Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau), https://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/265540.pdf.
23. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011; Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Annual Report 2012, October 10, 2012, https://
www.cecc.gov/publications/annual-reports/2012-annual-report; US Commission on International Religious Freedom, Annual Report of the U.S. Commission on International Human Rights,
March
2012,
http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/resources/
Annual%20Report%20of%20USCIRF%202012(2).pdf; Amnesty International, Annual Report 2012—China,
2012,
https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/air12-report-english.pdf
(accessed
March 5, 2013); Human Rights Watch, World Report 2013-China, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/china-and-tibet (accessed March 5, 2013).
24. Thomas Lum and Hannah Fischer, Human Rights in China: Trends and Policy Implications, CRS Report RL34729 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, July 17, 2009), 1; Susan Lawrence and David MacDonald, U.S.-China Relations: Policy Issues, CRS Report R41108 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, August 2, 2012), 35–42.
25. Andrew Nathan, “China at the Tipping Point?” Journal of Democracy 24, no. 1 (January 2013): 20–25; People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2012–2015), June 14, 2012, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/
china/2016-06/14/c_135435326.htm (accessed March 5, 2013).
26. Bergsten, China, 62–64; Lawrence and MacDonald, U.S.-China Relations, 35–42; Lum and Fischer, Human Rights in China, 2. As seen from source notes below, reports from the Department of State and the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress provide comprehensive and balanced coverage of human rights issues in China of use to research-ers and specialists.
27. “Recent High-Profile Mass Protests in China,” BBC News, July 3, 2012, http://www.
bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18684903 (accessed March 5, 2013).
28. Thomas Lum and Hannah Fischer, Human Rights in China: Trends and Policy Implications, CRS Report RL34729 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library
Notes
313
of Congress, October 31, 2008), 3–4; US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011.
29. Yu Keping, Democracy Is a Good Thing (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2008); C. Fred Bergsten, Charles Freeman, Nicholas Lardy, and Derek Mitchell, China’s Rise: Challenges and Opportunities (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2008), 38; Nathan et al., “China at the Tipping Point?”
30. Paul Mooney, “How to Deal with NGOs—Part 1, China,” YaleGlobal Online, August 1, 2006, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/how-deal-ngos-part-i-china; Raymond Li, “Li Keqiang Wants Tax Breaks for NGOs Specializing in AIDS/HIV Work,” South China Morning Post, November 29, 2012, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1093457/li-keqiang-wants-tax-breaks-ngos-specialising-aidshiv-work (accessed March 5, 2013).
31. Lum and Fischer, Human Rights in China (2008), 5–7.
32. Schell and Shirk, U.S. Policy toward China, 53–55; US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 (see “Executive Summary”).
33. Thomas Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, CRS Report R43964 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, September 17, 2015); see
“summary” pages.
34. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 (see
“Executive Summary”).
35. Kerry Dumbaugh, China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy, CRS Report R40457 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, March 17, 2009); Bonnie Glaser, “U.S.-China Relations,” Comparative Connections 11, no. 3 (October 2009): 36–37; Lawrence and MacDonald, U.S.-China Relations, 39–42.
Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 21–28; US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016, 97–98; Schell and Shirk, U.S. Policy toward China, 54.
36. Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 6; Linda Yeung, “Campus Crackdown on
‘Western
Values,’”
University
World
News,
February
6,
2015,
http://www.
universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2015020710141145.
37. Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 6; US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016, 1.
38. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016, 5–6;
“Swedish Rights Groups Honours Detained Bookseller Gui Minhui,” AFP via HKFP, April 22, 2017,
https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/04/22/swedish-rights-group-honours-detained-
bookseller-gui-minhai.
39. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016, 6.
40. Ibid., 18–19.
41. Ibid., 19.
42. Ibid., 24–25; Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 11–14.
43. “Xi Completes Media Tour, Stresses Party Leadership,” Xinhua, February 20, 2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-02/20/c_135114528.htm.
44. Steven Millward, “China Now Has 731 Million Internet Users,” TECHINASIA, January 22, 2017, https://www.techinasia.com/china-731-million-internet-users-end-2016.
45. Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 11–12.
46. Ibid., 11–13; US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016, 28–34.
47. Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 12.
48. Ibid., 12–13.
49. Lum and Fischer, Human Rights in China (2008), 14.
50. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, “Frequently Asked Questions,” http://www.uscirf.gov (accessed March 5, 2013).
51. Lum and Fischer, Human Rights in China (2009), 13.
52. “Poll Shows 300M in China ‘Religious,’” South China Morning Post, February 7, 2007, http://www.scmp.com; “Survey Finds 300M China Believers,” BBC News, February 7, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6337627.stm; Ian Johnson, “In China, Unregistered Churches Are Driving a Religious Revolution,” Atlantic, April 23, 2017, https://www.
