Cochrane in the Pacific
Page 21
9. San Martin to Cochrane, 26 January 1821, NAS GD 233/38/252.
Chapter 10: The Valdivia Court Martial
1. Court Martial Proceedings, 2 March 1821, NAS GD 233/38/258.
2. Narrative of Services, vol. 1, pp. 101-2.
3. Officers to Guise, letter of 2 February 1821, NAS GD 233/38/258; sent on with Guise to Cochrane, 11 February 1821, NAS GD 233/37/256.
4. Court Martial Proceedings, 2 March 1821, ibid.
5. Cochrane to O'Higgins, nd, NAS, GD 233/36/255. By the time he wrote his memoirs, Cochrane had absurdly come to the conclusion that the 'plotters' were acting under instructions from San Martin.
Narrative of Services, vol. 1, p. 104.
6. Cochrane-Guise correspondence, 20, 21 February 1821, NAS GD 233/38/258.
7. Ibid.
8. Court Martial Proceedings, 2 March 1821, ibid.
9. Spry Court Martial Proceedings, 3 and 5 March 1821, NAS GD 233/38/258.
10. Cochrane-Spry correspondence, 22/23 Feb 1821, ibid.
11. Narrative of Services, vol. 1, p. 103.
12. Spry Court Martial Proceedings, 3 and 5 March 1821, ibid.
13. Thomas, AVM vol. 104, quoted in Cubitt, p. 204.
14. Spry Court Martial Proceedings, ibid.
15. Cochrane to Guise, 12 March 1821, ibid.
16. Guise to Cochrane, 19 March 1821, ibid.
17. Correspondence, Cochrane-Guise and the officers, 22-24 March 1821, NAS GD 233/37/256.
18. Cochrane to Guise, 1 April 1821, NAS GD 233/38/258.
19. Report by Miller, 26 March 1821, NAS GD 233/37/256.
20. Cochrane to San Martin, 30 March and 14 April 1821; San Martin to Cochrane, 6 April 1821, NAS, GD 233/31/239; Cochrane's Letter Book, NAS, GD 233/32/240.
21. Barnard to Paroissien, 24 March 1821, ERO, A/1859A.
22. Shirreff to Forster, 7 January 1821; Searle to Cochrane, 30 November 1820, NAS GD 233/36/253.
23. Correspondence between Shirreff to the captains of Edward Ellis, Lord Suffield, Indian and Speculator, 5 January 1821, NMM SHI/3; J. J. Barnard to Paroissien, 24. March 1821, ERO A/1895A.
24. Quoted in Grimble, p. 228.
25. Log of Andromache, NA Adm 51/3012.
26. Miller, vol. 1, p. 298.
27. Log of Andromache, NA Adm 51/3012.
28. Cochrane to O'Higgins, 10 March 1821, NAS GD 233/31/239.
29. Hetherwick, pp. 117-19.
30. Ibid, p. 125.
Chapter 11: The Liberation of Peru
1. De la Serna to Spencer, 11 May 1821, NA Adm 1/26. Hardy to Croker, 28 July 1821, printed in The Navy in South America. Intent on neutrality and doubting the effectiveness of any agreement, the request was refused by the British.
2. Timothy Anna, Spain and the Loss of America, (London and Lincoln 1983), pp. 238-9.
3. Paroissien's Journal, 26 February 1821, ERO A/1859A.
4. Cochrane's Orders to Miller, 1 May 1821, NAS GD 233/37/256.
5. Narrative of Services, vol. 1, pp. 107-11. Typically ignorant of the wider political picture, Cochrane concluded that the armistice had been arranged so as to prevent further victories by himself. Narrative of Services, vol. 1, p. 111.
