The Man Who Couldn’t Stop
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‘alcoholics’, R. Elkins, ‘An Appraisal of Chemical Aversion (Emetic Therapy) Approaches to Alcoholism Treatment’, Behaviour Research and Therapy 29 (5) (1991), pp. 387−413.
‘doughnut’, J. Foreyt and W. Kennedy, ‘Treatment of Overweight by Aversion Therapy’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9 (1) (1971), pp. 29−34.
‘Gay men’, M. MacCulloch et al., ‘Anticipatory Avoidance Learning for the Treatment of Homosexuality: Recent Developments and an Automatic Aversion Therapy System’, Behavior Therapy, 2 (1971), pp. 151−69.
‘eel’, P. Kellaway, ‘The Part Played by Electric Fish in the Early History of Bioelectricity and Electrotherapy’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 20 (1946), pp. 112−37.
‘chaplain’, P. de Silva, ‘Buddhism and Behaviour Modification’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22 (6) (1984), pp. 661−78.
‘Birmingham’, A. Le Boeuf, ‘An Automated Aversion Device in the Treatment of a Compulsive Handwashing Ritual’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 5 (3–4) (1974), pp. 267−70.
‘Kenny’, F. Kenny et al., ‘Faradic Disruption of Obsessive Ideation in the Treatment of Obsessive Neurosis’, Behavior Therapy, 4 (1973), pp. 448−57.
‘brainwash … Rockefeller Nazis … McConnell’, A. Bandura, ‘Swimming Against the Mainstream: The Early Years from Chilly Tributary to Transformative Mainstream’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42 (2004), pp. 613−30.
‘great line’, B. Dillon, Tormented Hope: Nine Hypochondriac Lives (Penguin, 2009), p. 2.
‘seventeen years’, M. Jenike, ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, The New England Journal of Medicine, 350 (2004), pp. 259−65.
‘erect penises’, W. Butler-Bowdon, The Book of Margery Kempe, A Modern Version (Jonathan Cape, 1936), pp. 352−3.
‘porpoise’, R. Hunter, 300 Years of Psychiatry 1535–1860 (1963), pp. 338–41.
‘Some stories’, P. de Silva, ‘Culture and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Clinical Conditions (2006), pp. 402–4.
‘enlightenment’, K. Wong, The Complete Book of Zen (Tuttle, 2002), p. 293.
‘Boswell’, http://www.ocdhistory.net/philosophical/johnson.html.
‘Luther’, M. Luther, Luther: Letters of Spiritual Counsel. (Regent College, 2003), p. 90.
SEVEN: The God obsession
‘misled’, C. Sica et al., ‘Religiousness and Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitions and Symptoms in an Italian Population’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40 (7) (2002), pp. 813–23.
‘Climacus’, J. Climacus, The Ladder of Divine Ascent (Paulist Press, 1982), pp. 211–13.
‘Antoninus’, www.ocdhistory.net/earlypastoral/antoninus.html.
‘display this trend’, H. Van Megen et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Religion: A Reconnaissance’, in P. Verhagen et al., Religion and Psychiatry: Beyond Boundaries (Wiley, 2010), p. 274.
‘Sermon’, Matthew 5:27–28.
‘Lutheran’, B. Deacon et al., ‘Lutheran Clergy Members’ Responses to Scrupulosity: The Effects of Moral Thought-Action Fusion and Liberal vs Conservative Denomination’, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2 (2) (2013), pp. 71–7.
‘Protestant’, N. Berman, ‘The Relationship Between Religion and Thought-Action Fusion: Use of an In Vivo Paradigm’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48 (2010), pp. 670–74.
‘waswaas’, M. Awais Tahir, ‘Islamic Solution for OCD (Waswaas) – a Comprehensive Guide’, Islam and Psychology (blog) (August 2011).
‘Islamic text’, ‘Forgetfulness in Prayer and Prostration as Compensation for it’, Sahih al-Muslim.
‘Jewish people’, J. Huppert and J. Siev, ‘Treating Scrupulosity in Religious Individuals Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy’, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17 (2010), pp. 382–92.
‘Joan’, F. Tallis, ‘Obsessions, Responsibility and Guilt: Two Case Reports Suggesting a Common and Specific Aetiology’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32 (1994), pp. 143–5.
‘broken glass’, V. Bream Oldfield, ‘Hoarding – a New Chapter’, Presentation at OCD-UK conference at Cardiff University (10 November 2012).
