Katouzian, Homa, 110
Kavtaradze, Sergei, 120–3
Keating, Geoffrey, 283
Khazal, Sheikh, 72, 94
Kinzer, Stephen, 5
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 271–2, 276–7
Korean War (1950–53), 143, 175
Kurdistan, 125
Kurds, 112
Kuwait, 167
Lambton, Nancy, 143, 193
languages, 12
Le Rougetel, Sir John, 126, 128n
Levy, Walter, 174
Liakhoff, Colonel, 32
Loraine, Sir Percy, 65, 66, 70, 71, 78
Love, Kennett: on Tudeh rally, 222; gives PR support to Zahedi, 237; attacked during Tudeh demonstration, 239; on ensuing violence, 240; involvement in coup against M, 246, 252; on Shah’s return, 253; on Iranian dislike for US, 275
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 8
McCarthy, Joe, 220
McGhee, George, 145, 167, 177, 180, 181–3
MacSwiney, Terence, 61
Mahabad, 126
Majid see Bayat, Abdolmajid
majles (parliament): first, 30–2; 1926 elections, 79; 1928 elections, 85; 1943 elections, 113; M’s protest against, 114–15; 1947 elections, 126, 128; debates AIOC concession, 131–3; 1949 elections, 135, 137–41; becomes centre of opposition to M, 189, 195–7, 219; 1952 elections, 195, 196; M illegally dissolves, 226–30; 1954 elections, 261, 262–3; ratifies oil deal, 263
Makki, Hossein: background, 116; relationship with M, 116; blocks renegotiation of AIOC concession, 132–3; speaks out against 1949 rigged elections, 138; disrupts Razmara’s premiership, 147; attacks AIOC, 150; and Razmara’s assassination, 151–2; prevents M resigning, 161; helps take over AIOC facilities, 162, 163, 164; reaction to exclusion from M’s US trip, 182; and British plots to bring down M, 194; and M’s resignation, 199; on Qavam, 200; on popular uprising that restored M, 202; M disappoints, 205; turns against him, 208, 210, 211; later life, 267
Maleki, Khalil, 212, 227–8, 229
Mansour, Ali, 142
Mansoureh (M’s daughter) see Mossadegh, Mansoureh
Marie-Thérèse (nurse), 38
Martin, Kingsley, 194
Mashhad, 95
Matine-Daftary, Ahmad, 77, 115, 137, 182, 245
Matine-Daftary, Hedayat, 204n, 269
Meade, W. L., 61–2, 63
MI6, 195, 221, 224, 225
Middle East: in ‘dark ages’, 8–9; US policy, 3–4, 272–3
Middleton, George, 202, 210, 211–12
Mir, Yusuf, 92
Modarres, Seyyed Hassan, 71, 75, 82–3, 85–6, 94
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 84
Morrison, Herbert, 8
Moshir ul-Dawleh, 56, 67, 70, 85, 96
Mossadegh, Ahmad: trip to Switzerland, 40, 41; spends First World War in Switzerland, 42, 50; on M’s reaction to Anglo-Persian Agreement, 51–2; returns to Iran, 56, 59; as engineer, 87, 97; Tehran house, 97; and M’s arrest, 102; in civil service, 115; and Makki, 116; M forces to resign as deputy minister of roads, 187; escapes from mob with M, 214; house wrecked by mob, 251; buys coats on M’s orders, 268; M gives him copy of memoirs for safekeeping, 269
Mossadegh, Ghollamhossein: trip to Switzerland, 40, 41; returns to Iran, 42; nickname, 90; profligacy, 90; marriage, 92; life at Ahmadabad, 93; Tehran home, 97; takes M abroad for hospital treatment, 99; and M’s arrest, 101; friendly acquaintance with Muhammad-Reza, 104; introduces M to Muhammad-Reza, 110; medical career, 115; accompanies M to UN meeting, 176, 177, 178; ministers to M’s health, 211; and Shah’s supposed plot against M, 215–16; plans for mental hospital, 241; house wrecked by mob, 251, 252; arrested, 252; gives medicine to Ahmadabad villagers, 269; M gives him copy of memoirs for safekeeping, 264; asks permission to take M abroad for cancer treatment, 270
