Red Star over China
Page 64
Tsunyi, 169, 180, 192
Tu Chung-pin, 167
Tu Wei-hsiu, 306
Tu Yueh-sheng, 47
Tuan Hsi-p’eng, 152
Tung Chen-t’ang, 178–79
Tung Pi-wu, 116n, 157;
BN 502–3
T’ung Meng Hui (revolutionary society), 139, 146, 229
T’ung T’ing, 153
Tungku, 169
Tungkuan, 375, 379
Tungpei (Manchurian, Northeast) Army, alliance with CCP, 50–51;
anti-Japanese sentiments of, 49–50, 373–79, 380–81;
men of, 286, 287;
105th Division of, 55–56;
role in capture of Chiang Kai-shek, 386, 389–90;
under Chang Hsueh-liang, 48–49;
general references: 13, 43, 52, 55, 204, 212, 274, 348, 362, 365, 367–69, 382, 384, 386, 387, 393, 395
Tungpei University, 50, 51, 419
Turkestan, 306, 396
Turkey, and Turks, 305–6, 311
“Twenty-eight Bolsheviks,” 174–77, 421, 426–30
Tzu Hsi, Empress Dowager, 138
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), Chinese students in, 224, 230, 234, 259, 336, 349–50, 354;
defense pact with Red China, 396–97;
financial aid of, 231n, 261, 357–58, 359, 402–3, 417, 448;
influence of on Red China, 352–56, 443–44;
press of, 384;
general references: 15, 51, 93, 103, 107, 109–10, 115, 116, 118, 137, 138, 144, 148, 155, 159, 162, 163, 164, 176, 185, 205, 247, 285, 310, 335, 351, 375, 366, 390, 401, 409, 416, 447–48. See also Moscow.
United Anti-Japanese Army, 382
United Anti-Japanese Military Council, 102n, 387
United States of America (U.S.A.), aid of to Nationalist government, 360, 416, 417–18;
aids in famine, 214;
buys Chinese oil, 248;
Chinese students in, 259;
missionaries of, 11–12, 214, 285, 345, 352–53, 354, 415;
Monroe Doctrine of, 154;
Negro question in, 94;
pilots of, 51, 360, 418;
policies toward China, 115, 116;
general references: 38, 75, 103, 108, 109, 138, 144, 251, 252, 390, 397, 401, 408, 411, 448
Voitinsky, Gregori, 156
Volen, 161
Wa Ya Pao, 56, 213, 288
Waichiaopu, 77
Wales, Nym, 374–75
Wang Chia-hsiang, 428, 449
Wang Chia-lieh, 191–92
Wang Ching-wei, 142n, 159, 164, 165, 375, 384, 394, 411, 423, 424;
BN 503
Wang Chun, General, 302
Wang Chung-hui, Dr., 392
Wang Chun-mei, 157
Wang Ch’u Ts’un, 51
Wang En-mao, 295n;
BN 503
Wang Erh-tso, 336
Wang Fu-chih, 422
Wang Hua-jen (Pastor Wang), 47, 50–52, 419
Wang Jo-fei, 73, 148n
Wang Ju-mei, see Huang Hua
Wang Kuang-mei, BN 503
Wang Kuan-Ian, 224
Wang Kung-lu, 173
Wang Lin, 437
Wang Ming (Ch’en Shao-yu), 363, 421, 426, 427, 428, 430, 449;
BN 504–5
Wang Mu-shih, see Wang Hua-jen
Wang Ping-nan, 43n, 437;
BN 505–6
Wang Shuo-tao, 295n;
BN 506–7
Wang Tso, 167, 338
Wang Yi-che, General, 212
Wanping, 407
War and Revolution, 115
Waseda University, 72
Washington Conference, 98
Washington, George, 138
Water Margin, The (Shui Hu Chuan, 133
Wealth of Nations, The, 144
Wei Kung-chih, 122–23
Wei River, 54, l38n, 216, 369, 383, 396
Weichow, 319
Weinan, 385
Wen Ch’i-mei, 130–34, 136, 150
West China, see under China
Whampoa Military Academy, 53, 74, 76, 115, 159, 209, 259, 298, 336, 384
White Army, see Kuomintang
Wittfogel, Dr. Karl August, 101
