλον. ἐν ταῖς εἶναι ξυνέβη καὶ τῶν νηῶν τινὰς αἳ τῇ Ναρσοῦ στρατιᾷ ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ἔφερον. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τῇδε ξυνηνέχθη γενέσθαι.

  XXII

  Now while John, on the one hand, was at Salones awaiting Narses, and Narses, on the other hand, was travelling rather slowly, being hindered by the inroad of the Huns, meantime Totila, while awaiting the army of Narses, was engaged as follows. He placed a part of the Romans and some of the members of the senate in Rome, leaving the rest in Campania. And he commanded them to look after the city as well as they could, shewing plainly thereby that he felt repentance for what he had done to Rome previously; for he had, as it happened, burned large parts of it, particularly on the further side of the Tiber River. But these Romans, being reduced to the state of slaves and stripped of all their money, were not only unable to lay claim to the public funds, but could not even secure those which belonged to them personally.

  Yet the Romans
love their city above all the men we know, and they are eager to protect all their ancestral treasures and to preserve them, so that nothing of the ancient glory of Rome may be obliterated. For even though they were for a long period under barbarian sway, they preserved the buildings of the city and the most of its adornments, such as could through the excellence of their workmanship withstand so long a lapse of time and such neglect. Furthermore, all such memorials of the race as were still left are preserved even to this day, and among them the ship of Aeneas, the founder of the city, an altogether incredible sight. For they built a ship-house in the middle of the city on the bank of the Tiber, and depositing it there, they have preserved it from that time. And I shall now explain what sort of a ship this is, having seen it myself.