The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself
Page 54
23. Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690–1820, 2 vols (London: Archon Books, 1962).
24. Stephen Botein, ‘Printers and the American Revolution’, in Bernard Bailyn and John B. Hench (eds), The Press and the American Revolution (Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 1980), p. 20.
25. Botein, ‘Printers’, p. 26.
26. Richard D. Brown, ‘Shifting Freedoms of the Press’, in High Amory and David D. Hall, A History of the Book in America. Volume 1: The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 366–76.
27. Philip Davidson, Propaganda and the American Revolution, 1763–1783 (Chapel Hill, NC: 1941).
28. G. Thomas Tanselle, ‘Some Statistics on American Printing, 1764–1783’, in Amory and Hall, Book in America, pp. 349–57.
29. Consulted in the Special Collections of the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.
30. Virginia Gazette, 9 June 1775.
31. A point made by Richard D. Brown, Knowledge is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 128.
32. Clarke, ‘Early American Journalism’, in Amory and Hall, Book in America, p. 361.
33. Brown, ‘Shifting Freedoms’, p. 375.
34. The authoritative account is now Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink and Rolf Reichardt, The Bastille: A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997).
35. Ibid.; for the broadsheets, Rolf Reichardt, ‘Prints: Images of the Bastille’, in Robert Darnton and Daniel Roche (eds), Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775–1800 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 235–51.
36. Courier de Versailles à Paris, 15 July 1789. Cited Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News: The Press in France, 1789–1799 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990), pp. 127–8.
37. For song see Laura Mason, Singing the French Revolution: Popular Culture and Politics, 1787–1799 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996); idem, ‘Songs: Mixing Media’, in Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, pp. 252–69.
38. Popkin, Revolutionary News, pp. 25–6; Antoine de Baecque, ‘Pamphlets: Libels and Political Mythology’, in Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, pp. 165–76.
39. Carla Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals in Publishing’, in Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, pp. 69–97.
40. Robert Darnton, The Forbidden Bestsellers of Pre-Revolutionary France (New York: Norton, 1995).
41. Around 5,000 editions, compared to at least 10,000 in the five-year period at the beginning of the revolutionary events. Christian Jouhaud, Mazarinades: la Fronde des mots (Paris: Aubier, 1985).
42. Pierre Rétat, Les Journaux de 1789. Bibliographie critique (Paris: CNRS, 1988); Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals’, p. 92; Popkin, Revolutionary News, p. 84.
43. Despite his association with the pre-revolutionary print world, in 1793–4 Panckoucke still ran twenty-seven presses and employed one hundred workmen. Robert Darnton, ‘L'imprimerie de Panckoucke en l'an II’, Revue française d'histoire du livre, 23 (1979), pp. 359–69.
44. Jack R. Censer, ‘Robespierre the Journalist’, in Harvey Chisick (ed.), The Press in the French Revolution (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1991), pp. 189–96.
45. Popkin, Revolutionary News, p. 57.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., p. 55.
48. Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘Journals: The New Face of the News’, in Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, pp. 145–7.
49. Popkin, Revolutionary News, p. 8.
50. W. J. Murray, ‘Journalism as a Career Choice in 1789’, in Chisick (ed.), Press in the French Revolution, pp. 161–88, here p. 180.
51. See here now especially Charles Walton, Policing Public Opinion in the French Revolution: The Culture of Calumny and the Problem of Free Speech (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
52. Hugh Gough, The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution (London: Routledge, 1988), p. 98.
53. Quoted Ruth Scurr, Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution (London: Chatto & Windus, 2006), p. 255.
54. Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals’, p. 93.
55. The collection of the Bibliothèque nationale de France alone numbers some 10,000 editions published in the years 1789–93, equivalent to a minimum of 10 million copies.
56. Gilles Feyel, ‘La presse provincial au XVIIIe siècle’, Revue historique, 272 (1984), pp. 353–74. For Lyon see Gough, Newspaper Press, p. 65.
57. Mason, Singing the French Revolution.
58. R. E. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London: Allen Lane, 1988), p. 282; Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1967).
Chapter 17 How Samuel Sewall Read his Paper
1. M. Halsey Thomas (ed.), The Diary of Samuel Sewall, 2 vols (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1973). The visit to Harvard is vol. I, pp. 501–2. Sewell's news world is described in Richard D. Brown, Knowledge is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865 (New York: Oxford University Press 1989), pp. 16–41.
2. Adam Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Allyson Creasman, Censorship and Civic Order in Reformation Germany, 1517–1648 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012); Chapter 6, above.
3. Emphasis added. Antonio Castillo Gómez, ‘“There are lots of papers going around and it'd be better if there weren't”. Broadsides and Public Opinion in the Spanish Monarchy in the Seventeenth Century’, in Massimo Rospocher (ed.), Beyond the Public Sphere: Opinions, Publics, Spaces in Early Modern Europe (Bologna: Mulino, 2012), p. 244.