Mossadegh, Khadijeh (M’s daughter): birth and childhood, 89, 93, 96; and M’s arrest, 100, 101, 102; French tutor, 100; M’s arrest causes mental collapse, 105–7; death, 107
Mossadegh, Mahmud, 90–1
Mossadegh, Mansoureh, 97, 115, 257–8
Mossadegh, Mohammed (M)
GENERAL: appearance, 1–2, 60, 159–61, 173; attitude to British, 134, 173; character, 135; estate, 92–3; financial situation, 92; leadership style, 59–60, 66, 187–91; as parent, 89–91; probity, 187–8; public image, 49; relationship with mother, 18, 21, 22, 23; religious observances, 91–2; sense of destiny, 24–5, 115; sentimentality surrounding, 1; speech style, 79–80; Tehran houses, 87–8, 97
LIFE: background and family, 18–21; childhood, 21–3; appointed chief revenue officer for Khorasan and Baluchistan, 23–4; prospective marriage falls through when uncle falls from grace, 25–6; marries Zahra, 26–7; involvement with constitutionalists, 30, 31, 32; elected to majles but rejected by deputies, 31; included in subsequent sham assembly, 32–3; goes to Paris for further education, 33–8; friendship with Vieillard, 35–8; breakdown in health leads to return to Iran, 38–9; becomes doctor of law in Switzerland, 39–42; death of fourth child, 40; serves as deputy finance minister, 47–9; fights against Anglo-Persian Agreement, 51–2; failed business venture, 55; becomes justice minister, 56; becomes governor of Fars, 58–62; refuses to recognise Zia, 63; more ministerial posts, 66–7; becomes governor of Azerbaijan, 67–70; opposes Reza’s takeover, 73–6; continued resistance to Reza, 78, 79; denounces Vusuq, 79–80; relationship with new regime, 80–5; leaves the majles, 85–6; in the wilderness, 87–94, 96–7; ways of avoiding trouble in Reza’s reign, 96; reaction to renewal of D’Arcy concession, 98; period of ill-health, 98–9; arrested and imprisoned, 100–4; house arrest, 104–5; meets Muhammad-Reza, 110–11; revival in fortunes, 112–15; protest against majles, 114–15; supporters, 115–16; speaks in support of developing indigenous oil industry, 121–4; sits on sidelines during struggle between Qavam and Shah, 128–9; refuses to become involved in majles’s attempt to block renegotiated agreement with AIOC, 133; protests against 1949 rigged elections, 135–41; sets up National Front, 139; placed under house arrest after Hazhir’s assassination, 140; coalition with Kashani, 141–2; political concerns, 144; disrupts Razmara’s premiership, 146–7, 148–9; calls for oil nationalisation, 150–1; and Razmara’s assassination, 151–3; becomes PM, 156–7; British reaction, 159–62; and takeover of AIOC facilities, 164–5; reaction to world embargo on Iranian oil, 167–70; relationship with Muhammad-Reza, 171–2; failed oil negotiations with British, 172–4; attends UN to discuss oil crisis, 176–80; despite US help, talks fail, 176–7, 178, 180–5; things he might have achieved if in power longer, 186–7; prime ministerial offices, 188; attempts to raise short-term finance, 191–3; British plot to bring down, 193–5, 197–8; falls out with majles, 195–7; unexpectedly Muhammad-Reza accepts his resignation, 198–9; restored by popular uprising, 199–204; unrest during second term, 204–5; second-term policies, 205–7; relations with former allies sour, 207–11; problems put strain on his nervous health, 211–12; relations with Muhammad-Reza deteriorate, 212–16; this brings about loss of much