Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China

by Chang, Jung

  347 contemplated appointing Zhang to Grand Council: e.g. Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 186–209; ‘these flames’: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 2, pp. 501–22, 554–8; vol. 3, pp. 221–5, 272ff.; ‘to slaughter every Manchu’: Xu Zaiping & Xu Ruifang, p. 188; photograph of the testimony in Palace Museum (ed.) 2002, vol. 11, p. 179

  348 Qiu Jin: Xu Zaiping & Xu Ruifang, pp. 191–9; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 3, pp. 37–46, 92–7, 187–214; Xia Xiaohong, pp. 289–302; Fu Guoyong; press not suppressed: cf. Xu Zaiping & Xu Ruifang, pp. 191–9; Xia Xiaohong, p. 294; Zhejiang 1911 Revolution Study Association & Zhejiang Provincial Library (eds.), p. 393; Cixi endorsed Qiu handling: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 3, pp. 187–214; ‘no general disorders’: New York Times, 16 November 1908

  349 Nakanishi Shigetaro: Tōten Miyazaki, pp. 220, 223; A public decree charged Shen: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 29, no. 697; Shen death by bastinado: Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 58; newspapers’ readers revolted: Fang Hanqi et al., p. 45; Western outrage: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 1374–5; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 432, 478

  350 declared that she loathed: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5329–32; amnestied: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5191; Discussions about pardoning Liang: Li Yongsheng; Luo, bomb operator: Liang Qichao 2008, p. 224; Li Yongsheng. (cf. Jin Liang 1998, p. 20); footnote: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 286–307; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 29, no. 697; Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 54–7; Sang Bing, p. 335

  351 Tiejun: Liang Qichao 2008, pp. 206, 225, 241; Sang Bing, pp. 338–40; Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 68–71; Li Yongsheng; ‘Nothing could exceed’: Freeman-Mitford, pp. 193, 198

  352 ‘Don’t make any move’: Li Yongsheng; ‘See if she is alive’: Der Ling 2004, pp. 234–5

  353 Count Witte: Witte, pp. 107–9; prayed privately: Carl, pp. 207–8; Der Ling 2004, p. 269

  354 ‘the tidiness of the streets’: Fang Hanqi et al., pp. 15–16; ‘the ultimate goal’: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, pp. 28, 35; Yang Ki-Tak: Cockburn; Kaiser sent a message: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, 39; cf. Rohl

  355 ‘yellow peril’: the Kaiser’s interview with Dr William Hale, 19 July 1908, in Rohl, Appendix 2, pp. 345–7; ‘It’s a year now’: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, pp. 38, 48; the Kaiser’s interview with Dr William Hale, 19 July 1908, in Rohl, Appendix 2, p. 347; emissary to America: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, pp. 44–9

  356 ‘won the hatred’: New York Times, 27 October 1909; Officer Cen: Cen Chunxuan, Yun Yuding et al., pp. 12–13; Yun Yuding, vol. 1, pp. 351–2; Zheng Xiaoxu, vol. 2, p. 1100; Kong Xiangji 2001, pp. 219–26; Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 195–7; Sang Bing, pp. 266–70; Yang Tianshi, p. 178; Hu Sijing, p. 24; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5713; Grand Councillor Lin: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5713; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 197; ‘less poise’: Roosevelt Longworth, p. 102; Yuan ordered all new officials: Sato, pp. 363–4

  357 target for assassination: Yang Tianshi, p. 173; Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 3, p. 28; Sato, p. 48; Zaifeng to Berlin: Wang Yanwei (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 4233–45; Rockhill, p. 53; Prince Su relationship with Japan and Guangxu: Liang Qichao 2008, p. 293; Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 81, 88, 100, 304–15; Shanghai Cultural Relics Committee (ed.), p. 158; Jin Liang 1998, p. 24; Kamisaka, pp. 202–3, 214; footnote 1: Gao Shu, p. 158

  358 court painter: Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 54–5; Cixi confronted Su: Jin Liang 1998, p. 24; removed Su as Chief of Police: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5147; ‘sitting on a blanket of needles’: Liang Qichao 2008, p. 293; reappointed Su: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5681; police force in hands of: Zhang Kaiyuan, p. 328; Su to Wang Zhao: Wang Zhao, p. 108

