22. Ibid.
23. Interview with Dwight Brasher, January 26, 2006.
24. Interview with Bromell.
25. Interview with Angele Davis, January 27, 2006.
26. Interview with Kathleen Blanco.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Mary Curtius, “E-Mails Reveal Fussing over Blanco Image,” Los Angeles Times, December 12, 2005.
30. Interview with Kathleen Blanco.
31. Ibid.
32. Interview with Bromell.
33. Interview with Davis.
34. Ibid.
35. Leonard Kleinpeter, letter to author, March 13, 2006.
36. Interview with Jim Amoss, January 10, 2006.
37. Interview with Garland Robinette, December 27, 2005.
38. Ibid.
39. Interview with Sam Jones, December 28, 2005.
40. 2005-246 LDWF Search and Rescue Missions, September 8, 2005.
41. John Burnett, “A Confederacy of New Orleans Characters,” National Public Radio, October 1, 2005.
42. John Pope, “Storm Puts Dent in West Nile Virus,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 23, 2006.
43. Interview with Jeff Goldblatt, December 30, 2005.
44. Interview with Compass.
45. Interview with Jimmy Duckworth, November 21, 2005.
46. Interview with Kathleen Blanco.
47. Interview with Mann.
48. Interview with Michael Knight, December 8, 2005.
49. Ibid.
50. Interview with Dyan French Cole, March 25, 2006.
51. Trymaine D. Lee, “Momma’s Mission,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 18, 2005.
52. Interview with Rick Matthieu, March 13, 2006.
53. Interview with French Cole.
54. Mama D, testimony before U.S. Congress, December 5, 2005, transcript.
55. Interview with Jimmy Deleray, October 17, 2005.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Interview with Mitch Landrieu, December 2, 2005.
59. Interview with Harry Lee, February 7, 2006.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Interview with Brian Williams, March 13, 2006.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Interview with Brian Williams, January 10, 2006.
70. Interview with Jean Harper, March 3, 2006.
71. Albertine Arseneau, interview on All Things Considered, National Public Radio, August 30, 2005.
72. “City a Woeful Scene,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, online edition, August 30, 2005.
73. Ibid.
74. Stephen J. Hedges, “Guard Units Stretched Thin,” Chicago Tribune, September 17, 2005.
75. Pete Simons, interview on The Situation Room, CNN, August 30, 2005.
76. Ibid.
77. Press release, “Coast Guard Continues Katrina Rescues,” U.S. Coast Guard, August 30, 2005.
78. Interview with Jimmy Duckworth, December 8, 2005.
79. Raphael Obermann, blog, searchwarp.com, August 29, 2005.
80. Vince Laforet, “Triage,” Dispatches: Notes from the Field, blog, digitaljournalist.org, September 2, 2005.
81. Interview with Duckworth, December 8, 2005.
82. Ibid.
83. Interview with Mary Fortune and Brandi Idris, November 21, 2005.
84. Interview with Duckworth, December 8, 2005.
85. Jim Washington, “Five Local Navy Ships to Help on Gulf Coast,” Norfolk Virginia-Pilot, August 31, 2005.
86. Joe Gyan Jr., “Navy Ships Assist in Range of Activities,” Baton Rouge Advocate, September 9, 2005.
87. Maggie Fox, “When Katrina Got Tough, Nurses Got Inventive,” Reuters, September 15, 2005.
88. Lou Dolinar, “Katrina: The Untold Story,” The Nation, October 24, 2005, p. 38.
89. Jesse Jackson, interview on Anderson Cooper 360, CNN, September 2, 2005, transcript.
90. Peter Whoriskey and Guy Gugliotta, “Evacuation and the Recriminations,” Washington Post, September 4, 2005.
91. Aaron Neville, interview on Your World with Neil Cavuto, Fox News Channel, November 23, 2005, transcript.
Chapter 9: CITY WITHOUT ANSWERS
1. Michael Chertoff, interview by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, NBC, September 4, 2005.
2. Joseph B. Treaster and Kate Zernike, “Hurricane Katrina: The Overview; Hurricane Slams into Gulf Coast; Dozens Are Dead,” New York Times, August 30, 2005.
3. Peter Whoriskey and Sam Coates, “Amid the Devastation, Some Feel Relief,” Washington Post, August 30, 2005.
4. Peter Whoriskey and Guy Gugliotta, “Storm Thrashes Gulf Coast,” Washington Post, August 30, 2005.
5. Doug MacCash and James O’Byrne, “Levee Breach Floods Lakeview, Mid-City, Carrollton, Gentilly, City Park,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, online edition, August 30, 2005.
