The Great Deluge
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27. Interview with Nick Felton, January 6, 2006.
28. Erika Bolstead, “New Orleans Advises Residents to Evacuate as Katrina Draws Near,” Miami Herald, August 27, 2005.
29. Bulletin, “Hurricane Katrina Advisory Number 18,” National Hurricane Center, Miami, Fl., August 27, 2005.
30. Bruce Nolan, “Katrina Takes Aim,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 28, 2005, p. 1.
31. Mark Schleifstein, “Hurricane Center Director Warns New Orleans: This Is Really Scary,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 27, 2005.
32. Interview with Kathleen Blanco, December 21, 2005.
33. “FEMA Chief Taken Off On-Site Efforts,” Fox News, September 10, 2005.
34. Walter Maestri, interview with Daniel Zwerdling, All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 9, 2005.
35. Ray Nagin, Anderson Cooper 360, CNN, January 20, 2006, transcript.
36. Bolstead, “New Orleans Advises Residents to Evacuate.”
37. Interview with Janine Butscher, September 27, 2005.
38. Interview with Judy Oudt, November 30, 2005.
39. Mary Vuong, “Mark a Bad Season’s End with Your Own Hurricane,” Houston Chronicle, November 30, 2005.
40. Andrew Travers, “Ridgewood Native’s Heart Aches for New Orleans Home,” Ridgewood News, September 16, 2005.
41. Interview with Andy Ambrose, October 6, 2005.
42. Interview with David Vitter, December 21, 2005.
43. Interview with Ronald Mack Jr., December 8, 2005.
44. Interview with Kenny Bourque, September 16, 2005.
45. Kevin Moran, “Big Easy Gets Busy as Katrina Takes Aim,” Houston Chronicle, August 28, 2005.
46. Michael Barnett blog, August 28, 2005.
47. Brenda Norrell, “A Pointe-au-Chien Family Describes Survival After Katrina,” Indian Country Today, September 28, 2005.
48. Interview with Benjamin Johnson, December 21, 2005.
49. Ray Nagin, interview with Stone Phillips, Dateline, NBC, September 11, 2005.
50. Ray Nagin, Anderson Cooper 360, CNN, January 20, 2006, transcript.
51. Interview with Joe Donchess, December 13, 2005.
52. “Three Nursing Home Residents Die in Evacuation,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 29, 2005.
53. Membership List 2005, Louisiana Nursing Home Association, Baton Rouge, La.
54. Interview with Donchess.
55. Paul Rioux, “Doomed Nursing Home Had Offer to Bus Transport,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 9, 2005.
56. Doug Simpson, “Nursing Home Owners Charged with Negligent Homicide in 34 Flood Related Deaths,” Associated Press, September 13, 2005.
57. Nicole Gelinas, “Who’s Killing New Orleans?” New Orleans City Journal, Autumn 2003.
58. Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), p. 158.
59. Interview with Reverend Willie Walker, October 3, 2005.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
Chapter 3: STORM VS. SHORELINE
1. Joseph Conrad, Typhoon and Other Stories (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 189.
2. “Hurricane Hunters: GPS in the Eyewall,” Geospatial Solutions, October 2005, p. 13.
3. “Anatomy of a Disaster,” U.S. News & World Report, September 26, 2005, p. 29.
4. Quoted in “Katrina,” National Geographic, September 2005 (special edition), p. 33.
5. Martin Merzer, “As Hurricanes Intensify, Potential Damage Increases Exponentially,” Miami Herald, September 28, 2005.
6. National Weather Service data.
7. Quoted in Kerry Emanuel, Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 136.
8. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick.
9. Jeffrey Kluger, “Global Warming: The Culprit,” Time, October 3, 2005, p. 43.
10. William M. Gray and Philip J. Klotzbach, Forecast of Atlantic Hurricane Activity for October 2005 and Seasonal Update Through September (Fort Collins, Col.: Colorado State University, 2005).
11. Al Lewis, “Column,” Denver Post, August 30, 2005.
12. Interview with William Gray, October 25, 2005.
13. “Anatomy of a Disaster,” p. 29.
14. “Eye to Eye with Hurricane Katrina,” Hurricane Hunter reports, Kessler Air Force Base, Biloxi, Miss.