popular support, 213–16; Muhammad-Reza unsuccessfully tries to repair rift with him, 217–19; coup against him is plotted, 219–26; illegally dissolves majles, 226–30; first coup attempt fails, 231–2; constitutional crisis caused by flight of Shah, 234–7; second coup succeeds, 238–52; under siege in Palace Street, 245–9; arrested, 250; Palace Street wrecked, 250–2; tried for treason, 255–61; imprisonment, 261, 262, 265; appeals, 261–2; later life, 265–70; memoirs, 269; death, 270; burial, 277; achievements assessed, 2, 273; later reputation in Iran, 4, 277–8; twelfth anniversary of death, 277–8; Zia Ashraf: trip to Switzerland, 40; spends First World War in Switzerland, 42, 50; returns to Iran, 56, 59; problems adapting to Iranian life, 57; child born, 89; Tehran home, 97; and M’s arrest, 102; accompanies M to UN meeting, 176
Mostowfi al-Mamalek, 74, 79, 85
Motamen al-Mamalek, 85
Muazzami, Seifullah, 250, 260
Mubarak, Hosni, 4, 272
Muhammad-Ali, Shah: acce
ssion and character, 31; struggles with constitutionalists, 31–3; overthrown, 36, 42
Muhammad-Reza Pahlavi, Shah: and name ‘Persia’, vi; character, 104, 110, 171, 172; arranges for M’s release, 104, 105; marriage, 108; accession, 109–10; meets M, 110–11; resentment at lack of power, 113; suspected of supporting court favourites on trial, 114; relationship with Qavam, 124; seeks to increase own power, 126–7; foreign policy, 127; second marriage, 127, 148; assassination attempt on, 127–8; and renegotiation of AIOC concession, 127–8, 131–3; reliance on foreign powers, 133; interest in USA, 134; and 1949 rigged elections, 138–9; reaction to Hazhir’s assassination, 140; decides to give National Front a platform, 141; undermines Razmara, 148, 151; tries to block oil nationalisation, 154; and oil embargo, 168, 170; powers restricted by M, 171; congratulates M on appearance at UN, 180; and British plots to bring down M, 194, 197–8; favourite cigarettes, 195; unexpectedly accepts M’s offer of resignation, 198–9; makes Qavam PM, 200; turns against Qavam, 201, 202; reaction to popular uprising, 203; relations with M deteriorate, 212–16; tries unsuccessfully to repair relations, 217–19; and coup against M, 223–6, 230; leaves country in wake of failed coup against M, 232–3, 234, 237, 242; republican feelings grow in Iran, 234–7; saved by US support and popular uprising, 238–50; returns home after M’s downfall, 253–4; repressiveness of regime, 254–5, 265; agrees to try M, 255–6; unpicks M’s policies, 261; agrees to Fatemi’s execution, 263–4; regime, 265, 266; third marriage, 265; reputation, 266; continues to harass M, 268; memoirs, 269; permits foreign doctors to treat M, 270; ambitions, 275; end of regime, 271–2, 276
Mumtaz, Colonel Ezzatullah, 246–7, 249
Muzaffar ud-Din, Shah: relationship to M’s family, 18, 22; accession, 23; visits one of M’s estates, 24; his regime, 28; and Constitutional Revolution, 29; sets up first majles, 30; death, 31
Najm al-Saltaneh: background and marriages, 18, 19–21; relationship with M, 18, 21, 22, 23; relationship with brother, 23; outings with M, 24; tries to arrange marriage for M, 25, 26; arranges for M to be included in sham assembly, 32; encourages M to go abroad, 33; M’s description of to Vieillard, 37; takes charge of M’s convalescence, 38–9; trip to Switzerland, 39–40, tries to persuade M to join Qavam’s government, 47; political motto for M, 49; M borrows money to set up business, 55; adapts to life under Reza Shah, 77; M lives with briefly, 87; death, 78