6. Hall, vol. 1, p. 190.
7. Hardy to Croker, 26 June 1821, printed in The Navy in South America.
8. Hall to Hardy, 14 June 1821, printed in The Navy in South America.
9. Hardy to Croker, 28 July 1821, printed in The Navy in South America.
10. Ironically enough, the British strategy of protest and reliance on the
prize courts seems to have worked. Of the 19 ships arrested by the Chilean Squadron (the list include in Hardy's dispatch to Croker of 12 November 1821, omits the Mary), only Indian and the cargoes of Rebecca and Colonel Allen were condemned and confiscated. The remaining ships were released, three - Joséph, Robert Fuge and
Admiral Cockburn - having ransomed themselves by paying Cochrane's 'license' fee.
11. Hardy to Croker, 26 June 1821, printed in The Navy in South America.
12. Hall, vol. 1, pp. 212-13.
13. Ibid.
14. A mistake perpetuated in many books on this subject (including one written by this author) is to state that Conway's marines did actually keep order in the streets of Lima before San Martin entered the city. A careful check with Conway's papers and the journals of its officers makes it clear this is not true. The common source for this error lies in a statement in Cochrane's Narrative of Services, vol. 1, p. 120 that they did - yet another example of the unwisdom of accepting any of Cochrane's claims without corroboration.
15. Hardy to Croker, 19 August 1821, printed in The Navy in South America.
16. Ibid.
17. Hall, vol. 1, p. 72.
18. See R A Humphries, Liberation in South America 1806-1827: The Career of James Paroissien, (London 1952), p. 96.
Chapter 12: The Row with San Martin
1. Narrative of Services, vol. 1, p. 106.
2. Ibid.
3. Cochrane to San Martin, 7 August 1821, Narrative of Services, vol. 1, pp. 129-132.
4. Hall to Hardy, 14 June 1821, printed in The Navy and South America.
5. Zenteno to Cochrane, 2 July 1821 (enclosing the revised blockade decree of 22 June 1821), NAS GD 233/37/257.
6. O'Higgins to San Martin, 6 August 1821, printed in Archivo de D Bernardo O'Higgins, vol. VIII.
7. Anna, Timothy E, The Fall of Royal Government in Peru, Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
8. La Mar to Cochrane, 9 August 1821, printed in Manifiesto de las acusaciones; NAS GD 233/37/255.
9. Paroissien's Journal, 27 October 1820, ERO A/1859A.
10. Cochrane to San Martin, 30 June 1821, quoted in San Martin, Manifiesto de las acusaciones.
11. San Martin to Cochrane, 9 August 1821, printed in Narrative of Services, vol. 1, pp. 132-4.
12. Stevenson, vol. 3, pp. 352-5.
13. San Martin, Manifiesto de las acusaciones.
14. Cochrane to Monteagudo, 12 September 1822, quoted in San Martin, Manifiesto de las acusaciones.
15. List of officers joining Peru, annexed to Cochrane to O'Higgins, 12 June 1822, printed in Orrego, 388-9; NAS GD 233/37/255.
16. Cochrane to Grenfell, 21 December 1854, ULSC, Grenfell/3-155. Cochrane claims that Forster lacked courage and that he refused to take part in the cutting out of the Esmeralda. This allegation is contradicted by both Forster's service record and his own letter to Cochrane dated 31 October 1820, in which he volunteers his services in the attack. NAS GD 233/36/253.
17. Hind to Paroissien, 29 March 1821, ERO A/1859A.
18. Miller to Paroissien, 13 March 1821, ERO A/1859A.
19. Miller, vol. 1, p. 275.
20. The only clues which survive as to the exact timing of these events lies in papers in Cochrane's possession originating in the Mint in Lima, which give details of the $135,977 worth of silver and gold bullion carried on Sacramento (NAS GD 233/31/239), and the log of HMS Superb (NA Adm 51/3445). These sources indicate that the money was loaded onto the schooner on 3 September; that Delano arrived at Ancon in Lautaro on 13 September, and that Cochrane seized the money late the following day. Unfortunately the officers of Superb were so busy dealing with the day to day administration of the big two-decker - opening barrels of beef, repairing rigging, punishing defaulters etc. - that they neither realised nor recorded exactly what was going on.