314
Notes
theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/china-unregistered-churches-driving-religious-revolution/521544.
53. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011; Lawrence and MacDonald, U.S.-China Relations, 36.
54. Maureen Fan, “Beijing Curbs Rights It Says Citizens Have to Worship,” Washington Post, August 1, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com.
55. Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 21.
56. Melvyn Goldstein, Tashi Tsering, and William Siebenschuh, The Struggle for Modern Tibet (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2000); Warren Smith, China’s Tibet: Autonomy or Assimilation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009); Dumbaugh, Tibet.
57. Warren Smith, Tibet’s Last Stand? The Tibetan Uprising of 2008 and China’s Response (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009).
58. Dumbaugh, Tibet, 6–9.
59. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2014 (Tibet), June 25, 2015, https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/236644.pdf; “China Issues White Paper on Tibet,” Xinhua, September 6, 2015; US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016, 76–96.
60. “Obama Meets Dalai Lama in Spite of China’s Protest,” Reuters, June 15, 201
6, http://
www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obama-daililama-idUSKCN0Z1221.
61. Hugo Restall, “The Urumqi Effect,” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2008, https://www.
wsj.com/articles/SB124716357455819069; Nicholas Bequelin, “Behind the Violence in Xinjiang,” New York Times, July 10, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/10/opinion/10iht-edbequelin.html?mcubz=1.
62. Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 25.
63. Ibid., 26.
64. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016, 62–65.
65. Maria Hsia Chang, Falun Gong: The End of Days (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).
66. Thomas Lum, China and Falun Gong, CRS Report 33437 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, May 25, 2006).
67. Richard Bush, Examining the Impact of the Umbrella Movement (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, December 3, 2014).
68. Schell and Shirk, U.S. Policy toward China, 50–52.
69. Ibid., 54–55.
70. James Mann, The China Fantasy (New York: Viking, 2007); David M. Lampton, “The China Fantasy, Fantasy,” China Quarterly 191 (September 2007): 745–54; Nathan, “China at the Tipping Point?”
71. Lum and Fischer, Human Rights in China (2008), 27–28.
72. John Pomfret, “Obama Postpones Dalai Lama Meeting,” Washington Post, October 5, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com; Ariana Eunjung Cha and Glenn Kessler, “Pelosi, Like Clinton, Plays Down Human Rights before China Trip,” Washington Post, May 24, 2009, http:/
/www.washingtonpost.com.
73. People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2009–2010); “China Hits Back on U.S. Human Rights,” CNN, May 25, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/25/world/asia/china-us-human-rights/index.html.
74. Lum, Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy, 36–38.
75. Schell and Shirk, U.S. Policy toward China, 56–57.
12. OUTLOOK
1. Timothy Heath, “China Intensifies Effort to Establish Leading Role in Asia, Dislodge U.S.,” China Brief 17, 2 (February 6, 2017), https://jamestown.org/program/china-intensifies-effort-establish-leading-role-asia-dislodge-u-s.
Notes
315
2. Among other sources assessing the Trump administration’s policies in the Asia-Pacific, see Sheldon Simon, “Mixed Messages,” Comparative Connections 19, no. 1 (May 2017): 41–50; Prashanth Parameswaran, “What Mattis’ Shangri-La Dialogue speech Revealed about Trump’s Asia Defense Policy,” Diplomat, June 6, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/tag/trump-asia-policy; Benjamin Lee, “Trump’s First 100 Days in Asia,” Diplomat, April 28, 2017, http://
thediplomat.com/2017/04/trumps-first-100-days-in-asia; Robert Sutter, “Trump and China: Implications for Southeast Asia,” East Asia Forum Quarterly 9, no. 2 (April–June 2017): 21–24.
3. Robert Sutter and Satu Limaye, Washington Asia Policy Debates: Impact of 2015–2016
Presidential Campaign and Asian Reactions (Washington, DC: East-West Center, 2016), 22–24.
4. See Simon, “Mixed Messages”; Bonnie Glaser and Alexandra Veers, “Trump and Xi Break the Ice at Mar-a-Lago,” Comparative Connections 19, no. 1 (May 2017): 21–32; Parameswaran, “What Mattis’ Shangri-La Dialogue speech revealed about Trump’s Asia Defense Policy”; Lee, “Trump’s First 100 Days in Asia.” The following details are taken from Sutter,
“Trump and China.”