‘cognitive model’, P. Salkovskis, ‘Obsessional-Compulsive Problems: A Cognitive Behavioural Analysis’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23 (1985), pp. 571–83.
‘turn them into’, Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Work Group, ‘Cognitive Assessment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35 (1997), pp. 667–81.
‘mixed pills’, R. Ladoucheur et al., ‘Excessive Responsibility in Obsessional Concerns: A Fine-Grained Experimental Analysis’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35 (1997), pp. 423–7.
‘snakes’, B. Fritzler et al., ‘From Intrusive Thoughts to Obsessions: The Role of Perceptions of Responsibility, Salience and Thought Suppression’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39 (2008), pp. 610–24.
‘soldier’, A. Kalman, ‘State Admits Soldier Developed OCD Guarding Military Secrets’, The Times of Israel (7 April 2013).
‘Sara’, L. Christian and E. Storch, ‘Cognitive Behavioural Treatment of Postpartum Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Aggressive Obsessions’, Clinical Case Studies, 8 (1) (2009), pp. 72–83.
‘one in ten’, E. Miller et al., ‘Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms During the Postpartum Period: A Prospective Cohort’, Journal of Reproductive Medicine (8 May 2013).
‘worsen’, M. Altemus and K. Brogan, ‘Pregnancy and Postpartum’, CNS Spectrums, 9 (2004), pp. 10–11.
‘psychosis’, N. Fairbrother and J. Abramowitz, ‘New Parenthood as a Risk Factor for the Development of Obsessional Problems’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45 (2007), pp. 2155–63.
‘Rachman’, S. Rachman, personal communication with author (11 September 2013).
EIGHT: Animals and other relatives
‘Lorenz’, K. Lorenz, King Solomon’s Ring (Methuen, 1957), p. 108.
‘sniffy’, J. Abramowitz et al., ‘Animal Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Biological Psychiatry, 69 (2011), pp. 29–30.
‘veterinary scientists’, A. Goto et al., ‘Risk Factors for Canine Tail-Chasing Behaviour in Japan’, The Veterinary Journal, 192 (2012), pp. 445–8.
‘Birds’, For review see N. Fineberg et al., ‘Translational Approaches to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: From Animal Models to Clinical Treatment’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 164 (2011), pp. 1044–61.
‘Vienna’, Quoted in D. Eilam et al., ‘Rituals, Stereotypy and Compulsive Behavior in Animals and Humans’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30 (2006), pp. 456–71.
‘rituals’, All of these examples from S. Dulaney and A. Fiske, ‘Cultural Rituals and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Is There a Common Psychological Mechanism?’, Ethos, 22 (3) (1994), pp. 243–83.
‘rape’, R. Thornhill and C. Palmer, A Natural History of Rape (MIT Press, 2001).
‘anxiety’, W. Lee et al., ‘The Protective Role of Trait Anxiety: A Longitudinal Cohort Study’, Psychological Medicine, 36 (2006), pp. 345–51.
‘contradiction’, W. Lee, personal communication with the author (22 June 2012).
‘immune’, R. Abed and K. de Pauw, ‘An Evolutionary Hypothesis for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Psychological Immune System?’, cogprints.org/1147/1/ocd-final.htm (1999).
‘speculated … Congo people … Waica’, J. Polimeni et al., ‘Could Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Have Originated as a Group-Selected Adaptive Trait in Traditional Societies?’, Medical Hypotheses, 65 (2005), pp. 655–64.
‘Seligman’, R. Littlewood and S. Dein, Cultural Psychiatry and Medical Anthropology (Athlone Press, 2000), p. 10.
‘Ghana’, V. Curtis et al., ‘Masters of Marketing: Bringing Private Sector Skills to Public Health Partnerships’, American Journal of Public Health, 97 (4) (2007), pp. 634–41.
‘filthy toilets’, S. Moritz et al., ‘Larger Than Life: Overestimation of Object Size Is Moderated by Personal Relevance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Journal of Behavi
or Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42 (2011), pp. 481–7.
‘Darwin’, C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Fontana, 3rd edn, 1998), p. 257.
‘Andy’, S. Rachman, personal communication with author (11 September 2013).
‘dirty kiss’, C. Elliot and A. Radomsky, ‘Mental Contamination: The Effects of Imagined Physical Dirt and Immoral Behaviour’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50 (2012), pp. 422–7.