21. Anna, Timothy E, The Fall of Royal Government in Peru, p. 189.
22. Crosbie to Cochrane, 13 September 1821, NAS GD 233/31/240.
23. The receipt can be seen in NAS GD 233/31/239.
24. Miers to Cochrane, 8 September 1821, NAS GD 233/39/262.
25. Zenteno to San Martin, 8 May, 1821, NAS GD 233/31/239.
26. On return to Valparaiso in 1822, Cochrane had to urge the Chileans to obtain the bonus and the freight changes on his behalf. The total demanded was $110,632, one-eighth of which would have belonged to Cochrane. Cochrane to Echeverria, 2
0 June 1822, NAS GD 233/31/240.
27. Cochrane to San Martin, 4 August 1821, quoted in San Martin,
Manifiesto de las acusaciones.
28. Cochrane to O'Higgins, 24 September 1821, printed in Orrego, pp. 365-7.
29. San Martin to O'Higgins, 29 October 1821, printed in Archivo de D Bernardo O' Higgins, vol. VIII.
30. Cochrane to Monteagudo, 28 September 1821, printed in Narrative of Services, vol. 1, pp. 164-5.
Chapter 13: Guayaquil and the Spanish Main
1. Printed in Maria Graham, pp. 100-3.
2. Olmeda to Cochrane correspondence, NAS GD 233/36/254.
3. Wavell to Cochrane, 15 October to 15 November 1821, NAS GD 233/36/254.
4. Wavell to Cochrane, nd, ibid.
5. In Narrative of Services, vol. 1, 170-2, Cochrane claims that the credentials Of Wavell and O'Reilly must have been false because the passport was issued before Mexican independence was achieved. This is no truth in this. The achievement of Mexican independence was an extended process comprising three of four significant events in 1821, during the course of which the Mexican patriots regularly asked their colleagues in the south for assistance. The accusation that the two officers carried false credentials is pure imagination and self-justification on Cochrane's part.
6. Urrutia, Carlos Lopes, 'Lord Cochrane y la Expedition a Mexico, 1822', Derroteros de la Mar del Sur, Lima. 1998, p. 116.
7. Narrative of Services, vol. 1, p. 176.
8. Turrado, p. 176.
9. Simpson to Cochrane, 28 January 1822, NAS GD 233/36/254.
10. Urrutia, p. 127. Simpson's story of a poor reception following false information laid by Wavell and O'Reilly is the version given by Cochrane in the Narrative of Services. As usual with Cochrane, once Wavell and O'Reilly have been identified as 'enemies', they can only do wrong.
11. Cochrane to Zenteno, 2 February 1822, printed in Urrutia, p. 126, and Orrego, pp. 378-9.
12. Cochrane to Zenteno, 7 March 1822, printed in Orrego, p. 379.
13. Terms of the Capitulation printed in Turrado, p. 177.
14. Terms of Agreement of 14 March 1822 printed in Orrego, pp. 380-1.
15. Hardy to Croker, 23 December 1821, printed in the Navy and South America.
16. Miller to Paroissien, 10 May 1822, ERO, A/1859A.
Chapter 14: The Final Curtain
1. Echeverria to Cochrane, 4 June 1822, NAS GD 233/34/246, printed in Maria Graham, p. 110.
2. Echeverria to Cochrane, 19 June 1822, ibid.
3. Hall, vol. 1, p. 60 and p. 64.
4. Cochrane to Echeverria, 18 June 1822, printed in Orrego, pp. 130-1.
5. Cochrane to Hoseason, no date (but July 1823), NAS GD 233/39/260.
6. 'Lord Cochrane in Account with William Hoseason', October 1822, NAS GD 233/39/262.
7. Cochrane to O'Higgins, Annex, NAS GD 233/39/259. Hoseason's Summary Account (in his law case against Cochrane), NAS GD 233/39/260; Cochrane to O'Higgins, 25 June 1822, NAS GD 233/31/239.