15. Kluger, “Global Warming,” p. 46.
16. Interview with Terry Jonson, November 16, 2005.
17. Interview with Marc Morial, October 17, 2005.
18. Interview with Diane Johnson, November 24, 2005.
19. Bulletin, “Hurricane Katrina Advisory Number 23,” National Hurricane Center, Miami, Fl., 10 A.M., August 28, 2005.
20. Weather message, 10:11 A.M., National Weather Service, New Orleans, August 28, 2005.
21. Brian Williams, “Daily Nightly” blog, September 5, 2005.
22. Brian Friel, “The Forecaster of Disaster,” National Journal, September 24, 2005, p. 2946; interview with Robert Ricks, October 24, 2005.
23. Robert Ricks, interview with Brian Williams, September 15, 2005, NBC News transcript.
24. “Timeline: Hurricane Katrina Actions, Non-Actions,” Executive Intelligence Review, September 16, 2005.
25. Bruce Nolan, “Katrina Takes Aim,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 28, 2005, p. 1.
26. Emanuel, Divine Wind, pp. 151–52.
27. Bill Harper, “Mississippi Braces for Major Hit from Katrina,” USA Today, August 28, 2005.
28. Interview with Greg Iverson, October 26, 2005.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Interview with Charlie West, December 14, 2005.
32. C. Ray Nagin, “New Orleans Mandatory Evacuation Declaration,” August 28, 2005, transcript.
33. Jan Moller, “Blanco Tours New Orleans,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 31, 2005.
34. Joe Gyan Jr. and Scott Dyer, “N.O. Mayor Endorses Jindal, Defies Party,” Baton Rouge Advocate, November 4, 2003, p. 2.
35. Interview with C. Ray Nagin, March 15, 2006.
36. Will Sentell, “Blanco Wins in Historic Vote; Woman Elected Governor,” Baton Rouge Advocate, November 16, 2003, p. 1.
37. James Dao, “After the Storm, She Tries to Mend State, and Career,” New York Times, December 29, 2005.
38. Tyler Bridges, “Blanco’s Bid,” Gambit Weekly, December 7, 2004.
39. Edward Alden, Joshua Chaffin, Christopher Swann, and Holly Yeager, Financial Times, September 10, 2005.
40. Interview with Reverend Willie Walker, October 3, 2005.
41. Evan Thomas, “How Bush Blew It,” Newsweek, September 19, 2005.
42. Robert Block, Amy Schatz, Gary Fields, and Christopher Cooper, “Power Failure; Behind Poor Katrina Response, a Long Chain of Weak Links,” Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2005.
43. Interview with Oliver Armstrong, October 27, 2005.
44. Susan B. Glasser and Michael Grunwald, “The Steady Buildup to the City’s Chaos,” Washington Post, September 11, 2005.
45. Interview with Armstrong.
46. Interview with Marc Morial, September 20, 2005.
47. Author interview with Collette Creppell, October 24, 2005.
48. Ibid.
49. Marc Caputo, “Category 5 Storm Barrels Toward New Orleans,” Miami Herald, August 28, 2005.
50. “New Orleans Empties Out Amid Fear, Prayers,” Associated Press, August 30, 2005.
51. “Orleans Watering Hole Stays Open,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 9, 2005.
52. Walter “Wolfman” Washington, interview with Jessica Maruri, October 23, 2005.
53. Interview with Chris Owens, December 31, 2005.
54. Interview with Ivory Clark, November 25, 2005.
55. Ibid.
56. Interview with Donna Clark, December 7, 2005.
57. Transcript, FEMA videoconference August 28, 2005, Associated Press, pp. 1–2.
58. Ibid., pp. 6–7.
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sp; 59. Ibid., pp. 14–15.
60. Press briefing by Scott McClellan, Office of the Press Secretary, the White House, March 6, 2006.
61. Chris Matthews, interview with Haley Barbour, Hardball, MSNBC, March 2, 2006.
62. Steve Bowman, Lawrence Kapp, Amy Belasco, “Hurricane Katrina: DOD Disaster Response” (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, September 19, 2005), p. 16.
63. “President Discusses Hurricane Katrina; Congratulates Iraqis on Draft Constitution,” White House, August 28, 2005, transcript.
64. Jake Calamusa, interview with Bill O’Reilly, The O’Reilly Factor, August 29, 2005.
65. Anna Badkhen, “Race Against Time,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 31, 2005.
66. Calamusa interview, The O’Reilly Factor.
67. Interview with Clark.
68. Interview with Sarah Jaffe, October 19, 2005.
69. Ibid.
70. Statement, “Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi,” White House, August 29, 2005; statement, “Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama,” White House, August 29, 2005.