Najmi, Nasser, 113, 129
Najmiyeh Hospital, 77, 93, 96, 104, 266
Napoleon Bonaparte, 84
Nariman, Mahmud, 248
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 213, 265, 274
Nasser ud-Din Shah, 10, 11, 13–14, 15, 17, 76
Nassiri, Brigadier Namatullah, 230, 231, 250
National Front: set up, 139; leaders elected to majles, 141; political concerns, 144; M’s relations with, 146, 152; and Razmara’s assassination, 151–3; M distances self from, 153; defections bring near to collapse, 212; further crackdown on (1965), 266
nationalism, 12–13, 130–1
Navab-Safavi, Mojtaba, 151–2, 153
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 176
Neuchâtel, 40–2
Nicholson, Harold, 54
Nixon, Richard, 261, 275
Norman, Herman, 55, 58, 61
Northcroft, Ernest, 148, 149–50, 163
Obama, Barack, 4
oil: historic uses in Iran, 44; D’Arcy oil concession granted to AIOC, 44–5; AIOC negotiates lease on coastal land for refineries, 56; Reza Shah renegotiates D’Arcy concession, 97–8; AIOC’s behaviour, 116–19; post-war production statistics, 117; Saed considers granting concessions to other western countries, 120; M speaks against Soviet concessions and in favour of developing indigenous industry, 121–4; Qavam fools Soviets over oil concession, 124–6; renegotiation of AIOC concession, 127–8, 131–3; as M’s prime political concern, 144, 188; Razmara meets AIOC regularly, 148; oil nationalisation movement gathers momentum, 148–51; oil nationalisation voted into law, 154–7; British reaction, 159–62; AIOC facilities taken over by Iranian National Oil Company, 162–5; world embargo on Iranian oil, 166–74; Britain takes complaints about Iranian oil nationalisation to UN, 175–80; British–Iranian negotiations fail, 185; World Bank tries to broker deal, 192–3; British–Iranian negotiations fail again, 205–6; negotiations reopen after M’s downfall, 261; Iranian oil industry given back to West, 263, 275; later developments in oil industry, 271
Oliphant, Laurence, 62
Paris, 34–8; 1910 flood, 34
parliament see majles
Parsi-Pour, Kamal, 273n
Patriots Party, 113
Perron, Ernest, 104, 171, 194, 266
Persia see Iran
Pezeshkzad, Iraj, 133
Philby, Kim, 225
politics: how they work in Iran, 130
Qajars, 9–10, 18; downfall, 70–1, 72–6
Qavam al-Saltaneh: M serves under in finance ministry, 47–8; refuses to recognise Zia, 63; as PM, 66, 67; goes into exile, 70; returns, 112; M recoils from alliance with, 116; character, 124–5; fools Soviets over oil concession, 124–6; falls from power, 126, 128, 129; leadership style, 189; British consider as replacement for M, 197; brief tenure as PM ended by popular uprising, 199–204; later life, 208
Qods Azam, 257–8
Qom, 95
railways, 11, 84–5
Ramazan, ‘Icy’, 242
Rashidian, Assadollah, 226
Rashidian brothers, 194, 195, 210, 211, 221, 230
Razavi, Ahmad, 209, 218, 235, 236, 245, 264
Razmara, General Haj Ali: and 1949 rigged elections, 137; Shah’s fear of, 140–1; made PM, 142–3; background, 143; premiership, 146–51; impeached, 150; death, 151–4, 171
Reuter, Baron Julius de, 14
revenue administration, 20, 23–4, 28–9, 30
Reza Shah Pahlavi: and name ‘Persia’, vi; made commander of Cossack Brigade, 63; character, 65, 67; rise, 65–6; rivalry with M in Azerbaijan, 67–8, 69; becomes PM, 70; becomes Shah, 70–6, 77; reign, 77–9; M’s relationship with his regime, 80–5; reforms, 81–2, 83, 84–5; rewriting of history, 83–4; regime worsens, 94–6; fails to get better of AIOC, 97–8; abdicates, 109–10, 127; M complains of to Muhammad-Reza, 110–11; Tudeh attack on mausoleum, 239
