Patriot of Persia
Page 32
9. Mehdi Bazargan, ibid., from Basteh-Negar, p. 141
10. Malcom Byrne, The Road to Intervention: Factors Influencing US Policy Toward Iran, 1945–53, from Gasiorowski and Byrne, p. 201
11. Fateh, p. 517
12. The Economist, November 17, 1951, cit. Enayat, p. 139
13. Minutes of a meeting between the AIOC and Iranian government officials on June 17, 1951, FO 371/91575
14. Harriman to Truman, August 22, 1951, FRUS, p. 145
15. Sanjabi, p. 125
16. Elm, Mostafa, Oil, Power and Principle, Syracuse University Press, 1992
17. Memo by Stutesman, May 31, 1951, FRUS, p. 59
18. Henderson to State Department, September 30, 1951, FRUS p. 186
19. Esfandiary Bakhtiari, p. 127
20. Milani, p. 51
21. Walters, p. 247
22. Abramson, p. 472
23. Acheson, p. 503
24. Walters, p. 247
25. New York Herald, July 15, 1951, cit. Elm, p. 122
Eleven: Winning America
1. Security Council Official Records, 559th Meeting, cit. Kinzer, p. 121
2. Mossadegh, Ghollamhossein, p. 80
3. Walters, p. 261
4. The Times, October 16, 1951
5. For more details of the proposed deal, see McGhee, pp. 397–99
6. The Associated Press, October 28, 1951
7. Mossadegh, Ghollamhossein, p. 91
8. McGhee, p. 385
9. FRUS
10. The Times, November 20, 1951
Twelve: Riding Satan’s Donkey
1. Nejati, Mossadegh: Salha-ye Mobarezeh va Moqavemat, p. 265
2. Buzorgmehr, Khaterat az Doktor Muhammad Mossadegh, p. 144
3. Makki, Ketab-e Siyah (Vol. III, Khal’ e-Yad) p. 241, and Nejati, Mossadegh (Vol. 1), p. 264.
4. For these and other insights into Mossadegh’s prime ministerial style, I have drawn on Morteza Rasoolipour.
5. Henderson to State Department, January 15, 1951, FRUS p. 324
6. Penfield to State Department, January 18, 1951, FRUS p. 331
7. Muvahed, pp 388–89
8. Safari, Vol. 1, p. 582
9. An excellent English-language account of relations between the Shah, the British and the political elite between 1941 and 1953 can be found in Fakhreddin Azimi’s Iran: The Crisis of Democracy.
10. For my account of Mossadegh’s meeting with the Shah, I have drawn from Makki, Vaghayeh-e Si-ye Tir-e. My telling of the subsequent uprising owes much to this book and to Hassan Arsanjani’s Yaddashtha-ye Siyasi dar Vaghayeh-e Si-ye Tir-e 1320.
11. Khamei, p. 950
12. Author interview with Hedayat Matine-Daftary, London, 2011
13. Wm. Roger Louis, Britain and the Overthrow of Mossadegh, from Gasiorowski and Byrne, p. 166
14. Rahnama, p. 685
15. Nejati, Mossadegh, p. 484
16. MacLean, p. 274
17. Harvard Iranian Oral History Project, see transcript of Habib Ladjevardi’s interview with Sir George Middleton in November 1985
18. Rahnama, Ali, Nirooha-ye Mazhabi bar Bastar-e Harekat-e Nehzat-e Melli, Gam-e No, 2005, p.815
19. Harvard Iranian Oral History Project, transcript of Habib Ladjevardi’s interview with Sir George Middleton in November 1985
20. Ibid.
21. Henderson to State Department, February 22, 1953, FRUS p. 676
22. Safari, Vol. 1, p. 746
23. Mossadegh, Ghollamhossein, p. 65
Thirteen: A Coup of his Own
1. Ettela’at, May 11, 1953
2. Rahnama, p. 940
3. Malcom Byrne, ‘The Road to Intervention: Factors Influencing US Policy Toward Iran, 1945–1953’, from Gasiorowski and Byrne, p. 223
4. Woodhouse, p. 117
5. Dorril, p. 583
6. Love, p. 24
7. Sanjabi, Omidha va Na-omidha, p. 138
8. Editorial note regarding Dulles’s press conference of July 28, 1953, FRUS, p. 740
9. In 1954, Wilber was commissioned to write a CIA internal history of the coup, ‘Clandestine Service History, Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952–August 1953’, which the New York Times acquired and posted on its website in 2000, with some names omitted. This internal history, along with Kim Roosevelt’s account of the operation, Countercoup, are the two main first-hand accounts of the American side of the operation, subsequently amplified by the interviews and research of Mark Gasiorowski. The internal history can be seen at: http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html. My own efforts to gain access to MI6 records of events before and during the coup were rebuffed by the British authorities.