71. Drew Brown, “States Have Enough Troops,” Knight Ridder, August 29, 2005.
72. “Hurricane City: Dauphin Island, Alabama’s History with Tropical Storms,” radio broadcast.
73. Gary Mitchell, “Alabama Coast Evacuating Early for Katrina,” Decatur Daily, August 29, 2005.
74. Interview with Janet McQueen, November 22, 2005.
75. Interview with Hal Leftwich, December 6, 2005.
76. Interview with Fredro Knight, December 7, 2005.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Interview with Sydney Saucier, December 8, 2005.
80. Interview with Angie Gambino, December 6, 2005.
81. Interview with Saucier.
82. Interview with Nagin, March 15, 2006.
83. “The Security Czar,” Gambit Weekly, March 3, 2005.
Chaper 4: THE WINDS COME TO LOUISIANA
1. Interview with Joaquin Zumbado, November 14, 2005.
2. Interview with Josh Holm, November 18, 2005.
3. Interview with Zumbado.
4. Interview with Heather Allan, December 16, 2005.
5. Interview with Zumbado.
6. Interview with Holm.
7. Office of the Governor of Louisiana, “Response to U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Document and Information Request Dated October 7, 2005, and to the House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina,” December 2, 2005.
8. Interview with Marsha Evans, October 25, 2005.
9. Dwight Landreneau, “Comments,” Louisiana Conservationist, November/December 2005, pp. 1–5.
10. Adam Einick, “The Call of Duty: LDWF Search and Rescue,” Louisiana Conservationist, November/December 2005, p. 5.
11. Interview with Tim Bayard, December 22, 2005.
12. Interview with Jeff Goldblatt, December 30, 2005.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Interview with Garland Robinette, December 27, 2005.
16. Jaquetta White, “Firm Shut Down Oil Rigs in Gulf, Removed Workers,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 28, 2005.
17. Interview with Cody Nicholas, December 7, 2005.
18. Ibid.
19. Interview with Jimmy Duckworth, November 21, 2005.
20. Kane quoted in Stephen Ambrose and Douglas Brinkley, The Mississippi River and the Making of a Nation (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2003), pp. 5–25.
21. Interview with Duckworth.
22. “Katrina Intensifies into a Powerful Hurricane, Strikes Northern Gulf Coast,” NASA report, August 30, 2005.
23. Peter Whoriskey and Guy Gugliotta, “Storm Thrashes Gulf Coast,” Washington Post, August 30, 2005.
24. Interview with Eddie Favre, September 16, 2005.
25. National Hurricane Center advisory, August 30, 2005.
26. Keith O’Brien and Bryan Bender, “Chronology of Errors,” Boston Globe, September 11, 2005.
27. Press release, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss., August 30, 2005.
28. Brian Hayes, “Natural and Unnatural Disasters,” American Scientist, November/December 2005.
29. Michelle Krupa, “Workers’ Lives Were Priority,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 11, 2005.
30. Carl Quintanilla, “Manned Pumps Evacuated Before Katrina Hit,” NBC News, October 18, 2005.
31. Bob Ross, “Second-Guessing Is Not Broussard’s Focus,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 9, 2005.
32. Michelle Krupa, “Leaders Battle over Pump Decision,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 13, 2005.
33. Interview with Zumbado.
34. Ibid.
35. Jennifer Broome, “Personal Account of Hurricane Katrina,” WOIA–San Antonio (NBC), posted September 16, 2005.
36. Interview with Judy Frank, November 7, 2005.
37. Tim Jones, “Plaquemines, First Parish Hit by Katrina, May Be Last to Recover,” Chicago Tribune, October 16, 2005.
38. “Summary of Hurricane Katrina,” NCAA Satellite and Information Service, 2005.
39. Tommy Tomlinson, “For Now, Survivor Plans to Stay Behind with His Dogs,” Knight Ridder, September 6, 2005.
40. Lee Hancock, “French Quarter Comes Through Relatively Unscathed,” Dallas Morning News, August 29, 2005.
41. Interview with Chris Owens, December 31, 2005.
42. Bill Taylor, “Battered Stadium Protects Sick, Poor,” Toronto Star, August 30, 2005.
43. Mary Foster, “Super Storm Rips Piece off Superdome’s Roof,” Associated Press, August 29, 2005.
44. Interview with Oliver Thomas, January 6, 2006.
45. Interview with Jackie Clarkson, November 18, 2005.
46. Interview with Gralen Banks, March 6, 2006.
47. Ibid.
48. Interview with Warren Riley, December 5, 2005.
49. “Shooter Get 65-Year Sentence,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 13, 2005.