‘Claire’, K. Wagner and M. Sullivan, ‘Fear of AIDS Related to Development of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a Child’, Journal of the American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry, 30 (5) (1991), pp. 740–42.
NINE: Man hands on misery to man
‘run in families’, J. Samuels et al., ‘Genetic Understanding of OCD and Spectrum Disorders’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 113.
‘eye colour’, R. Sturm and M. Larsson, ‘Genetics of Human Iris Colour and Patterns’, Pigment Cells and Melanoma Research, 22 (2009), pp. 544–62.
‘obsessive family’, C. Mathews et al., ‘Genome-wide Linkage Analysis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Implicates Chromosome 1p36’, Biological Psychiatry, 72 (2012), pp. 629–36.
‘parallel study’, S. Stewart et al., ‘Genome-wide Association Study of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Molecular Psychiatry (2012), pp. 1–11.
‘twins … best guess’, J. Samuels et al., ‘Genetic Understanding of OCD and Spectrum Disorders’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 112−13.
‘too much power’, K. Renshaw et al., ‘The Role of Family and Social Relationships in OCD and Spectrum Conditions’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 171–3.
‘tests’, L. Farrell et al., ‘Do Mothers Enhance Responsibility in Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Preliminary Study of Mother-Child Interactions During a Problem Solving Discussion’, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2 (2) (2013), pp. 76–84.
‘Raymond Fowler’, R. Fowler, ‘Howard Hughes: A Psychological Autopsy’, Psychology Today (May 1986).
‘overprotection’, P. Salkovskis et al., ‘Multiple Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Obsessional Problems: Possible Origins and Implications for Therapy and Research’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (1999), pp. 1055–72.
‘known study’, P. Barrett et al., ‘Do Parent and Child Behaviours Differentiate Families Whose Children Have Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder from Other Clinic and Non-clinic Families?’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43 (2002), pp. 597–607.
‘Mrs D’, S. Rachman and R. Hodgson, Obsessions and Compulsions (Prentice Hall, 1980), p. 61.
‘George … Harry’, S. Rachman and R. Hodgson, Obsessions and Compulsions (Prentice Hall, 1980), pp. 66–8.
‘become involved’, K. Renshaw et al., ‘Role of Family and Social Relationships in OCD and Spectrum Conditions’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 178.
‘can get angry’, E. Storch et al., ‘Family Accommodation in Paediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (2007), pp. 207–16.
‘bargaining’, C. Purdon, ‘Assessing Comorbidity, Insight, Family and Functioning in OCD’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 283.
‘monkey, the snake and the flower’, M. Cook and S. Mineka, ‘Second-Order Conditioning and Overshadowing in the Observational Conditioning of Fear in Monkeys’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25 (5) (1987), pp. 349–64.
‘Mr Rossi’, J. Calamari et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Late Life’, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19 (2012), pp. 136–50.
‘fewer than 15 per cent’, S. Rasmussen and J. Eisen, ‘The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15 (1992), pp. 743–58.
‘Howard’, D. Tolin, ‘Case Study: Bibliotherapy and Extinction Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a 5-Year-Old Boy’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 (2001), pp. 1111–14.
‘more than half’, J. Pollitt, ‘Natural History Studies in Mental Illness: A Discussion Based on a Pilot Study of Obsessional States’, Journal of Mental Science, 106 (1960), pp. 93–113.
‘Max’, E. Storch et al., ‘Peer Victimization and the Development of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adolescence’, Depression and Anxiety, 21 (2005), pp. 41–4.
‘Mr A’, M. Jenike and A. Brandon, ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Head Trauma: A Rare Association’, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2 (1988), pp. 353–9.
‘Istanbul’, I. Baral Kulaksizoglu et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder After Epilepsy Surgery’, Epilepsy & Behavior, 5 (2004), pp. 113–18.
‘Dudley’, N. Lewis et al., ‘Delayed Diagnosis of Appendicitis and Peritonitis, Resulting in the Onset of OCD: D v. Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust’, Clinical Risk, March 2011, p. 73.
‘most toddlers’, H. Leonard et al., ‘Childhood Rituals: Normal Development or Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms?’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29 (1) (1990), pp. 17–23.
