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Maleki, Khalil, Khaterat-e Siyasi, Entesharat-e Raraq, 1981
Matine-Daftary, Hedayat (ed.), Azadi, Vol. 2, issues 26 and 27, 2001
McGhee, George, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy, Harper & Row, 1983
Milani, Abbas, The Shah, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011
Moradi-Nia, Muhammad-Javad (ed.), Khaterat-e Seyyed Muhammad Kamare’i (Vol. 1), Nashr va Pazohesh-e Shirazeh, 2003
Morgan, David, Ann K. S. Lambton (1912–2008) and Persian Studies, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3, 21, 1, 2011
Mossadegh, Ghollamhossein, Dar Kenar-e Pedaram, Mossadegh, Mu’assesseh-ye Khadamat-e Farhangi-ye Rassa, 1990
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Mostowfi, Abdullah, Sharh-e Zendegani-ye Man, Entesharat-e Zavvar, 2005
Muvahed, Muhammad-Ali, Khab-e Ashufteh-e Naft: Doktor Mossadegh va Nehzat-e Melli-ye Iran, Nashr-e Karnameh, 2005
Najmi, Nasser, Mossadegh: Mobarez-e Buzorg, Tehran, 1980
National Documents Organisation, (Sazman-e Asnad-e Melli)
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Illustrations
1. Panorama of Tehran. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
2. Young Mossadegh with his maternal uncle Farmanfarma and other family members. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
3. Shah of Persia and Prince Albert © Brooke/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images.
4. Mossadegh. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
5. Reza Khan standing next to his Rolls Royce. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
6. A parade to mark Reza’s coronation in 1926 © Bettmann/CORBIS.
7. Najm al-Saltaneh. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
8. Mossadegh with his daughter Khadijeh. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
9. A demonstration by the viscerally anti-American Tudeh Party © Bettmann/CORBIS.
10. Caricature of Mossadegh. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
11. Mossadegh in bed, surrounded by his advisors. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
12. President Truman and Prime Minister Muhammad Mossadegh © Abbie Rowe, National Park Service/ Harry S. Truman Library.
13. An anti-Mossadegh crowd. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
14. Ayatollah Abolqassem Kashani © Dmitri Kessel/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images.
15. General Fazlollah Zahedi © Carl Mydans/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images.
16. Shah Muhammad-Reza Pahlavi and Queen Sorayya © Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images.
17. Shah-loyalists celebrate the success of the coup atop a tank © Bettmann/CORBIS.
18. Winston Churchill, Anthony Eden, Foster Dulles and Dwight D. Eisenhower © National Park Service/Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
19. Mossadegh in his aba. Courtesy of the Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
Index
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Abadan, 117, 118, 162–5, 202
Abdulhamit II, Ottoman Sultan, 35, 70
Achaemenids, 9
Acheson, Dean, 173, 180, 183, 184
Afghanistan, 95, 108, 272
Afshar, Iraj, 5, 277
Afshartus, Brigadier Mahmud, 219, 229
Agha Muhammad Khan, 9, 14
Ahmad Shah: accession, 42; character, 46; M displeases by pursuing corruption, 48; approval of Anglo-Persian Agreement, 51; installs Zia as PM, 62–3; rejects Zia, 63–4; travelling mania, 65; downfall, 70–1, 72–4