50. Interview with Riley.
51. Broome, “Personal Account of Hurricane Katrina.”
52. Raymond B. Seed et al., Preliminary Report on the Performance of the New Orleans Levee Systems in Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 2–5–8.
53. David Cuthbert, “Katrina’s Lost Lives,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 8, 2006.
54. Ceci Connolly and Manuel Roig-Franzia, “Katrina Proved Deadly in Every Section of New Orleans,” Washington Post, October 23, 2005.
55. Interview with Michael Prevost, October 26, 2005.
56. U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Sample Characteristics (SF3); from a compilation by the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center.
57. Interview with Prevost, December 28, 2005.
Chapter 5: WHAT WAS THE MISSISSIPPI GULF COAST
1. Interview with Eddie Favre, November 7, 2005.
2. “Hurricane Katrina Advisory Number 27,” National Hurricane Center, Miami, Fl., August 29, 2005.
3. Dahleen Glanton, “Biloxi Resident Emerges from Hiding to Find Her Town in Shambles,” Chicago Tribune, August 30, 2005.
4. Geoff Pender and Michael Newsome, “Katrina Wreaks Havoc on Mississippi,” Biloxi Sun-Herald, August 29, 2005.
5. Leslie Williams, “A Week in the Ruins of Mississippi,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 8, 2005.
6. “In Quotes,” Katrina Daily News, Keesler Air Force Base, September 5, 2005.
7. “CE Personnel Brave Katrina’s Winds in Big Rescue,” Katrina Daily News, Keesler Air Force Base, September 5, 2005.
8. Jim Garamone, “Katrina: Riding Through the Monster,” American Forces Press, September 12, 2005.
9. Anita Lee, “Grim Work of Recovering Bodies Begins in Biloxi,” Biloxi Sun-Herald, September 7, 2005.
10. Julie Goodman, “Katrina: The Recovery,” Jackson Clarion-Ledger, October 2, 2005.
11. Kelly Knauer, Hurricane Katrina: The Storm That Changed America (New York: Time Books, 2005), p. 4.
12. Interview with Frank Griffith, January 4, 2006.
13. Interview with Laura Stepro, January 7, 2006.
14. Interview with Michael Prendergast, December 6, 2005.
15. Interview with Glen Volkman, December 3, 2005.
16. Interview with Israel Neff, December 3, 2005.
17. Interview with Stepro.
18. Interview with Michael Veglia, December 7, 2005.
19. Interview with Alex Coomer, December 8, 2005.
20. Interview with Ronnie Williams, December 7, 2005.
21. Interview with Veglia, December 28, 2005.
22. Interview with Hardy Jackson, November 21, 2005.
23. “‘Take Care of the Kids and the Grandkids,’” CNN.com, August 30, 2005.
24. Interview with Jackson.
25. Tommy Tomlinson, “For Now, Survivor Plans to Stay Behind with His Dogs,” Knight Ridder, September 6, 2005.
26. Lee Hancock, “French Quarter Comes Through Relatively Unscathed,” Dallas Morning News, August 29, 2005.
27. Interview with Nick Breazeale, October 27, 2005.
28. Ibid.
29. Greg Iverson, “My Story,” Kiplinger, November 2005.
30. Gary Rivlin, “Bright Spot on Gulf as Casinos Rush to Rebuild,” New York Times, December 14, 2005.
31. Quoted in “Katrina” National Geographic, September 2005 (special edition), p. 20.
32. Cathy Booth Thomas, “It’s Worse Than You Think,” Time, November 28, 2005, p. 35.
33. Interview with Eddie Favre, December 21, 2005.
34. Interview with Ron Vanney, December 23, 2005.
35. Interview with David Stepro, December 29, 2005.
36. Interview with Angie Gambino, December 7, 2005.
37. Interview with Favre, December 21, 2005.
38. Interview with Dara Adano, November 4, 2005.
39. Interview with Eddie Favre, November 12, 2005.
40. George Pawlaczyk and Malcolm Garcia, “Loved Ones Grapple with Confusion, Red Tape in Search for Missing,” Knight Ridder, September 27, 2005.
41. John Christofferen, “Fountain Says Storms Won’t Keep Him Down,” Associated Press, November 6, 2005.
42. “Weary Fountain Ran Dry,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, March 8, 2006.
43. Interview with Hal Leftwich, December 7, 2005.
44. Interview with Sydney Saucier, December 8, 2005.
45. Interview with Jo Ann Garcia, January 8, 2006.