8. 'Lord Cochrane in Account with William Hoseason', October 1822, NAS GD 233/39/262; Hoseason's Summary Account (in his law case against Cochrane), NAS GD 233/39/260; Receipts for Doris and Alacrity in NAS GD 233/39/261.
9. Acknowledgement in NAS GD 233/34/246. Detailed receipt dated 8 August 1822, NAS GD 233/36/252.
10. José Santago de Campino to Cochrane, 8 August 1822, NAS GD 233/39/252.
11. Fodor, Giorgio, 'The Boom that Never Was? Latin American Loans in London 1822-5', Universita'Degli Studi di Trento, 2002.
12. Message to the Convention, 20 September 1822, printed in Orrego, pp. 413-16.
13. San Martin, Manifiesto de las acusaciones.
14. O'Higgins to Cochrane, 12 November 1821, Echeverria to Cochrane, 13 November 1821,NAS GD 233/35/252; NAS GD 233/36/257.
15. Maria Graham, p. 332.
16. Irrisarra to the Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs, 21 July 1819, printed in Orrego, pp. 124-8.
17. Petition by Major W Cochrane to the Chilean Government, nd, NAS GD 233/34/245.
18. Echeverria to Cochrane, 19 June 1822, printed in Orrego, p. 131.
19. Cochrane to Chamberlain; Cochrane to Dr Dickson, both 31 March 1825, NAS GD 233/35/450.
20. The squadron's outgoings were considerable. Between September 1821 and April 1822, its supplies and maintenance cost $430,552 -this included $67,840 at Arica, $26,178 on the first visit to Guayaquil, $10,111 at Acapulco, $8790 at the second visit to
Guayaquil and $6567 at Callao. During the same period, $159,000 was distributed in pay and $71,630 in prize money. Stevenson's summary accounts for the cruise NAS GD 233/39/260.
21. Correa de Sa-Cochrane correspondence, 2 September 1822, NAS GD 233/39/260, 233/31/239 and 233/34/247.
22. Wilkinson to Cochrane, 25 September 1822, NAS GD 233/31/239; Cobbett to Cochrane, 25 September, 1822, NAS GD 233/39/262.
23. Echeverria to Cochrane, 1 October 1822, NAS GD 233/36/256 O'Higgins to Cochrane, 3 October 1822, NAS GD 233/39/262.
24. Cochrane to O'Higgins, 12 October 1822, NAS GD 233/39/262, printed in Narrative of Services, vol. 1, p. 229.
25. O'Higgins to Cochrane, 3 October 1822, NAS GD 233/39/262.
26. Correa da Camera to Cochrane, 4 November 1822, printed in Narrative of Services, vol. 2, p. 7.
27. Cochrane to Echeverria, 28 November, NAS GD 233/36/256.
28. Cochrane to Correa da Camera, 29 November 1822, printed in
Narrative of Services, vol. 2, p. 7.
29. Exchange of correspondence between Cochrane and Zenteno, 18 December 1822, printed in Orrego, pp. 420-1.
30. Echeverria to Cochrane, 23 December 1822, NAS GD 233/36/257 printed in Orrego, p. 423.
31. The face value of Cochrane's total pay was $40,785 (£8160), but some was received in letters of credit which Hoseason had to exchange at a discount of $1900, NAS GD 233/39/260. The final payment was made in London in March 1823. 'Abstract of Account between the Earl of Dundonald and the State of Chile', NAS GD 233/39/262, and NAS GD 233/39/260.
32. Unfortunately, the Chilean Government refused to honour Cochrane's letter of credit; see nd (but July 1823), NAS GD 233/39/260. Cochrane was unmoved by the news and wrote sharply to tell Hoseason to sort out the problem himself. Hoseason eventually took Cochrane to law, claiming the debit of £3767 plus a percentage on all his prize and salary dealings.