6. Interview with Charlie Melancon, December 18, 2005.
7. Kerry Emanuel, Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
8. Robert Novak, “Lawyers vs. Katrina,” CNN.com, September 8, 2005.
9. Interview with Robert Novak, January 31, 2006.
10. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (New York: W.W. Norton, 1988), p. 250.
11. Interview with Novak.
12. Bill Walsh, “Squabbles Hindered Rescue Efforts,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 31, 2006.
13. Leo Bosner, interview on Morning Edition, National Public Radio, September 16, 2005.
14. Lara Jakes Jordan, “After Storm FEMA Refused Boats, Trucks,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 30, 2006.
15. Ibid.
16. “Joan Baez Performs at Crawford Anti-War Vigil,” Associated Press, August 21, 2005.
17. Michael A. Fletcher, “Cindy Sheehan’s Pitched Battle,” Washington Post, August 13, 2005.
18. Elaine Quijano, “Soldier’s Mom Digs in Near Bush Ranch,” CNN.com, August 7, 2005.
19. 2006 State of the Union, post speech commentary, Bob Schieffer, CBS News, January 31, 2006.
20. Evan Thomas, “How Bush Blew It,” Newsweek, September 19, 2005.
21. Ibid.
22. Lloyd Grove, “Deep Fishing for Solution to Katrina,” New York Daily News, September 7, 2005.
23. Ibid.
24. Julian Malone, “Chertoff Blames Slow Katrina Response on Failure to Prepare,” Cox News Service, October 22, 2005.
25. White House press release, “President Commemorates 60th Anniversary of V-J Day,” August 30, 2005.
26. Howard Fineman, “A Storm-Tossed Boss,” Newsweek, September 19, 2005, p. 38.
27. “Katrina Timeline; Misdirected Aid,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 9, 2005.
28. Clancy Dubos, “The Madness of C. Ray,” Gambit Weekly, January 24, 2006.
29. Interview with Joseph B. Treaster, January 28, 2006.
30. Gordon Russell, “Nagin: Mistakes Were Made at All Levels,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 11, 2005.
31. William Kalec, “Taking Off the Gloves,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 29, 2006.
32. Tom Planchet, “Katrina Blog Part II,” WWL-TV local news Web site, August 30, 2005.
33. Bob Marshall, “Levee System Along River Held Its Ground in Storm,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 23, 2006.
34. Anne Rochell Konigsmark, “Amid Ruins, ‘Island’ of Normalcy in the Big Easy,” USA Today, December 19, 2005.
35. FEMA news conference, The Situation Room, CNN, August 30, 2005.
36. Ibid.
37. John Zarrella, The Situation Room, August 30, 2005, CNN transcript.
38. Dan Shea, “Underwater,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, online edition, August 30, 2005.
39. CNN Reports, Katrina: State of Emergency (Kansas City: Andrews McMeel, 2005), p. 32.
40. Greg Henderson, e-mail
to Charlie Henderson, August 30, 2005, supplied by Greg Henderson.
41. Leslie Williams, “Eastern N.O. Residents Call for MR-GO to Close,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 29, 2005.
42. Interview with Chad Clark, December 8, 2005.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Paul Rioux and Manuel Torres, “Receding Floodwaters Reveal Devastation of St. Bernard,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, online edition, September 2, 2005.
48. J. Michael Brown, interview with Shannon Gibney, September 2005, “New Orleans Survivor Story.”
49. Kathleen Blanco press conference, August 30, 2005, CNN transcript.
50. J. Michael Brown, “New Orleans Survivor Story.”
51. Interview with Mitch Landrieu, December 2, 2005.
52. Robert Palmer, Deep Blues (New York: Penguin, 1981), pp. 74–75.
53. Interview with Mitch Landrieu.
54. Jennifer Brown, “Oil Spills Foul Louisiana Neighborhoods,” USA Today, October 20, 2005.
55. Interview with Clark.
56. Interview with Clark.
57. Stephen J. Hedges, “Crew of Navy Ship Ready to Play Larger Role in Relief Effort,” Chicago Tribune, September 3, 2005.
58. Interview with Mary Landrieu, January 26, 2006.
59. Sandy Davis, “Katrina Leaves Slidell a ‘Nightmare’,” Baton Rouge Advocate, August 31, 2005.
60. Chris Kirkham, “The Scene from South Slidell,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 31, 2005.
61. “Texan Blues Star Brown Dies at 81,” BBC News, September 11, 2005.
