95. Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations (2012), 98.
96. Lawrence and MacDonald, U.S.-China Relations, 34.
308
Notes
97. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “FACT SHEET: U.S.-China Cooperation on Climate Change,” September 3, 2016, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/09/03/fact-sheet-us-china-cooperation-climate-change-0.
98. Schell and Shirk, US Policy toward China, 37–38.
10. TAIWAN AND EAST ASIAN MARITIME DISPUTES IN
CONTEMPORARY
US-CHINA RELATIONS
1. David Brown, “Taiwan Sets a New Direction,” Comparative Connections 18, no. 1
(May 2016), 67–78.
2. Steven Goldstein, China and Taiwan (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015), 99–118.
3. Richard Bush and Michael O’Hanlon, A War Like No Other (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2007); Office of the Secretary of Defense, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2012 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, May 2012); Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, Strait Talk: United States-Taiwan Relations and the Crisis with China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009); Richard Bush, Uncharted Strait (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2013); Su Ge, Meiguo: Dui hua Zhengce yu Taiwan wenti [America: China policy and the Taiwan issue] (Beijing: Shijie Zhishi Chubanshe, 1998); Zi Zhongyun and He Di, eds., Meitai Guanxi Sishinian [Forty years of US-Taiwan relations] (Beijing: People’s Press, 1991).
4. Shirley Kan, U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues, CRS Report R41592
(Washington, DC, Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, December 11, 2014).
5. Alan Romberg, “Tsai Ing-wen Takes Office: A New Era in Cross-Strait Relations,”
China Leadership Monitor no. 50 (Summer 2016), http://www.hoover.org/research/tsai-ing-wen-takes-office-new-era-cross-strait-relations.
6. Richard Bush, Untying the Knot (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2005), 22–57; Denny Roy, Taiwan: A Political History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 146–50, 195–202, 212–22, 235–40; T. Y. Wang, “Taiwan’s Foreign Relations under Lee Teng-hui’s Rule, 1988–2000,” in Sayonara to the Lee Teng-hui Era, ed. Wei-chin Lee and T. Y. Wang (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2003), 250–60; Dennis Van Vranken Hickey, Foreign Policy Making in Taiwan (New York: Routledge, 2007). An earlier version of this assessment appeared in Robert Sutter, “Taiwan’s Future: Narrowing Strait,” NBR Analysis 96, (Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research, May 2011).
7. Bush, Untying the Knot, 57–71; Steven Goldstein and Julian Chang, eds., Presidential Politics in Taiwan: The Administration of Chen Shui-bian (Norwalk, CT: EastBridge, 2008).
8. Steven Goldstein, “Postscript: Chen Shui-bian and the Political Transition in Taiwan,”
in Goldstein and Chang, Presidential Politics, 296–98.
9. Ibid., 299–304.
10. David Brown, “Taiwan Voters Set a New Course,” Comparative Connections 10, no. 1
(April 2008): 75.
11. Dennis V. Hickey, “Beijing’s Evolving Policy toward Taipei: Engagement or Entrap-ment,” Issues and Studies 45, no. 1 (March 2009): 31–70; Alan Romberg, “Cross Strait Relations: ‘Ascend the Heights and Take a Long-Term Perspective,’” China Leadership Monitor no. 27 (Winter 2009), http://www.hoover.org/research/cross-strait-relations-ascend-heights-and-take-long-term-perspective; author’s interviews and consultations with international affairs officials, including repeated meetings with senior officers, Taipei, May–December 2008, April 2009.
12. David Brown, “Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Signed,” Comparative Connections 12, no. 2 (July 2010): 77–79.
13. David Brown, “Looking Ahead to 2012,” Comparative Connections 12, no. 4 (January 2011).
Notes
309
14. Donald Zagoria, “Trip to Seoul, Taipei, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tokyo—May 8–25, 2010,” National Committee on American Foreign Policy (NCAFP), 2010, 2–6.
15. Author’s interviews and consultations with international affairs officials, including repeated meetings with senior officers, Taipei, May–December 2008 and April 2009.
16. Shirley Kan, Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales since 1990, CRS Report RL30957 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, November 29, 2012); Kathrin Hille and Demetri Sevastopulo, “U.S. and China Set to Resume Military Talks,”
Financial Times, June 21, 2009.