33. Note showing calculation of the profits of service in Chile and Brazil, NAS GD 233/20/450.
Chapter 15: Independence - At Last
1. Vale, Brian, Independence or Death! British Sailors and Brazilian Independence, 1822-25, (London, 1996).
2. O'Higgins to Cochrane, 29 March 1823; J. J. Barnard to Cochrane, 15 July 1824, Orrego, pp. 131-3.
3. Note by Correa de Sa, 28 June, 1838, NAS GD 233/31/239 and 233/34/48.
4. Cochrane to Correa de Sa, off Bahia June 1823, NAS GD 233/39/260.
5. MacFarlane to Cochrane, 23 March 1823, Miers to Cochrane, 25 March 1823, NAS GD 233/39/262.
6. Miers to Cochrane, 16 March 1823, ibid.
7. Cochrane to Dean, 10 November 1823, NAS GD 233/31/239.
8. Papers relating to Dean's case against Lord Cochrane, NAS GD 233/34/246 and 233/51-4/109.
9. Guise remained commander-in-chief of the Peruvian Navy until 1828 when he was killed during a brief war between Peru and Colombia over control of Guayaquil. In fact neither state was strong enough to impose its will, and Guayaquil and the adjacent provinces declared their own independence as the Republic of Ecuador.
10. Cunningham, John (Surgeon of HMS Cambridge), Remarks During a Voyage to the Pacific 1823-5, (unpublished Manuscript), NMM JOL/21.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. James E, Life of Commander Henry James RN, (London 1899), p. 86.
14. Guruzeta to Rodil, 8 October 1824, quoted in Turrado, p. 221.
15. James, p. 76.
Chapter 16: Settling Accounts
1. NAS GD 233/51-4/109 (Dean's Case), NAS GD 233/59-60/1
13 (Hoseason's case).
2. Narrative of Services, vol. 1, pp. 271-85
3. Letter from Kitty to Arthur Cochrane, quoted in Grimble, pp. 364-5.
4. See Observations on Naval Affairs.
5. Green and Nelson to Cochrane, 18 Nov 1837; Caldeclough to Cochrane, 11 Dec 1837 and 20 Aug 1842, NAS GD 233/39/262.
6. Memo by Correa de Sa, 28 June 1838, NAS GD 233/34/248.
7. Cochrane's answers to the Audit Enquiries 1838, ibid; Caldeclough to Cochrane, 14 Aug 1843, NAS GD 233/340/262.
8. Decree of 6 September, 1844. NAS GD 233/31/237.
9. Walpole to Bidwell, no 52, 2 Dec 1844, NAS GD 233/31/237.
10. Memorial to the President and Government of Chile, 3 Feb 1845, NAS GD 233/31/237 and 233/34/248.
11. Decree of 20 Feb 1852, NAS GD 233/31/237.
12. Decree of 28 July 1857; Haines to Clarendon, no 45, 29 Aug 1857, Shelborne to Cochrane, 2 October 1857, NAS GD 233/34/246.
13. Cochrane to the President of Chile, nd NAS GD 233/34/246.
14. Blanco Encalada to Cochrane, 4 October 1857, ibid.
15. Simpson to Cochrane, 15 October 1857, ibid.
16. Petition to Pedro II, no date, NAS GD 233/24/264.
17. Memorial to the Legislature of Brazil, ibid.
18. For a detailed account of the Brazilian negotiations and claims see, Vale, Independence or Death!, pp. 179-86.
19. See for example, Thomas, Donald, Cochrane (London, Star, 1978), p. 248, p. 263.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anna, Timothy E, The Fall of the Royal Government of Peru, (Lincoln and London 1980)
Anna, Timothy E, Spain and the Loss of America, (Lincoln and London 1983)
Archivo Historico Naval, Vicealmirante Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane, Papers in six volumes (Armada de Chile 1993-9)
Archivo de D Bernardo O'Higgins, (Santiago, Archivo National, Imprensa Universitaria 1953), 28 vols
Barros Arana, Diego, Historia Jeneral de Chile (Santiago 1884-1902) 16 vols
Billingsley, Edward B, In Defense of Neutral Rights: the US Navy and the Wars of Independence in Chile and Peru, (Chapel Hill 1967).