London Cage
Page 29
17.Ibid.
18.Ibid.
19.HS 9/855–7.
20.Extensive MI5 personal files exist on Otto Witt. See KV 2/471–479, and also FO 371/48038.
21.KV 2/471.
22.Guy Liddell, Guy Liddell Diaries, Vol. 2, 1942–1945, ed. Nigel West, Routledge, 2009, pp. 52–3.
23.KV 2/479.
24.Ibid. The school had been evacuated and from 1940 was used for vetting and interrogating refugees to Britain, before the move to the Royal Victoria Patriotic School, Wandsworth.
25.Liddell, Guy Liddell Diaries, Vol. 2, 1942–1945, diary entry for 8 March 1943.
26.Ibid., diary entry for 11 March 1943.
27.Ibid.
28.KV 2/477.
29.Liddell, Guy Liddell Diaries, Vol. 2, 1942–1945, diary entry for 15 March 1943.
30.KV 2/479.
31.KV 2/477.
32.KV 2/476.
33.KV 2/279.
34.KV 2/476.
35.KV 2/477.
36.Liddell, Guy Liddell Diaries, Vol. 2, 1942–1945, diary entry for 18 March 1943.
37.KV 2/479.
38.KV 2/477.
39.Ibid.
40.Ibid.
41.KV 2/479.
6 Prison quarters
1.CRES 35/3074.
2.Author’s interview with the son of a London Cage veteran.
3.Roderick De Normann, For Führer and Fatherland: SS murder and mayhem in wartime Britain, Sutton, 1996, p. 28.
4.Ibid., p. 29. SHAEF is the abbreviation for Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.
5.Ibid., p. 29.
6.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 43.
7.Ibid., p. 73.
8.WO 208/4461.
9.Ibid.
10.Ibid.
11.Personal interview with the author.
12.Personal interview with the author.
13.Cobain, Cruel Britannia, pp. 60–1.
14.Ibid., p. 74.
15.Ibid., p. 75.
16.Liddell, Guy Liddell Diaries, Vol. 2, 1942–1945, diary entry for 14 January 1943.
17.Tommy Jonason and Simon Olsson, Agent TATE: The wartime story of Harry Williamson, Amberley, 2011.
18.KV 2/61.
19.Liddell, Guy Liddell Diaries, Vol. 1, 1939–1942, diary entry for 22 September 1940.
20.Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, p. 291.
7 Caged lies: The truth drugs
1.Liddell, Guy Liddell Diaries, Vol. 1, 1939–1942, diary entry for 22 September 1940.
2.The experimentation with truth drugs by NID is reported in ADM 223/475.
3.Ibid.
4.Ibid.
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid.
7.Ibid.
8.Ibid.
9.KV 2/471, Operation Neapolitan.
10.WO 208/4661.
11.Dominic Streatfeild, Brainwash: The secret history of mind control, Hodder and Stoughton, 2007.
12.WO 193/791.
13.Research into the effects of the drug on RAF pilots was being carried out by Professor Bartlett at the Psychological Laboratory, Cambridge.
14.WO 193/791.
15.Ibid.
16.Ibid.
17.Ibid.
18.WO 208/4661.
19.HS 1/189.
20.Ibid. Memo dated 18 April 1942, as part of Operation Neapolitan.
21.Ibid.
22.HW 14/44.
23.Streatfeild, Brainwash, p. 21
24.Ibid.
25.Ibid., p. 23.
26.Ibid., p. 47.
27.WO 208/5561.
28.See, for example, WO 241/1.
29.Streatfeild, Brainwash, p. 35.
30.Rees went on to become the first president of the World Federation for Mental Health.
31.Liddell, Guy Liddell Diaries, Vol. 1, 1939–1942, diary entry for 22 September 1940.
32.George Bimmerle, ‘“Truth” drugs in interrogation’, CIA website, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol5no2/html/v05i2a09p_0001.htm
33.Use of truth drugs in the 1950s, HO 45/25333.