62. Planchet, “Katrina Blog Part II.”
63. Kathleen Blanco press conference, August 30, 2005.
64. Interview with Terry Ebbert, March 17, 2006.
65. Interview with Jackie Clarkson, December 8, 2005.
66. Ibid.
67. “City a Woeful Scene,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, online edition, August 30, 2005.
68. Mike Perlstein and Brian Thevenot, “Even a Cop Joins in the Looting,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, online edition, August 30, 2005.
69. Planchet, “Katrina Blog Part II.”
70. Perlstein and Thevenot, “Even a Cop Joins in the Looting.”
71. Greg Henderson, e-mail to Charlie Henderson, August 30, 2005.
72. James Varney, “N.O. Cops Reported to Take Cadillacs from Dealership,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 29, 2005.
73. “Ex-Cop Indicted in Stolen Truck Case,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 21, 2006.
74. Interview with David Vitter, December 21, 2005.
75. Al Thomas note left at Marriott Courtyard, September 2, 2005, courtesy of Mimi Fast.
76. Patrick Wooten, interview on All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 16, 2005.
77. Miriam Hill and Nicholas Spangler, “No Evidence Backs Up Report of Rescue Helicopters Being Fired Upon,” Knight Ridder, October 2, 2005.
78. Interview with Eddie Jordan, December 29, 2005.
79. “Anatomy of a Disaster,” U.S. News & World Report, September 26, 2005.
80. Interview with Warren Riley, December 5, 2005.
81. Ibid.
82. Matthew Magee, “Dispatches from the Edge of Civilization,” Sunday Herald, September 18, 2005.
83. Holbrook Mohr, interview on Day to Day, National Public Radio, August 31, 2005.
84. Haley Barbour, interview on Today, August 30, 2005.
85. Scott Dodd, “Katrina’s Fury Irrevocably Changed Mississippi Coast,” Knight Ridder, August 30, 2005.
86. Susan M. Moyer, Katrina: Stories of Rescue, Revolution, and Rebuilding in the Eye of the Storm (Champaign, Ill.: Spotlight Press, 2005).
87. Tony Gnoffo, “In Pascagoula, Katrina Claims a Neighborhood,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 31, 2005.
88. Chris Joyner, “Katrina: The Recovery,” Jackson Clarion-Ledger, October 13, 2005.
89. Timothy R. Brown, “Senator Trent Lott Urges President Bush to Visit Mississippi,” Associated Press, August 31, 2005.
90. James Janega and Angela Rozas, “U.S. Recalls FEMA Chief,” Chicago Tribune, September 10, 2005.
91. Jonathan S. Landay, Alison Young, and Shannon McCaffrey, “Chertoff Delayed Federal Response, Memo Shows,” Knight Ridder, September 13, 2005.
92. Planchet, “Katrina Blog Part II.”
93. Bill Taylor, “In the Big Easy, Despair Is Rising with the Waters,” Toronto Star, August 31, 2005.
94. “Government’s Failures Doomed Many,” Seattle Times, September 11, 2005.
95. Ibid.
96. John O’Neil and Maria Newman, “Brown Asserts He Alerted White House Quickly on Katrina,” New York Times, February 10, 2006.
97. Press release, “Guard, NORTHCOM Responds to Hurricane Aftermath,” Agency Group 9, Department of Defense, August 30, 2005.
98. Drew Brown, “U.S. Military to Assist Relief Effort with Aircraft, Logistical Support,” Knight Ridder, August 30, 2005.
99. David D. Kirkpatrick and Scott Shane, “Ex-FEMA Chief Tells of Frustration and Chaos,” New York Times, September 15, 2005.
Chapter 10: THE SMELL OF DEATH
1. Interview with Sara Roberts, February 1, 2006.
2. Interview with Sam Jones, December 28, 2005.
3. Interview with Ronny Lovett, February 2, 2006.
4. Interview with Sara Roberts, February 6, 2006.
5. Ibid.
6. Interview with Lovett.
7. André Buisson, “R & R in the City,” August 31 to September 6, 2005, unpublished diary.
8. Interview with Roberts, February 6, 2006.
9. Interview with André Buisson, February 7, 2006.
10. Interview with Roberts, February 6, 2006.
11. Buisson, “R & R in the City.”
12. Interview with Roberts, February 6, 2006.
13. Interview with Lovett.
14. Interview with Roberts, February 6, 2006.
15. Buisson, “R & R in the City.”
16. Ibid.
17. Interview with Reverend Willie Walker, October 3, 2005.
18. Interview with Reverend Willie Walker, January 26, 2006.
19. Bob Herbert, “Evacuees Find Humiliation, Not Help,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 15, 2005.
20. Interview with Walker, October 3, 2005.
21. Robert Block, “Documents Reveal Extent of Fumble on Storm,” Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2005.