5. See among others, Jeffrey Bader, U.S.-China Challenges: Time for China to Step Up (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2017); Michael Swaine, Creating a Stable Asia: An Agenda for a U.S.-China Balance of Power (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2016); Harry Harding, “Has U.S. China Policy Failed?” Washington Quarterly 38, no. 3 (2015): 95–122; Robert Blackwill and Ashley Tellis, Council Special Report: Revising U.S. Grand Strategy toward China (Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations, April 2015); Orville Schell and Susan Shirk, Chairs, US Policy toward China: Recommendations for a New Administration, Task Force Report (New York: Asia Society, 2017); Bonnie Glaser and Alexandra Viers, “China Prepares for Rocky Relations in 2017,” Comparative Connections 18, no. 3 (January 2017): 21–22; Shi Jiangtao, “Tempest Trump: China and U.S. Urged to Make Plans for ‘Major Storm’ in Bilateral Relationship,” South China Morning Post, January 30, 2017,
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2065707/tempest-trump-
china-and-us-urged-make-plans-major-storm.
6. US National Intelligence Council, Global Trends: Paradox of Progress, Report NIC
2017-001 (Washington, DC, January 2017), x, 31, 33.
7. Aaron Friedberg, A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011); Hugh White, The China Choice (Collingwood, Australia: Black Inc., 2012).
8. Arvind Subramanian, “The Inevitable Superpower: Why China’s Rise Is a Sure Thing,”
Foreign Affairs 90, no 5 (September–October 2011): 66–78; Stefan Halper, The Beijing Consensus: How China’s Authoritarian Model Will Dominate the 21st Century (New York: Basic Books, 2010); Martin Jacques, When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World (New York: Penguin, 2009).
9. Stephen Brooks and William Wolfforth, “The Once and Future Superpower: Why China Won’t Overtake the United States,” Foreign Affairs (May–June 2016), https://www.
foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-04-13/once-and-future-superpower; Paul Dibb and John Lee, “Why China Will Not Become the Dominant Power in Asia,” Security Challenges 10, no. 3 (2014): 1–21; Robert Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations: Power and Policy since the Cold War, 4th ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), 327–33.
10. The following is based on Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 327–33, and Robert Sutter,
“China’s Rise: Evolution and Implications,” in The Far East and Australasia, 2017 (London: Routledge, forthcoming). See also Robert Sutter, Foreign Relations of the PRC (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013), 215–17; Robert Sutter, The United States and Asia (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 112–32.
11. David M. Lampton, Following the Leader: Ruling China from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015); David Shambaugh, ed., The China Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Andrew Nathan and Andrew Scobell, China’s Search for Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012); Thomas Christensen, The China Challenge: Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016).
316
Notes
12. Ben Blanchard and John Ruwitch, “China Hikes Defense Budget, to Spend More in Internal Security,” Reuters, March 5, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/05/uschina-parliament-defence-idUSBRE92403620130305.
13. Feng Zhaokui, “China Still a Developing Nation,” China Daily, May 6, 2010, 12.
14. Keira Lu Huang, “Xi Jinping’s Reforms Encounter ‘Unimaginably Fierce Resistance,’”
South China Morning Post, August 21, 2015, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1851314/xi-jinpings-reforms-encountering-fierce-resistance.
15. Robert Sutter, “China and U.S. Security and Economic Interests: Opportunities and Challenges,” in U.S.-China-EU Relations: Managing the New World Order, ed. Robert Ross and Oystein Tunsjo (London: Routledge, 2010); James Shinn, ed., Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996).
16. This section summarizes findings in Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 327–33; Sutter,
“China’s Rise: Evolution and Implications”; Sutter, Foreign Relations of the PRC, 1–26 and 311–27; and Sutter, The United States and Asia, 109–34.
17. Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations, 65–73.
18. Ibid., 63–65.
19. Ibid., 68–69.
20. Ibid., 67–71.
21. Veasna Var and
Sovinda Po, “Cambodia, Sri Lanka and the China Debt Trap,” EastAsiaForum, March 18, 2017, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/03/18/cambodia-sri-lanka-and-the-china-debt-trap.
22. “China’s Financial Diplomacy: Rich but Rash,” Economist, January 31, 2015, http ://
www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21641259-challenge-world-bank-and-imf-china-will-have-imitate-them-rich.
23. This section follows the review in Sutter, United States and Asia, 120–23.
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Bader, Jeffrey. Obama and China’s Rise. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2012.
Barnett, A. Doak. China and the Major Powers in East Asia. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1977.
———. U.S.-China Relations: Time for a New Beginning—Again. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University, School for Advanced International Studies, 1994.
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Bernstein, Richard, and Ross H. Munro. Coming Conflict with China. New York: Knopf, 1998.
Borg, Dorothy. American Policy and the Chinese Revolution, 1925–1928. New York: Macmillan, 1947.
———. The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933–1938. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.
Borg, Dorothy, and Waldo Heinrichs, eds. Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947–1950. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
Buhite, Russell D. Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973.
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