34.FO 1093/1–16 series of files shows that the head of MI6 was orchestrating Hess’s movements and placed three MI6 officers in charge of him: Thomas Kendrick, Frank Foley and ‘Captain Barnes’. The real identity of the latter has not been revealed. Bizarrely, MI6, it was revealed decades later, held Hess’s trousers behind a safe at headquarters in Broadway, discovered when MI6 tried to relocate the safe to the new premises at Vauxhall: see John Le Carré, The Pigeon Tunnel: Stories from my life, Viking, 2016. The Foreign Office still refuses to release some of the Hess files.
35.H. Freeman, ‘In conversation with William Sargant’, Bulletin of Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1 (1987).
36.FO 1093/1–12.
37.Charles Fraser-Smith, The Secret War of Charles Fraser-Smith, Michael Joseph, 1981.
38.FO 1093/11.
39.FO 1093/1–16.
8 The German ‘Great Escape’
1.WO 208/3651.
2.Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, pp. 97–8.
3.WO 208/3651.
4.Ibid.
5.Ibid.
6.Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, p. 63.
7.At the end of the war, Sulzbach carried out vital denazification work for the British army, involving thousands of German prisoners before they were repatriated to Germany.
8.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 107.
9.WO 208/5381, p. 108.
10.Ibid., p. 109.
11.Ibid., pp. 109–10.
12.Ibid., p. 110.
13.Herbert Sulzbach interview, The Sound Archive, Imperial War Museum, ref: 4338/3.
14.WO 208/4633.
15.Ibid.
16.Ibid.
17.Ibid.
18.Ibid.
19.Ibid.
20.Ibid.
21.De Normann, For Führer and Fatherland, p. 159.
22.WO 208/5381, p. 117.
23.Ibid.
24.Ibid.
9 German-Jewish émigrés
1.They transferred to the Intelligence Corps on 17 November 1944.
2.WO 311/61.
3.Ibid.
4.Ibid.
5.Leon, The Way It Was, p. 57.
6.Ibid., p. 58.
7.Gary Leon left the army in May 1946.
8.WO 208/4970.
9.WO 208/3646.
10.Ibid.
11.Ibid.
12.WO 208/5494.
13.WO 208/3621.
14.WO 208/3647, Interrogation of Grenadier Dadaczynski, 18 June 1944.
15.Report dated 28 August 1944.
16.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 89.
17.Ibid., p. 93.
18.WO 208/4677.
19.WO 208/3661.
20.Ibid.
21.Ibid.
22.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 83.
23.Interrogation report in WO 208/3661.
24.Ibid.
25.Postcard in the author’s archives.
26.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 95.
27.Ibid.
28.Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, p. 50.
10 A matter of justice
1.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 355.
2.Interview with war veteran who wishes to remain anonymous.
3.WO 208/5572.
4.WO 208/4685.
5.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 342.
6.WO 208/4670.
7.WO 208/4668.
8.WO 208/4669.
9.Ibid.
10.Ibid.
11.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 356.
12.Ibid.
13.Interrogation report dated 25 February 1946, in WO 208/4300
14.WO 208/4300.
15.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 356.
16.WO 208/3647.
17.WO 208/4661.
18.Ibid.
19.Ibid.
20.Ibid.
21.Ibid.
22.Yad Vashem Archives, ref: 5318/64.
23.WO 208/4661.
24.
Ibid.
25.Sworn affidavits of the survivors are in WO 208/4300.
26.WO 208/4300 contains photographs of the German battalion and the farmhouse where the atrocity took place.
27.In his unpublished memoirs (pp. 207ff.), Scotland talked about the investigation into the massacre.
28.The signed statements of Max Reimelt and Otto Baum are in WO 208/4300.
29.Ibid.
30.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 229.
31.London Cage summary reports of the Emsland case: WO 208/4297 and WO 208/4299.
32.WO 208/4299.
33.Ibid.
34.Ibid.
35.Ibid.
36.Ibid.
37.Ibid.
38.Ibid.
39.Ibid.
40.AIR 40/2265.
41.Detailed diary contained in WO 208/4647.
42.WO 208/4299.
11 Knöchlein: The butcher of Le Paradis
1.WO 208/4300.
2.Source for this material is WO 208/4300, WO 208/4685 and Scotland’s unpublished memoirs.
3.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 172.
4.WO 208/4300.
5.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 184.
6.WO 208/4300.
7.Testimony of Madame Romanie Castel in WO 208/4300.