17. Author’s interviews and consultations, Taiwan, December 2008 and April 2009; Jeffery Bader, Obama and China’s Rise (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2012), 18–19; David Shear, “Cross-Strait Relations in a New Era of Negotiation” (remarks at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, July 7, 2010), http://carnegieeurope.eu/2010/
07/07/cross-strait-relations-in-new-era-of-negotiation-event-2955.
18. Bonnie Glaser, “The Honeymoon Ends,” Comparative Connections 12, no. 1 (April 2010): 23–27. Kan, Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales.
19. Robert Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations: Power and Policy since the Cold War, 4th ed.
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), 170.
20. Robert Sutter, “Taiwan’s Elections, China’s Response and America’s Policy,” Diplomat, February 1, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/02/taiwans-elections-chinas-response-and-americas-policy.
21. David Brown, “Adjusting to New Realities,” Comparative Connections 18, no. 3 (January 2017): 51–57.
22. David Brown and Kevin Scott, “Adrift without Dialogue,” Comparative Connections 19, no. 1 (May 2017): 61–66.
23. Robert Sutter, “The Taiwan Elections: Don’t Expect a US Policy Change,” Interpreter, January
20,
2016,
http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2016/01/20/The-Taiwan-elections-
Dont-expect-a-US-policy-change.aspx.
24. These differing approaches are reviewed in Sutter, “Taiwan’s Elections, China’s Response and America’s Policy.” Evidence of one or more of the three viewpoints are seen in Richard C. Bush III, “Cross-Strait relations: Not a one-way street,” Brookings Institution (blog), April 22, 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/04/22/cross-strait-relations-not-a-one-way-street; Mark Stokes and Sabrina Tsai, “The United States and Future Policy Options in the Taiwan Strait,” Project 2049, February 1, 2016, http://www.
project2049.net/documents/Future_US%20Policy%20Options%20in%20the%20Taiwan%20
Strait_Project%202049.pdf; T. X. Hammes, “Strategy for an Unthinkable Conflict,” Diplomat, July 27, 2012, http://thediplomat.com/2012/07/military-strategy-for-an-unthinkable-conflict; John Bolton, “China-Taiwan Tensions are Rising,” John Bolton PAC, April 25, 2016, http://
www.boltonpac.com/2016/04/bolton-china-taiwan-tensions-rising-obama-responds-critical; William Lowther, “US Presidential Candidate Pledges to Defend Taiwan,” Taipei Times, January 9, 2016, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/01/09/2003636798.
25. William Lowther, “US Presidential Candidate Pledges to Defend Taiwan,” Taipei Times,
January
9,
2016,
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/01/09/
2003636798.
26. Ted Cruz, “Sen. Cruz: Taiwan Is Exemplar of Liberty and Best Hope for Peace in East Asia,” Senate Office of Ted Cruz, January 16, 2016, https://www.cruz.senate.gov/?p=press_
release&id=2576.
27. William Lowther, “Tsai Has ‘Very Successful’ US Meetings,” Taipei Times, June 4, 2015, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/06/04/2003619870.
28. Peter Navarro, “America Can’t Dump Taiwan,” National Interest, July 19, 2016, http://
nationalinterest.org/feature/america-cant-dump-taiwan-17040 (accessed July 29, 2016).
29. William Lowther, “Clinton Would Not Change US’ Taiwan Policy: Aide,
” Taipei Times, July 27, 2016, 3.
30. Robert Sutter and Satu Limaye, America’s 2016 Election Debate on Asia Policy and Asian Reactions (Honolulu: East-West Center, 2016), 25–26.
31. Sutter and Limaye, America’s 2016 Election Debate, 26.
310
Notes
32. Brown and Scott, “Adrift without Dialogue”; Bonnie Glaser and Alexandra Viers,
“Trump and Xi Break the Ice at Mar-a-Lago,” Comparative Connections 19, no. 1 (May 2017): 21–32.
33. Robert Sutter, “Trump and China,” EastAsia Forum Quarterly 9, no. 2 (April–June 2017): 21–24.
34. Bader, Obama and China’s Rise, 69–92.
35. Ronald O’Rourke, Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress, CRS Report 42784 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, December 10, 2012).