22. Lawrence McLeary, interview on All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 9, 2005.
23. “A Full Blackout for 2.1 Million Gulf Coast Homes,” Toronto Star, August 31, 2005.
24. Liane Hansen, “Power Woes Add to New Orleans Anguish,” Weekend Sunday Edition, National Public Radio, December 4, 2005.
25. John Schwartz, “Pumping: Behind the First Roar of Machinery to Drain the City,” New York Times, September 8, 2005.
26. Paul Davidson, “Power Company Gets Lights on Fast,” USA Today, September 7, 2005.
27. “Entergy Corp.’s New Orleans Subsidiary Files for Bankruptcy,” Transmission and Distribution World, October 2005.
28. Rick Bush, “This Is Our Fight,” Transmission and Distribution World, October 1, 2005.
29. Erika Bolstead and Nicholas Spangler, “After Weeks of Turmoil, New Orleans’ Police Chief Steps Down,” Knight Ridder, September 27, 2005.
30. Interview with Eddie Compass, February 25, 2006.
31. Joseph B. Treaster and Christopher Drew, “City to Offer Free Trips to Las Vegas for Officers,” New York Times, September 5, 2005.
32. Josephine Ervin, “Pastor Gives Solace at Church,” Shenikah Glory Full Gospel Baptist Church Web site newsletter, December 2005.
33. Interview with Charmaine Neville, February 8, 2005.
34. Office of the Governor of Louisiana, “Response to U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Document and Information Request Dated October 7,
2005, and to the House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina,” December 2, 2005.
35. Sidney Barthelemy, CNN interview quoted on All Things Considered, National Public Radio, August 31, 2005.
36. Office of the Governor of Louisiana, “Response to U.S. Senate Committee.”
37. Marty Bahamonde, testimony, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, October 20, 2005.
38. Interview with Terry Ebbert, March 8, 2006.
39. “Press Gaggle with Scott McClellan,” August 31, 2005, White House Press Office, transcript.
40. Interview with Kathleen Blanco, December 19, 2005.
41. Ibid.
42. Marty Bahamonde, e-mail to Cindy Taylor et al., August 31, 2005, 2:44 P.M.
43. Interview with Michael Brown, February 4, 2006.
44. Andrew Zajac and Andrew Martin, “Offer of Buses Fell Between the Cracks,” Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2005.
45. “Katrina’s Big Contracts Go to Companies in Political Loop,” Associated Press, October 19, 2005.
46. Interview with Tony Zumbado, February 3, 2006.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Interview with Tony Zumbado, December 1, 2005.
50. Tony Zumbado, MSNBC interview, September 1, 2005, transcript.
51. Interview with Josh Holm, February 5, 2006.
52. Keith Spera, “Desperation, Death on Road to Safety,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 31, 2005.
53. Interview with Ivory Clark, December 26, 2005.
54. Ibid.
55. Jennifer Loven, “Bush Views Devastation of Hurricane Katrina from Air Force One,” Billings Gazette, August 31, 2005.
56. “Press Gaggle with Scott McClellan,” August 31, 2005.
57. Peter Baker, “Vacation Ends, and Crisis Management Begins,” Washington Post, September 1, 2005.
58. “Press Gaggle with Scott McClellan,” August 31, 2005. White House Press Office transcript.
59. “Analysis: President Bush Surveys Hurricane Damage,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, September 1, 2005.
60. Howard Fineman, “A Storm-Tossed Boss,” Newsweek, September 19, 2005.
61. “Anatomy of a Disaster,” U.S. News & World Report, September 26, 2005.
Chapter 11: BLINDNESS
1. Kris Axtman, “Lost-and-Found Families,” Christian Science Monitor, September 15, 2005.
2. CNN News Group, Katrina: State of Emergency, CNN Reports, October 2005.
3. “National Response Plan: Local/Federal Response Strategies & Coordination Structures,” Department of Homeland Security Web site, December 2005.
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