Ahmadabad, 92–3, 96, 277
Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, 4
AIOC see Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
Ala, Hossein: M tells him he doesn’t want the premiership, 151; becomes PM, 154; resigns, 155–6; goes back to being court minister, 171; dealings with British, 194; and Muhammad-Reza’s relations with M, 199; Kashani writes to in support of M, 202; on Muhammad-Reza’s mental health, 213; and Muhammad-Reza’s proposed trip abroad, 214; M obtains his dismissal, 218
Alborz mountains, 15
Albright, Madeleine, 3
Ali-Reza Pahlavi, Prince, 203
Amanullah, King of Afghanistan, 95
Ameneh (M’s sister), 52
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC): D’Arcy oil concession granted, 44–5; negotiates lease on coastal land for refineries, 56; Reza Shah renegotiates D’Arcy concession, 97–8; behaviour, 116–19; spies in, 119; risin
g power in Middle East, 123–4; renegotiation of concession, 127–8, 131–3; comparative share of revenues between Britain and Iran, 131–3; attitude to Iranian politics, 145–6; Razmara meets with regularly, 148; supplemental agreement blocked, 148–51; oil nationalisation voted into law, 154–7; British reaction, 159–62; facilities taken over, 162–5; taps other sources, 167; interference in Iranian public life, 168–9; M’s bargaining position re, 180; World Bank’s bargaining position re, 192; another bargaining position, 206; shares Iranian oil industry with other western companies, 263, 275
Anglo-Persian Agreement (1919), 50–4, 56
Arab Spring, 272–3
Aramco, 145, 150
Arfa ul-Dawleh, Prince, 58, 60
Ashayer, Sardar, 68–9
Ashraf, Princess: background and character, 127; and 1949 elections, 137; M attacks, 142; relationship with Razmara, 143; goes abroad indefinitely, 198, 212; and coup against M, 224
Assad, Hafez, 272
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 83, 95
Attlee, Clement, 117, 158–9, 167, 183–4
Avery, Peter, 85
Azerbaijan, 67–70, 125, 126–7
Azeris, 14, 112, 126
Azimi, Fakhreddin, 284
Aziz ul-Sultan, 13n
Azmudeh, Brigadier Hossein, 259–60, 262
Baba, Haji, of Isfahan, 50
Baghai, Muzaffar: meets M, 116; character, 136; disrupts Razmara’s premiership, 147, 148; battles with Tudeh, 190; and British plots to bring down M, 194; M disappoints, 205; turns against him, 208, 209, 210; and assassination of Afshartus, 219; M attacks, 226; later life, 267
Bahais, 14, 255
Bahar, Muhammad Taqi, 74, 85
Bakhtiari tribe, 63, 212
Basle, 55
Batmanghelich, General Nader, 245, 250
Bayat, Abdolmajid: family anecdotes recounted by, 26, 27, 87–8; memoirs, 280; birth, 89; M’s upbringing of him, 89, 90, 93, 96; and M’s arrest, 100, 101, 102; French tutor, 100; and Khadijeh’s mental collapse, 105–6, 107; studies in Geneva, 187; offered some of M’s papers, 252
Bazargan, Mehdi, 162, 163, 164, 166, 276
Behbehani, Muhammad, 213, 238, 240
Behrooz, Maziar, 287
Belgium: Belgian civil servants in Iran, 28–9, 47
Bell, Gertrude, 11–12
Bevin, Ernest, 160
Birjand, 102, 103–4
Bombay, 57