‘test the impact’, A. Pietrefesa and D. Evans, ‘Affective and Neuropsychological Correlates of Children’s Rituals and Compulsive-like Behaviours: Continuities and Discontinuities with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Brain and Cognition, 65 (2007), pp. 36–46.
‘oversensitivity’, R. Dar et al., ‘The Relationship Between Sensory Processing, Childhood Rituals and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43 (2012), pp. 679–84.
‘adapted version’, L. Scahill et al., ‘Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Reliability and Validity’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (1997), pp. 844–52.
TEN: The runaway brain
‘Penfield’, For example R. Hogan and E. English, ‘Epilepsy and Brain Function: Common Ideas of Hughlings-Jackson and Wilder Penfield’, Epilepsy & Behavior, 24 (2012), pp. 311–13.
‘drop the word’, S. Goldberg, ‘MRIs and the Perception of Risk’, American Journal of Law and Medicine, 33 (2007), pp. 229–37.
‘Atlantic salmon’, C. Bennett et al., ‘Neural Correlates of Interspecies Perspective Taking in the Post-mortem Atlantic Salmon’, Journal of Serendipitous and Unexpected Results, 1 (2010), pp. 1–5.
‘my brain scanned’, D. Adam, ‘I Feel as if I’ve Been Entombed’, The Guardian (20 November 2003).
‘inside MRI tubes’, C. Adler et al., ‘fMRI of Neuronal Activation with Symptom Provocation in Unmedicated Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 34 (2000), pp. 317–24.
‘normal’, J. Hou et al., ‘Localization of Cerebral Function Deficits in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Resting State fMRI Study’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 138 (2012), pp. 313–21.
‘fighter aircraft’, J. Sak and A. Grzybowski, ‘Brain and Aviation: On the 80th Anniversary of Constantin von Economo’s (1876–1931) death’, Neurological Sciences, 34 (3) (2013), pp. 387–91.
‘write-up’, C. von Economo, Encephalitis Lethargica: Its Sequelae and Treatment (tr. K. Newman, Oxford University Press, 1931), p. 121.
‘lampreys’, M. Stephenson-Jones et al., ‘Evolutionary Conservation of the Basal Ganglia as a Common Vertebrate Mechanism for Action Selection’, Current Biology, 21 (2011), pp. 1081–91.
‘Mr V’, D. Laplane et al., ‘Pure Psychic Akinesia with Bilateral Lesions of Basal Ganglia’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 47 (1984), pp. 377–85.
‘whistle’, Polak et al., ‘Compulsive
Carnival Song Whistling Following Cardiac Arrest: A Case Study’, BMC Psychiatry, 12 (2012).
‘Pandas’, S. Swedo et al., ‘Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Description of the First 50 Cases’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (2 February 1998), pp. 264–71.
‘replacing the plasma’, S. Perlmutter et al., ‘Therapeutic Plasma Exchange and Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tic Disorders in Childhood’, The Lancet, 354 (1999), pp. 1153–8.
‘Disagreement’, S. Swedo et al., ‘From Research Subgroup to Clinical Syndrome: Modifying the Pandas Criteria to Describe Pans’, Paediatrics and Therapeutics, 2 (2012).
‘green anoles’, L. Baxter, ‘Basal Ganglia Systems in Ritualistic Social Displays: Reptiles and Humans; Function and Illness’, Physiology & Behavior, 79 (2003), pp. 451–60.
‘supported other research’, N. Greenberg et al., ‘Role of the Paleostriatum in Species-Typical Display Behaviour of the Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)’, Brain Research, 172 (1979), pp. 229–41.
‘something like this’, D. Mataix-Cols and O. van den Heuvel, ‘Neuroanatomy of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders’, in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 126–7.
ELEVEN: Daddy’s little helper
‘six hours’, ‘International Programme on Chemical Safety Poisons Information Monograph’, Pharmaceutical, 177 (1997).
‘Heroin’, S. Everts, ‘Brain Barricade’, Chemical and Engineering News (4 June 2007), pp. 33–6.
‘gateway proteins’, For overview see M. Alavijeh et al., ‘Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the Blood-Brain Barrier and Central Nervous System Drug Discovery’, NeuroRx, 2 (4) (2005), pp. 554–71.
‘consistent picture’, D. Dougherty et al., ‘Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 293–5.
‘Guyotat’, D. Healy, The Psychopharmacologists, vol. 3 (Arnold, 1998), pp. 40–45.