10. Mark J. Gasiorowski, ‘The 1953 Coup d’Etat Against Mosaddeq’, from Gasiorowski and Byrne, p. 245
11. Record of a telephone conversation between Allen and Foster Dulles, July 24, 1953, FRUS, p. 738
12. Dorril, p. 588
13. Roosevelt, Kermit, Countercoup, McGraw, 1979, p. 146
14. Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History: The Story of the Middle East, p. 103
15. Roosevelt, Countercoup, p. 110
16. Roosevelt, Countercoup, p. 154
17. Harvard Iranian Oral History Project, cit. Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran, p. 187
18. Katouzian, Introduction to Maleki, p. 104
19. Be Revayat-e Asnad, Rohani-ye Mobarez, Ayatollah Seyyed Abolqassem Kashani (Vol. 2) Markaz-e Barrassi-ye Asnad-e Tarikhi-ye Vezarat-e Ettela’at, 2000, p. 589
20. Rahnama, p. 972
21. Wilber, internal history, p. 38
Fourteen: Mussy Duck Shoot
1. Safari, Vol. 1, p. 831
2. Ettela’at, August 16, 1953
3. Roosevelt, Countercoup, p. 173
4. Safari, Vol. 1, p. 833
5. Ibid., p. 834
6. Bakhtar-e Emrooz, August 16, 1953
7. Ghollamreza Nejati’s interview with Ghollamhossein Sadiqi, from Nejati’s Jonbesh-e Melli, p. 535
8. Ettela’at, August 17, 1953
9. Ibid.
10. Safari, Vol. 1, p. 859
11. Henderson to State Department, August 18, 1953, FRUS, p. 752
12. Ettela’at, August 17, 1953
13. Mark J. Gasiorowski, ‘Coup d’Etat Against Mosaddeq’, from Gasiorowski, and Byrne, p. 254
14. Rahnama, p. 1008
15. Love, Kennett, The American Role in the Pahlavi Restoration on August 19, 1953, n.p.
16. We will probably never have a flawless account of the events of August 19, 1953. There are too many competing testimonies, and there was a great deal of confusion on the day. For my account, in addition to the different American versions by Gasiorowski, Wilber, Roosevelt and Love, I am indebted to various editions of the newspaper Ettela’at, Ghollamreza Nejati’s Jonbesh-e Melli Shodan-e San’at-e Naft-e Iran va Kudeta-ye 28 Mordad, 1332, with its important eye-witness testimonies, Nejati’s interview with Ghollamhossein Sadiqi in the same book, Ali Shayegan’s telling of events in his son Ahmad’s book Seyyed Ali Shayegan; Zendeginameh-ye Siyasi, Neveshtehha va Sokhanraniha, Muhammad-Ali Muvahed’s magisterial Khab-e Ashufteh-e Naft, with its extracts from Kazem Hassibi’s unpublished diary, the reporter Muhammad-Ali Safari’s recollections in Qalam va Siyasat, as well as my own conversations with Dr Hossein Fatemi’s nephew Said Fatemi and the political activist Nasser Takmil-Homayun in Tehran, as well as Mossadegh’s grandson Hedayat Matine-Daftary.
17. Shahri, Vol. III, p. 411
18. Keyhan, August 20, 1953
19. Love, p. 39
20. Mossadegh, Ghollamhossein, p. 121
21. Ibid., p. 122
Fifteen: Unperson
1. New York Times, August 22, 1953
2. Pahlavi, Muhammad-Reza,
3. Henderson to State Department, September 18, 1953, FRUS, p. 799
4. Memo by Byroade, August 21, 1953, FRUS, p. 760
5. For my account of Mossadegh’s trials I have drawn heavily on Buzo
rgmehr’s three books about the proceedings (see Bibliography)
6. Khandaniha, November 7, 1953
7. The Times, Wednesday December 2, 1953
8. Diba, p. 190
9. Memo by Falle, September 3, 1953, FO 371/104584
10. Nejati, Mossadegh, Vol. 2, p. 301
11. Le Monde, December 9, 1965
12. Sami’i, p. 125
13. Torkaman, Vol. 1, p. 274
14. Ibid., p. 290
15. Mossadegh, Ghollamhossein, p. 147
16. Sami’i, p. 100
17. Ibid., p. 124
18. Ibid., p. 347
19. Sami’i, p. 175
Epilogue: A Movement in Men’s Minds
1. Hiro, p. 106
2. Kinzer, p. 206. In the words of Maziar Behrooz, an Iranian scholar of the Tudeh, ‘The Tudeh neither had the intention nor the power to oust Mosaddeq.’ (Maziar Behrooz, ‘Legacy of the Tudeh’, from Gasiorowski and Byrne, p. 124)
3. Roosevelt, Countercoup, p. 207
4. Parsi-Pour, unpublished article
5. Avon, p. 36
6. Love, p. 41
7. New York Times, March 5, 1979
8. Author interview with Hedayat Matine-Daftary, London, 2011
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