36. There appeared to be serious disagreement within the Obama government: Military leaders like Defense Secretary Ashton Carter and Pacific Commander Admiral Harry Harris adopted much tougher public postures than the Obama White House staff regarding Chinese provocations in the East China Sea and the South China Sea. There were repeated media reports that Harris was muzzled by the president’s aides. David Larter, “4-Star Admiral Wants to Confront China; White House Says ‘Not So Fast,’” Navy Times, April 6, 2016 (republished September 26, 2016), https://www.navytimes.com/articles/4-star-admiral-wants-to-confront-china-the-white-house-says-not-so-fast.
37. Don Keyser, “President Obama’s Re-election: Outlook for U.S China Relations in the Second Term,” China Policy Institute (blog), November 7, 2012, http://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/
chinapolicyinstitute/2012/11/07.
38. Robert Ross, “The Problem with the Pivot,” Foreign Affairs (November–December 2012); Shawn Brimley and Ely Ratner, “Smart Shift,” Foreign Affairs (January–February 2013): 177–81. The full scope of the rebalance policy is addressed in Kurt Campbell, The Pivot (New York: Twelve-Hachette Book Group, 2016); see also Mark Manyin et al., Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s “Rebalancing” toward Asia, CRS Report 42448 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, March 28, 2012); and Robert Sutter, The United States and Asia: Regional Dynamics and Twenty-First Century Relations (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).
39. The following discussion comes from Robert Sutter and Chin-Hao Huang, “China Muscles Opponents on South China Sea,” Comparative Connections 14, no. 2 (September 2012): 61–69; Robert Sutter and Chin-Hao Huang, “China Gains and Advances in South China Sea,”
Comparative Connections 14, no. 3 (January 2013): 69–76; and James Przystup, “China-Japan Relations,” Comparative Connections 14, no. 3 (January 2013): 109–24.
40. Przystup, “China-Japan Relations.”
41. Su Xiaohui, “Obama Will Be ‘Smarter’ in Rebalancing towards Asia and Engaging China,” China-US Focus, November 8, 2012.
42. Bonnie Glaser, Beijing as an Emerging Power in the South China Sea (Washington, DC: CSIS, 2012).
43. Mark Valencia, “Asian Threats, Provocations Giving Rise to Whiffs of War,” Japan Times, June 9, 2014, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/06/09/commentary/world-commentary/asian-threats-provocations-giving-rise-whiffs-war/#.U6VP6JRdXxA.
44. White House Office of the Press Secretary, Fact Sheet: U.S.-Japan Global and Regional Cooperation, April 25, 2014; Matt Spetalnick and Nathan Layne, “Obama Accuses China of Flexing Muscles in Disputes with Neighbors,” Reuters, April 28, 2015, http://www.reuters.
com/article/2015/04/29/us-usa-japan-idUSKBN0NJ09520150429.
45. Emma Chanlette-Avery, coord., Japan-US Relations, CRS Report RL33436 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, April 23, 2015), 2.
46. Sutter and Huang, “China Muscles Opponents on South China Sea”: and Sutter and Huang, “China Gains and Advances in South China Sea.”
47. The 2014 events are explained in greater detail in Robert Sutter and Chin-Hao Huang,
“China Advances, More Opposition in South China Sea,” Comparative Connections 16, no. 2
(September 2014), http://cc.csis.org/2014/09/china-advances-opposition-south-china-sea.
48. Michael Green and Ernest Bower, Carter Defends South China Sea and Shangri-La (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 29, 2015); “Facing U.S.-
Led Resistance in the South China Sea,” Comparative Connections 17, no. 2 (September 2015): 65–73.
Notes
311
49. The above developments are reviewed in Dean Cheng, “South China Sea after the Tribunal Ruling—Where Do We Go from Here?” National Interest (blog), July 16, 2016, http:/
/nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/south-china-sea-after-the-tribunal-ruling-where-do-we-go-17011; “Countering Adverse Tribunal Ruling,” Comparative Connections 18, no. 2 (September 2016): 59–67; “Beijing Presses Its Advantages,” Comparative Connections 18, no. 3 (January 2017): 43–48.