  359 Japanese steamer: Liu Ruoyan; Wang Daocheng, in Lin Keguang et al., pp. 484–7; Palace Museum (ed.) 1932, vols 73–4, no. 5474; ‘The security’: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 183; Cixi becoming ill: Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1985, no. 1

  360 experimental farm: Ma Zhongwen 2006, no. 5; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 190 from Manchurian Viceroy: Palace Museum (ed.) 1932, vols 73–4, no. 5472ff.; Japanese minister to Beijing: Palace Museum (ed.) 1932, vols 73–4, nos 5506–7; Fukushima to Hunan: Palace Museum (ed.) 1932, vols 73–4, nos 5504–5; Cixi told Yuan and Zhang: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 193; opera for Guangxu birthday: Ding Ruqin, pp. 273–6

  Chapter 31 Deaths (1908)

  361 ‘distant wind’: Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1982, no. 3; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 186; ‘The Emperor’: Headland, pp. 165–8

  362 Guangxu attempts to get away: Gao Shu, p. 154; Rongling and the watch: Rongling, pp. 10–11, 21–2, 31, 41; From summer 1908: Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1985, no. 1; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 197

  363 in 1877: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 8; endorsed educational programme: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 18; ‘As security for’: Tibet Justice Center, www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties10.html; ‘Tibet has belonged’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 30, no. 609; ‘No concession over sovereignty’: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5234–5; Zhang Xiaohui & Su Yuan, pp. 48–9

  364 Cixi cables to Dalai Lama: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 82ff.; cf. Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1432; Dalai Lama asked to meet Cixi: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 118ff.; Yintang’s programme aborted: Guo Weiping; Talo (Draklo); problem about kneeling: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds)., pp. 156–60

  365 ‘sincerely loyal’: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 169; Xu Baoheng, p. 214; ‘in order not to lose goodwill’: Tsewang Dorje, p. 66; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, pp. 201, 214, 217; She and the Dalai Lama agreed: First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds.), p. 169; Their first meeting: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, pp. 205–7; First Historical Archives of China & Centre for Tibetan Studies in China (eds), pp. 151–3; birthday with the Dalai Lama: Rongqing, pp. 140–1; Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1985, no. 1

  366 Prince Ching to Mausoleums: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 217; Guangxu poisoned: Dai Yi; forensic examination findings in Qingshi yanjiu (Studies in Qing History), 2008, no. 4; Empress Longyu: Xin Xiuming, p. 34; Yun Yuding, vol. 1, p. 405; bed ‘unadorned’: Du Zhongjun, p. 435; Grand Councillors: Lu Chuanlin, 1994, no. 3; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, pp. 217–18; Zaifeng Regent and Puyi emperor: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, nos 922–3

  367 ‘all key policies’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 935; ‘What does Your Highness’: Headland, pp. 175–6; Guangxu’s official will: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 936; A night passed: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, nos 926–45; Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 218; ‘with my hand’: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 218; Cixi’s will: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 951; ‘I am critically ill’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 946

  368 Longyu made ‘dowager empress’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 34, no. 938; ‘a sad, gentle face’: Headland, p. 202; ‘At the audiences’: Headland, pp. 202–3; councillor ignored her: Lu Chuanlin 1994, no. 3

  369 ‘magic earth’: Xin Xiuming, p. 97

  370 Regent against abdication: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 83; Zaifeng resigned: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, p. 381; ‘All I desire’: Xu Baoheng, vol. 1, pp. 385–6; Decree of Abdication: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2001, p. 234

  Epilogue

  372 agreed conditions for the abdication: Yu Bingkun et al., p. 287; broke into Cixi’s tomb: Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 288–91; Puyi devastated: Aisin-Gioro Puyi, pp. 230–1

  373 ‘Her people loved her’: Buck, Foreword; ‘more articulate’: ibid.
r />   Archives Consulted

  Bodleian Library, Chinese Collection, Oxford, UK

  Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, UK

  First Historical Archives of China, Beijing, China

  Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, Washington DC, USA

  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Centre des archives diplomatiques de Nantes, France

  Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Archives, Boston, USA

  Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives, Rome, Italy

  Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA

  Museum of Fine Arts Archives, Jewell Collection, Boston, USA

  National Archives, London, UK

  National Palace Museum Archives, Taipei, Taiwan

  Royal Archives, Windsor, UK

  Royal Collection, Royal Library and Print Room, Windsor, UK

  Wellcome Library, Iconographic Collections, London, UK

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