8.Pooley and O’Callaghan’s signed statements in WO 208/4300.
9.WO 208/4300.
10.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 196.
11.WO 208/4685.
12.Scotland, The London Cage, p. 73.
13.Ibid.
14.Statement given by Private J. Johnstone, WO 208/4685.
15.WO 208/4685.
16.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 196.
17.Ibid.
18.WO 208/4685. The original typed statement is now very fragile and damaged.
19.Ibid.
20.Ibid.
21.Ibid.
22.Ibid.
23.Ibid.
24.Ibid.
25.Ibid.
26.Ibid.
27.Ibid.
28.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 199.
29.Camp 17 was known as Lodge Moor Camp, on Redmires Road, Sheffield.
30.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, pp. 198–9.
31.Scotland, The London Cage, pp. 85–6.
32.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 200.
33.WO 208/4685.
34.Ibid.
35.Ibid.
36.Ibid.
37.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 205.
38.WO 208/4685.
39.Ibid.
40.Ibid. This file contained some of the court proceedings, in addition to statements by the accused and witnesses.
41.Ibid.
42.Ibid.
43.WO 311/566.
12 The Sagan case
1.Material in this chapter is taken from the thick, official bound volume on the Sagan case (WO 208/4301), which contains all the interrogations, summary reports, witness reports and final conclusions of the case. This chapter also draws on Scotland’s unpublished memoirs.
2.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 287.
3.Ibid., pp. 274ff.
4.WO 208/ 4301.
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid.
7.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, pp. 239ff.
8.WO 208/4301.
9.An original copy of the Sagan Order is in WO 208/4301.
10.WO 208/4301.
11.AIR 40/2266 and WO 208/4301.
12.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 290.
13.Ibid.
14.WO 208/4301.
15.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 290.
16.Ibid.
17.Ibid.
18.WO 208/4301.
19.All contained in WO 208/4301.
20.Ibid.
21.Kiowsky was interrogated in the London Cage and signed a statement on 22 February 1946, in WO 208/4301.
22.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 286.
23.Ibid.
24.Ibid., p. 298.
25.Ibid.
26.WO 208/4301.
27.Ibid.
28.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 299.
29.Ibid.
30.Ibid., p. 310.
31.Ibid., p. 311.
32.FO 371/57595.
33.Ibid.
34.Ibid.
35.Ibid.
36.Ibid.
37.WO 208/3660.
38.Interrogation reports in WO 208/4301.
39.Ibid.
40.Ibid.
41.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 325.
42.Ibid.
43.Ibid., p. 330.
44.Ibid.
45.Details given in an interview with the son of a veteran who wishes to remain anonymous.
46.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 330.
47.Ibid.
48.Ibid., p. 332.
49.Ibid., p. 333.
50.Ibid.
51.WO 208/4301.
52.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 340.
53.Cobain’s book Cruel Britannia provides details that MI5 was working to develop methods of torture that left no physical traces on the body, particularly with psychiatrist Harold Dearden, who was attached to Camp 020 near Richmond.
54.WO 208/4301.
55.Ibid.
56.Ibid.
57.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 342.
58.Ibid., p. 322.
13 Norway and war crimes
1.Falkenhorst was assisted by Admiral Boehm, Lieutenant-General Milch and Air Flying General Stumpf.
2.WO 208/4677.
3.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 124.
4.Ibid., p. 124.
5.Ibid., p. 125.
6.WO 208/4677; Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 126.
7.WO 208/4677.
8.Copy of the original order in WO 208/4677.
9.Falkenhorst’s signed statement of 5 July 1946 in WO 208/4677.
10.DEFE 2/222–224, DEFE 2/1408, and AIR 20/11930.
11.Scotland, The London Cage, p. 167.
12.AIR 39/45, AIR 20/3648.
13.The camp operated from 1941 until 1945.
14.WO 331/16–17, WO 311/383–387.
15.WO 309/720.
16.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 131.
17.Ibid., pp. 133–4.
18.Ibid., p. 131.
19.Ibid., p. 132.
20.Ibid., pp. 133–4.
21.Ibid. See also Falkenhorst’s signed statements in WO 208/4677.