Words of Warning (Sheng Shih Wei-yen), 133–34
Woodhead, H. G. W., 363
Work-Study program (“work-and-learn”), 73, 151
Wu Ch’i Chen, 246, 249, 250–53, 365
Wu Chung-hao, 173
Wu Han, BN 507–8
Wu Hsiu-ch’uan, 349;
BN 508
Wu Liang Mountain, 206
Wu Liang-p’ing, 106–7, 113, 130, 201–2, 257, 431;
BN 508
Wu Meng Mountain, 206
Wu Tze-hui, 336
Yang Ch’ang-chi, 146, 148n, 151, 152
Yang Ch’eng-wu, 169n;
BN 508–9
Yang Chien, 177n
Yang Hsi-ming, 159
Yang Hu-ch’eng General, 42–45, 211–12, 378–79, 381, 382, 386, 390, 395, 438;
BN 509
Yang K’ai-hui (Mme. Mao Tse-tung), 91, 152, 155, 175, 425;
BN 509
Yang Li-san, 166
Yang Ming-chai, 156
Yang Shang-k’un, 258, 368, 426, 427;
BN 509–10
Yang Ti, Emperor, 306
Yangtze River, 76n, 108, 191, 192, 194–95, 196, 202, 206, 209, 218, 297, 298, 335, 336, 411, 414, 417
Yao (a guide), 66–67
Yao, Emperor, 138
Yao I-lin, 419;
BN 510
Yeh Chien-ying, 70n, 122, 382, 425, 429, 430, 438;
BN 510–11
Yeh Li-yun, 148
Yeh Ting, General, 115, 164, 413, 417;
BN 511
Yellow River, 41, 66, 71, 115, 138n, 210, 213, 310, 315, 319, 328, 344, 414
Yellow Sea, 414
Yen Ch’ang, 248, 288
Yen Hsi-shan, 325, 344
Yen Hsiu, 74, 152
Yenan (Fushih), 13, 16, 50–51, 56–57, 59, 89n, 242, 383, 397, 414, 417, 418n
Yenching University, 11, 263n, 415, 420
Yi Pei-ch’i, 146, 422
Yih Chang, 338
Yo Fei Chronicles (Yo Fei Chuan), 133
Young Men’s Christian Association (Y.M.C.A.), 285, 355
Young Vanguards (Shao-nien Hsien-feng Tui), 67, 69–70, 82–85, 123, 221, 235, 244, 258, 265–66, 285, 322–27, 330, 346, 415, 435, 446
Yu Hsueh-chung, General, 382
Yu Sha-t’ou, 166
Yu Wang, 294–95
Yu Wang Pao, 257, 263, 264–65, 272, 281, 284, 315–16, 320–21, 322, 328–29
Yu Yu-jen, 139
Yuan (a teacher), 145–46
Yuan Shih-k’ai, 142, 144, 333, 376
Yuan Tso-ming, 79
Yuan Wen-t’sai, 167, 338
Yugoslavia, 449
Yulin, 209, 211
Yun Tai-ying, 148
Yung Ch’ang, 212
Yung P’ing, 248
Yungting, 170
Yunnan province, 78, 82, 159, 180, 191, 192, 195, 197, 201, 306, 333–34, 336, 405
Yunnanfu, 80, 192, 334
Yunnan Military Academy, 333
Yutu, 188
Yuwang, 319
Zinoviev, Grigory E., 358, 423, 427
About the Author
EDGAR SNOW, a native of Missouri, went to the Far East when he was twenty-two. He made his home in China for twelve years, studied the country and the language, and lectured at Yenching University in Peking, where his friends included students who are among China’s leaders today. As a foreign correspondent in China, Burma, India, and Indochina he worked successively for the Chicago Tribune, New York Sun, New York Herald Tribune, and London Daily Herald. Then, as associate editor of the Saturday Evening Post, he reported wartime and postwar events in Asia and Europe, and became its widely quoted specialist on China, India, and the U.S.S.R. He is the author of eleven books, including The Battle for Asia, People on Our Side, Journey to
the Beginning, Red China Today: The Other Side of the River, and The Long Revolution. He died in 1972.