Riyahi, General Taqi: background, 223; plotters against M try to arrest, 231; USA tries to persuade to defect, 237; and coup against M, 241, 244, 245; flees from popular uprising, 246; at M’s trial, 260
Roosevelt, Kermit ‘Kim’, 225, 229, 232, 238, 239, 274
Royal Dutch Shell, 120, 123–4, 167
Russia: historic involvement with Iran, 10–11, 14, 19, 29; supports Muhammad-Ali Shah constitutionalists, 31, 32; division with Britain of Iran into zones of influence, 31–2, 42–3; and First World War, 45; influence in Iran diluted by Russian Revolution, 49–50; see also Soviet Union
Russian Revolution (1917), 49
Saddam Hussein, 4, 272
Sadiqi, Ghollamhossein: reaction to public disorder, 235; M orders to prepare elections for regency council, 237; and coup against M, 241, 242; under siege at Palace Street, 245–6; flees from Palace Street, 249; arrested, 250
Saed, Muhammad, 120–1
Safari, Muhammad-Ali, 153, 157, 234, 236, 241, 255
Safavids, 9
Saleh, Allahyar, 262
Saltanatabad, 256–7
Sanjabi, Karim, 227, 236, 241, 246, 247, 276
Sarem ul-Dawleh, 51
Sassanians, 9
Saudi Arabia, 150, 167, 271, 272
Savak, 255, 268, 276
Schuster, Morgan, 29, 31
Schwarzkopf, General Norman, 224
Second World War (1939–45), 108–9, 111–12, 120
Seddon, Norman, 163
Shah Abdolazim (shrine), 11, 29
Shahandeh, Brigadier, 243–4
Shahed (newspaper), 148
Shams, Princess, 127
Shayegan, Ali: background, 133; on how Iranian politics work, 133; alliance with M, 207; and M’s dissolution of
majles, 227; on flight of Shah, 234; tries to restore public calm, 235; at meetings re constitutional crisis, 236; and coup against M, 241; under siege at Palace Street, 245; involvement in the failure of M’s regime, 248; arrested, 250; trial, 264
Shemiran, 100
Shepherd, Sir Francis: relations with Reza Shah, 133, 142; racism, 145; and negotiation of AIOC supplemental agreement, 150, 155; on M becoming PM, 156; on M, 160–2, 173; and AIOC crisis, 163, 169, 170
ships, coal-fired vs oil-fired, 44–5
Shiraz, 57
Simko Shikak, 68, 70
Sinclair, 120
SIS, 119, 225
Socony-Vacuum, 120, 123–4
Sorayya Esfandiari, Queen: marries Shah, 127, 148; on Perron, 171; western attitudes, 172; planed trip abroad to consult doctors re lack of children, 213; leftists’ treatment of, 218–19; leaves country in wake of failed coup attempt against M, 232, 234, 237; divorce, 265
Soviet Union: Bolshevik advances to Iran, 51; Caspian landing (1920), 53; influence in Azerbaijan, 67, 68; Reza-Shah’s foreign policy, 108; German invasion, 109; Second World War occupation of Iran, 109, 111–12; oil interests in Iran, 120–3; Qavam gets Red Army to leave by fooling Soviets over oil concession, 124–6; Muhammad-Reza’s attitude, 127; attitude to Iranian nationalism, 130; Razmara signs trade pact with, 147; and Iranian oil nationalisation crisis, 176; M threatens to ask for financial assistance, 191–2; negotiates financial claims with M, 223; and Afghanistan, 272; reaction to M’s overthrow, 274; and Nasser, 274; see also Russia
Standard Oil of California, 123–4
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 123–4
Stokes, Richard, 166, 168
Suez crisis (1956), 274
Sykes, Ella, 16–17
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