50. “Countering Adverse Tribunal Ruling,” 59–67; “Beijing Presses Its Advantages,”
43–48.
51. “China Consolidates Control and Advances Influence,” Comparative Connections 19, no. 1 (May 2017): 51–58; Steven Stashwick, “US Freedom of Navigation Challenges in South China Sea on Hold,” Diplomat, May 8, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/05/us-freedom-of-navigation-challenges-in-south-china-sea-on-hold.
11. ISSUES OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEMPORARY US-CHINA
RELATIONS
1. For historical treatment of these differences, see John K. Fairbank, The United States and China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).
2. See the discussion of human rights issues in Harry Harding, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1992); James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Knopf, 1999); David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); and Ming Wan, Human Rights in Chinese Foreign Relations: Defining and Defending National Interests (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001). See also People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2009–2010), April 13, 2009, http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2009-04/13/content_17595407.
htm (accessed November 8, 2009).
3. “Don’t Call It the New Chinese Global Order (Yet),” Foreign Policy, March 7, 2017, http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/07/dont-call-it-the-chinese-global-order-yet-xi-jinping-donald-trump-values.
4. Yu Keping, “Ideological Change and Incremental Democracy in Reform-Era China,” in China’s Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy, ed. Cheng Li (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2008), 44–60.
5. Jacques deLisle, “Legalization without Democratization in China under Hu Jintao,” in Cheng Li, ed., China’s Changing Political Landscape, 185–211.
6. Gong Li, “The Difficult Path to Diplomatic Relations: China’s U.S. Policy, 1972–1978,”
in Normalization of U.S.-China Relations: An International History, ed. William Kirby, Robert Ross, and Gong Li (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
7. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, 198–99; Warren Cohen, America’s Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 213.
8. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 212–13.
9. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, 198–206; Mann, About Face, 100–109.
10. Michael Schaller, The United States and China into the Twenty-First Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 197.
11. John K. Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 419–26.
12. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 130–53.
13. Song Qiang, Zhang Changchang, and
Qiao Bian, Zhongguo keyi shuo bu: Lengzhanhou shidai de zhengzhi yu qinggan jueze [China can say no: The decision between politics and sentiment in the post–Cold War] (Beijing: Zhonghua Gongshang Lianhe Chubanshe, 1996).
14. Mann, About Face, 200–201.
15. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 15–63.
312
Notes
16. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Bush Meets 5 Dissidents from China before Games,” New York Times, July 30, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/sports/olympics/30prexy.html?
mcubz=1 (accessed November 7, 2009).
17. “Remarks by the President at the U.S./China Strategic and Economic Dialogue,” The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, July 27, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.
gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-uschina-strategic-and-economic-dialogue (original accessed November 7, 2009).
18. Gideon Rachman, “China’s Strange Fear of Colour Revolution,” Financial Times, February 9, 2015, https://www.ft.com/content/9b5a2ed2-af96-11e4-b42e-00144feab7de.
19. C. Fred Bergsten, Bates Gill, Nicholas Lardy, and Derek Mitchell, China: The Balance Sheet (New York: Public Affairs, 2006), 62–72; “China Hits Back on U.S. Human Rights,”
CNN, May 25, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/25/world/asia/china-us-human-rights/
index.html.
20. Kerry Dumbaugh, Tibet: Problems, Prospects, and U.S. Policy, CRS Report RL34445
(Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, July 30, 2008); Jeffrey Bader, Obama and China’s Rise (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2012), 48–52, 72–75.
21. Orville Schell and Susan Shirk, Chairs, U.S. Policy toward China: Recommendations for a New Administration, Task Force Report (New York: Asia Society, 2017), 53.
22. Bergsten et al., China, 62–72; Cheng Li, “Will China’s ‘Lost Generation’ Find a Path to Democracy?” in China’s Changing Political Landscape, 98–120; Joseph Fewsmith, “Staying in Power: What Does the Chinese Communist Party Have to Do?” in Cheng Li, ed., China’s Changing Political Landscape, 212–28; US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau), https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/eap/186268.htm; US
US-China Relations (3rd Ed) Page 56