* The Kuomintang, or “National People’s Party,” founded by Dr. Sun Yat-sen and others, held the hegemony of power in the so-called Great Revolution, 1923–27. The Kungch’antang, “Share Production Party,” or the Communist Party of China, founded in 1921, was the chief ally of the Kuomintang, 1923–27.
* See Part Four and Biographical Notes hereafter BN.
† The Chinese yuan, then called a “dollar by foreigners, was worth about U.S. $.35.
‡ See BN.
* The December 9, 1935, student demonstration was a historic “turning point” favorable to the Communists. Among its leaders were Huang Ching and Huang Hua.
* See BN.
* See BN.
† I was introduced to General Yang by Wang Ping-nan (see BN), who with his wife, Anna, was then living in Yang’s home. Wang was Yang’s political secretary and was chief liaison in Sian between the CCP CC and General Yang and Marshal Chang.
* See BN.
* The Ch’ing Pang, a gangster secret society, controlled the profitable traffic in opium, gambling, prostitution, kidnaping, etc., under the protection of the International Settlement and French Concession authorities. In 1927 it helped Chiang Kai-shek destroy Communist-led unions and carry out the “Shanghai Massacre.” See Part Two, Chapter 2.
* See BN.
* The illustrious Han Dynasty governed the “Central Kingdom” for a period (202 B.C.-220 A.D.) that overlapped with the life span of the Roman Empire, with which it had some trade and cultural exchanges.
† See BN.
* During 3000–551 B.C.
* A k’ang is a raised earthen platform built in Chinese houses, with a fireplace at one end. The flue is arranged in a maze beneath, so that it heats the clay platform, if desired.
* Lao-pai-hsing, literally “old hundred names,” is the colloquial Chinese expression for the country people.
† One Chinese li is about a third of a mile.
* Yenan was later occupied by the Red Army and became the provisional Red capital. See Part Twelve.
* Literally The Water Margin, a celebrated Chinese romance of the sixteenth century. Pearl Buck has translated it under the title AH Men Are Brothers.
* See BN.
* Yeh Chien-ying was Chou’s chief of staff. See BN.
* Thus he read most of the exciting books that also affected Mao Tse-tung as a boy. See Part Four, Chapters 1 and 2.
* Inspired by nation-wide resistance to Japan’s “Twenty-one Demands” and to the Versailles Treaty award, to Japan, of Germany’s colony in Tsingtao, China.
† See BN.
‡ The CYL was an outgrowth of the Socialist Youth Corps.
§ Chu Teh was one of Chou’s recruits to communism.
* See BN.
* Wuhan is the collective name for the triple cities—Hanyang, Hankow, Wuchang—at the confluence of the Han and Yangtze rivers.
* “Broken” or “useless.”
* See BN.
† The Elder Brother Society, an ancient secret organization which fought the Manchus and was useful to Sun Yat-sen. In structure it strikingly resembled the cell system adopted by the Chinese Communist Party underground.
* Part of the Nationalist-Communist Northern Expedition (1926-27) against the provincial warlords and the Peking Government.
* Related to me by Dr. Joseph F. Rock, who talked to Bosshard when he arrived in Yunnanfu.
* One Chinese mou is about a sixth of an acre.
* Really indentured labor; in those parts it amounted to slavery. Chinese used the word ya-t’ou, which literally means “yoke-head.”
* See BN.
* In December, 1936, the Reds occupied Yenan (Fushih), north Shensi, and the capital was transferred there. See Part Twelve.
* See Part Four.
* See BN.