22.Falkenhorst’s signed statement of 6 July 1946 in WO 208/4677.
23.WO 208/4677.
24.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, pp.139–40.
25.Ibid., p. 140 (edited out of the published version).
26.Ibid.
27.WO 208/4677.
14 Befriending the field marshal
1.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 162.
2.Ibid., p. 163.
3.Ibid., p. 164.
4.Ibid, p.166.
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid., p.165.
7.Interrogation reports in WO 208/4663 and WO 208/4671.
8.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, pp. 153–5.
9.WO 208/4663.
10.In 1968, American composer William Schuman dedicated his Ninth Symphony, Le fosse Ardeatine, to the victims. The massacre became a feature film Massacre in Rome (1973) starring Richard Burton.
11.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 157.
12.SS Lieutenant-General Simon signed a statement in the London Cage on 31 January 1947, witnessed by Colonel Scotland.
13.WO 208/4671.
14.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 159.
15.Ibid., p. 154.
16.Ibid., p.159.
17.Ibid.
18.WO 208/4663.
19.Ibid.
20.Files of Kesselring’s trial: WO 235/367–375; LCO 53/91.
21.Recounted in Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 169.
22.Ibid.
23.Ibid., p. 170.
15 Death in the cage
1.Sullivan, Thres
holds of Peace, p. 284.
2.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 100 and The London Cage, p. 154.
3.Ibid., p. 70.
4.Streatfeild, Brainwash.
5.WO 208/4670.
6.WO 311/61.
7.WO 208/4670.
8.Ibid.
9.Ibid.
10.Ibid.
11.Ibid.
12.Ibid.
13.Ibid.
14.WO 311/61.
15.Report dated 29 April 1946 in WO 311/61.
16.Ibid.
17.Ibid.
18.Ibid.
19.Ibid.
20.Ibid.
21.Letter dated 29 April 1946 in WO 311/61).
22.Death certificate signed on 25 February 1948.
23.Information about the secret unit in Mark Birdsall and Deborah Plisko, The Insider’s Guide to 500 Spy Sites in London, Eye Spy Publishing Ltd, 2015, p. 253.
24.Ibid., p. 253.
25.Ibid.
26.Ibid.
27.KV 4/191, diary entry for 14 January 1943.
28.WO 208/4298.
29.Scotland, The London Cage.
30.WO 32/17501.
31.Ibid.
32.Based on a personal interview with a veteran who wishes to remain anonymous. The ‘Lead Scam’ is briefly mentioned in L 25/10/1945.
33.Evening Standard, 17 December 1946.
34.De Normann, For Führer and Fatherland, p. 29.
35.AIR 40/2636.
36.Reference 18573, Reel 5, Sound Archive, Imperial War Museum, London.
37.Ibid.
38.Ibid.
39.Ibid.
40.Ibid.
41.Ibid.
42.WO 208/4685.
43.Ibid.
44.Ibid.
45.Ibid.
46.Ibid.
47.Ibid.
48.Ibid.
49.Ibid.
50.Ibid.
51.Ibid.
52.Ibid.
53.Ibid.
54.WO 32/17501.
55.Ibid.
56.WO 208/4685.
57.WO 32/17501.
58.Ibid.
59.Ibid.
60.Scotland, The London Cage, p. 153.
61.Sullivan, Thresholds of Peace, p. 283.
16 Torture: Myth or reality?
1.WO 208/5572 (author’s italics).
2.Scotland, unpublished memoirs, p. 32.
3.Ibid., pp. 98–9.
4.WO 32/17501.
5.Ibid.
6.KV 2/477 and KV 2/479.
7.WO 311/566.
8.A copy of Scotland’s personal army record is in WO 208/5381.
9.FO 1060/215, FO 1024/103, WO 311/676 and PRO 57/3032.
10.WO 208/5381.
11.Independent, 2 October 1992.
12.Information on Pantcheff’s post-war career courtesy of the Military Intelligence Museum, Chicksands.
13.L 25/10/1945.
14.Ibid.
15.CRES 35/3074.
16.KV 4/468, p. 59.
17.FO 366/3440.
18.Extract from a book which Peter Lawrence is writing with a colleague about the history of diplomatic protection work in London.
19.WO 208/4294.