4. Proverbs 18:21; 12:13.
5. R. Reichardt and H. Schneider, ‘Chanson et musique populaires devant l'histoire à la fin de l'Ancien Regime’, Dix-huitième siècle, 18 (1986), pp. 117–36; Robert Darnton, Poetry and the Police: Communications Networks in Eighteenth-Century France (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2010).
6. Mostly through the ground-breaking study of Paul Seaver, Wallington's World: A Puritan Artisan in Seventeenth-Century London (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985); David Booy, The Notebooks of Nehemiah Wallington, 1618–1654 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), is an excellent selection from his unpublished journals.
7. The news-books, in particular, form the substantial part of R. Webb's edition of Wallington's Historical notices of events occurring chiefly in the reign of Charles I (London: Bentley, 1869).
8. Booy, Notebooks, p. 156.
9. His examination is retold in his Historical notices, pp. xxxviii–xlv.
10. Ibid., p. 242.
11. Ibid., pp. 52–3.
12. Ibid., pp. 152–3.
13. James Sutherland, The Restoration Newspaper and its Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 98–9.
14. Booy, Notebooks, p. 101; Historical notices, pp. 148–9.
15. Sir Thomas Smith, De Republicana Anglorum, cited Seaver, Wallington's World, pp. 145–6.
16. Historical notices, pp. 11–12.
17. Ibid., pp. l–li.
18. Seaver, Wallington's World, pp. 104, 156.
19. Brown, Knowledge, p. 20.
20. Diary of Samuel Sewall, I, 256 (15 April 1690); 474–5 (15 September 1702).
21. Ibid., 58 (11 February 1685).
22. Ibid., 1,061–2 (23 June 1728).
23. Ibid., I, 78.
24. Sewall's set of early numbers of The Boston News-Letter is now in the library of the New York Historical Society.
25. Brown, Knowledge, p. 38.
26. Joop K. Koopmans, ‘Supply and Speed of Foreign News in the Netherlands’, in his News and Politics in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) (Louvain: Peeters, 2005), pp. 185–201.
27. His news chronicle is examined in Jeroen Blaak, Literacy in Everyday Life: Reading and Writing in early Modern Dutch Diaries (Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp. 189–264.
28. In The Hague, Koninklijke
Bibliotheek, Mss 71 A 8–12.
29. Blaak, Literacy, p. 211.
30. Ibid., p. 351 (tables 5 and 6).
31. Quoted Marcel Broersman, ‘Constructing Public Opinion: Dutch Newspapers on the Eve of a Revolution (1780–1795)’, in Joop W. Koopmans, News and Politics in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) (Louvain: Peeters, 2005), p. 227.
32. Broersman, ‘Constructing Public Opinion’, pp. 229–30.
33. Above, Chapter 4.
34. See Roger Paas, The German Political Broadsheet, 1600–1700, 11 vols (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985–2012).
35. Blaak, Literacy, p. 231.
36. Koopmans, ‘Supply and Speed of Foreign News’, pp. 200–1.
37. Ibid., p. 193.
38. See above, Chapter 5.
39. I. Atherton, ‘The Itch Grown a Disease: Manuscript Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’, Prose Studies, 21 (1998), p. 39; reprinted in Joad Raymond, News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain (London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp. 39–65.
Conclusion
1. Quoted in Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), p. 199.
2. Ibid., p. 204.
3. From the New York Herald, 31 August 1835; Eisenstein, Divine Art, p. 208.
4. Stéphane Haffemayer, L'information dans la France du XVIIe siècle: La Gazette de Renaudot de 1647 à 1663 (Paris: Champion, 2002), pp. 68–124, for the source of the Italian content in the Paris Gazette.
5. Antonio Castillo Gómez, ‘“There are lots of papers going around and it'd be better if there weren't”: Broadsides and Public Opinion in the Spanish Monarchy in the Seventeenth Century’, in Massimo Rospocher (ed.), Beyond the Public Sphere: Opinions, Publics, Spaces in Early Modern Europe (XVI–XVIII) (Bologna: Mulino, 2012), pp. 230–4.
6. Andrew Hadfield, ‘News of the Sussex Dragon’, Reformation, 17 (2012), pp. 99–113.
7. Lucyle Werkmeister, A Newspaper History of England, 1792–1793 (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1967).
8. Marcus Daniel, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
9. Eisenstein, Divine Art, p. 151.
10. Konstantin Dierks, In My Power: Letter Writing and Communications in Early America (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), p. 225.
11. Ibid.; Ian K. Steele, The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 113–31, 168–88.
12. Dierks, In My Power, pp. 189–234.
13. Eisenstein, Divine Art, p. 140.
14. Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).
15. Aileen Fyfe, Steam-Powered Knowledge: William Chambers and the Business of Publishing, 1820–1860 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012).
16. Eisenstein, Divine Art, Chapter 4.
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