† See Mao Tse-tung et al, Fundamental Laws of the Chinese Soviet Republic (London, Martin Lawrence, 1934). It contains the provisional constitution of the soviets, and a statement of basic objectives during the “bourgeois-democratic” phase of the revolution. See also Mao Tse-tung, Red China: President Mao Tse-tung Reports on the Progress of the Chinese Soviet Republic (London, Martin Lawrence,
* See Part Four, Chapter 6, text and note 3.
† See Mao Tse-tung, BN.
* See BN.
* See Part Four, Chapter 4.
* Coastal and inland ports opened to foreign commerce by treaties imposed on China during the Opium Wars and later.
† Except for a splinter left-wing element which came to be personified by Mme. Sun Yat-sen (Soong Ch’ing-ling). See BN.
* Launched by Chiang in an attempt to revivify certain rules of personal behavior based on Confucian teachings.
† Balls of mud and straw eaten to appease hunger, and often resulting in death.
* See Bibliography for a few introductory works on land tenure in China.
† Mao was also deputy chief of the Kuomintang propaganda department and deputy director of its Peasant Movement Training Institute, where he lectured to many cadres who later joined him in the formation of the Red Army.
* From a statement issued by the “United Anti-Japanese Council” at the time of the Sian Incident. See Part Twelve, Chapter 2.
† But Mao Tse-tung had no intention, of course, as he would soon make clear to me, of surrendering either Communist-held territory or the political independence of his party to the Generalissimo.
* Far more civilians and “partisans” were killed than regular Red soldiers. Mr. Chang’s estimate included costs of lost labor, lost crops, ruined villages and towns, ruined farmlands, etc., as well as actual military expenses.
* See BN.
* The Communists were already “officially” at war with Japan, the Soviet Government having declared such a war in a proclamation issued in Kiangsi in April, 1932. See Red China: President Mao Tse-tung Reports…, p. 6.
* Not really a “Chinese colony” but a neighbor over whom China claimed suzerainty before her defeat by Japan in 1895.
† In answer to a later question, in another interview, Mao Tse-tung made the following statement concerning Outer Mongolia:
“The relationship between Outer Mongolia and the Soviet Union, now and in the past, has always been based on the principle of complete equality. When the people’s revolution has been victorious in China, the Outer Mongolian republic will automatically become a part of the Chinese federation, at its own will. The Mohammedan and Tibetan peoples, likewise, will form autonomous republics attached to the China federation.” See Appendices, Further Interviews with Mao Tse-tung, “On the Comintern, China, and Outer Mongolia.”
* Discussed in several proclamations issued to the Kuomintang in 1935 and 1936 by the Soviet Government and the Red Army. See Part Eleven, Chapter 6.
* See BN.
* Emphasis added.
* See BN.
* Tung Pi-wu was director of this Party school. (Li Wei-han and K’ang Sheng were to succeed him in that post.) Hsieh Fu-chih was one of the cadets. See BN.
* One of them was Lo Jui-ch’ing. See BN.
* See BN.
* See BN.
* See BN.
* A hsien roughly corresponds to a U.S. county. It was the smallest territorial unit under the central government, and was ruled by a magistrate.
† About 2.5 acres, or one hectare.
* One tan is a picul, or 133⅓ pounds,
† Two and two-thirds miles.
* Mao used the Chinese term yuan, which was often translated as “Chinese dollars”; 3,000 yuan in cash in 1900 was an impressive sum in rural China.
† Mao used all these political terms humorously in his explanations, laughing as he recalled such incidents.
* Literally, to “knock head.” To strike one’s head to the floor or earth was expected of son to father and subject to emperor, in token of filial obedience.
* By Chung Ku
ang-ying, who advocated many democratic reforms, including parliamentary government and modern methods of education and communications. His book had a wide influence when published in 1898, the year of the ill-fated Hundred Days Reform.
* The same society to which Ho Lung belonged.
* Literally “Let’s eat at the Big House,” that is, at the landlord’s granary.