Britain: M’s attitude, 5; role in M’s overthrow, 5–6; contemporary Iranian attitude, 6; historic involvement with Iran, 10–11, 14, 19, 29–30; division with Russia of Iran into zones of influence, 31–2, 43; interest in Iranian oil, 44–5; and First World War, 45–6, 57; exploits absence of Russia from Iran, 50; Anglo-Persian Agreement fails and permanently sours relations, 50–5; falls out with Farmanfarma, 58; relations with M in Fars, 60–2; foments Zia coup, 62–4; Reza fails to get better of AIOC, 97–8; Reza Shah’s foreign policy, 108; reaction to Germans in Iran, 109; Second World War occupation of Iran, 109, 111–12; attitude to Soviet oil concession, 125; Muhammad-Reza’s fear of, 127; attitude to Iranian nationalism, 130; Iranian anti-British paranoia spreads, 133–5; fears for Iran’s political condition, 143; growing attention paid to M, 144–5; support for Razmara, 146; takes sanctions against Iran in wake of oil nationalisation, 158–9, 163; engineers world embargo on Iranian oil, 166–74; takes complaints about Iranian oil nationalisation to UN, 175–80; negotiations with M fail, 180–5; World Bank tries to broker deal, 192–3; British Embassy building in Tehran, 193; plots M’s overthrow, 193–5, 197–8; Iran severs diplomatic relations with, 205, 206, 209–10; oil negotiations fail again, 205–6; support for Zahedi, 210; involvement in coup against M, 221, 224–5, 228, 274; reopens Tehran embassy, 253, 261; oil negotiations reopen, 261; attitude to Fatemi, 263; Suez crisis and decolonisation, 274–5; growing reliance on US, 275; see also Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
British Tobacco Corporation, 14
Browne, E. G., 32
Bullard, Sir Reader, 55, 109, 110, 111, 120
Burujerdi, Seyyed Hossein, 136
Bush, George W., 4, 272, 273
Buzorgmehr, Jalil, 256, 257, 259, 262
calendars, 83
Carter, Jimmy, 272, 276–7
Chiang Kai-shek, 135
China, 179
Churchill, G. P., 61
Churchill, Winston: attitude to M, 2; and British First World War rearmament, 44–5; attitude to Bullard, 54–5, 109; reaction to Iranian takeover of AIOC facilities, 165; 1950s premiership, 180; reasons for his attitude to Iran, 183–4; and oil negotiations, 205; attitude to Tudeh, 221; and coup against M, 224, 225; reaction to M’s downfall, 274
CIA: under Dulles, 220; and coup against M, 221, 223, 224–6, 228, 229–30, 238, 241
clothing, 16, 17, 94, 95–6
communists, 112; see also Tudeh Party
Comte, Auguste, 35
constitutionalism, 28–33
Cossack Brigade, 31–2, 50, 62–3
Coulanges, Fustel de, 84
Cox, Sir Percy, 51, 52, 56
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord, 50–3, 55
Daftary, Brigadier Muhammad, 244–5
D’Arcy, William Knox, 97
Davar, Ali Akbar, 79, 81, 94
Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, 236
Democratic Party of Iran, 125
Diba, Farhad, 269
Drake, Eric, 163–5
Drake, Lady, 163
Dulles, Allen, 220–1, 224
Dulles, John Foster, 220–1, 222–3, 254
Durand, Sir Mortimer, 54
economy, effect of oil crisis on, 181, 191, 206–7
Eden, Anthony, 162, 181, 183–4, 274, 275
education, 16, 81–2, 83
Egypt: nationalism, 12–13, 35; build-up to Suez crisis, 176, 185; M visits, 185; becomes republic, 213; Suez crisis, 274; Arab Spring, 272
Eisenhower, Dwight: and Iran, 220, 221–2, 225, 229, 230; and Suez crisis, 274
Elwell-Sutton, L. P., 119
Emami, Hossein, 138, 140
Emami, Jamal, 156
Entezam, Nasrullah, 182
Eqbal al-Mamalek, 39
Eskandari, Iraj, 152
Faisal, King of Iraq, 265
Fakhrarayi, Nasser, 127–8
Falle, Sam, 263
family life: relationship of fathers and sons, 21
Farmanfarma, Prince Abdolhossein Mirza: relationship with sister, 19; background and character, 22–3; house, 24; falls from grace, 25; rehabilitated, 26; constitutionalists’ attitude to, 31; M praises in an interview, 36; brief spell as PM, 46; lends money to M, 57; rejected by Reza Shah, 77–8; as governor of Fars, 57, 58; behaviour and attitude compared to M’s, 59–60; Zia arrests, 63
Farouk, King of Egypt, 108, 185, 213
Fars province, 57–62, 63
Fatemi, Hossein: assassination attempt on, 190; alliance with M, 207; demands dismissal of Ala, 218; arrested during first coup against M, 231; released, 232; calls for execution of coup-makers, 233–4; calls for a republic, 236; and last moments of M’s regime, 245, 247; false rumours of death, 246; on the run, 255; mentioned at M’s trial, 260; death, 263–4; M corresponds with family, 267
Fath-Ali Shah, 18, 76
Firooz, Prince, 51, 52, 63, 78, 94
First World War (1914–18), 45–50, 57, 58
Fouladvand, Brigadier, 247, 250
Fraser, Sir William, 145, 149, 150, 174
friendship, Iranian-style, 88
Gandhi, Mahatma, 152
Gasiorowski, Mark, 5, 228, 238n, 285
Germany: and First World War, 45, 57; Reza Shah brings Germans into Iran, 108–9; Allies deport from Iran, 111
Ghollamreza Pahlavi, 128n
Grady, Henry, 165, 170
Great Game, 10–11
Greece, 134
Green Movement (2009), 272
Gross, Ernest, 177–8
Gulf Oil, 123–4
Haerizadeh, Abolhassan, 205, 208
Haj-Rezai Teyyeb, 241–2,
251
Harriman, Averell, 166, 167, 168, 169, 173
Harriman, Mrs, 173
Hassibi, Kazem: and oil nationalisation, 167; and ensuing negotiations, 182, 191, 192–3; and M’s dissolution of majles, 227; under siege in Palace Street, 245, 247–8
Hazhir, Abdolhossein, 137, 138–9, 140, 147
Henderson, Loy: replaces Grady as ambassador, 171; M asks for financial assistance, 191–2; promises aid to Qavam, 201; on M’s mental health, 211; erroneously linked with near-attack on M’s life, 214, 215; washes hands of M, 222; makes clear to M is finished, 237; Shah receives on return from exile, 254; urges M be tried, 256
Higgins, Marguerite, 178
Hossein, Imam, 16, 255
Imbrie, Robert, 72
Imperial Bank of Persia, 14
imperialism: pattern, 10; West’s justification, 8
India: nationalism, 13; Curzon’s strategy, 50; M visits, 57; and Iranian oil nationalisation crisis, 175–6
industrialisation, 83
International Court of Justice, 175, 204
Iran: history, 9–10; name, vi, 83
Iran–Iraq War (1980–88), 272
Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1906), 27–30
Iranian hostage crisis, 276–7
Iranian National Oil Company, 162–5, 166, 180, 271
Iranian Revolution (1979), 271–2, 276–7
Iraq, 265, 272
Iraq Petroleum Company, 150
Islam: sect followed in Iran, 12; and nationalism, 12–13; rituals of Qajar Tehran, 16; clerics’ involvement in Constitutional Revolution (1906), 29; clerics’ rejection of constitutionalism, 31, 42; M on Islamic law, 47; Zahra’s religious observances, 91; M’s religious observances, 91–2; Reza’s hatred of clerics, 95; clerics get back more authority under Muhammad-Reza, 130; mullahs’ post-coup deal with Shah, 255; Iran becomes Islamic state, 271–2
Jalal ud-Din Rumi, 9
Jamal ud-Din al-Afghani, 14, 17
Javad (cook), 102, 103
Jebb, Sir Gladwyn, 175, 176, 179, 180
Kashani, Ayatollah Abolqassem: background, 135; power base, 136–7; elected to majles, 141; returns from exile, 141; coalition with M, 141–2; supporters disrupt Razmara’s premiership, 147; issues fatwa for oil nationalisation, 151; and Razmara’s assassination, 152, 153; supports M’s government, 190; and British plots to bring down M, 194; Qavam attacks, 200; declares jihad against Qavam’s government, 201; Qavam orders his arrest, 202; M disappoints, 205; turns against him, 208, 211; transfers allegiance to Zahedi, 209, 210; starts rumours Shah has abdicated, 213; and assassination of Afshartus, 219; attacks M, 230; possible links with US, 238; later life, 267
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