4. Ibid.
5. José Saramago, Blindness, trans. Giovanni Pontiero (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1997).
6. Patrick Water, “Morial Likens Katrina to September 11,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, February 3, 2006.
7. Interview with Michael Brown, February 4, 2006.
8. Michael D. Brown, testimony, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, February 10, 2006; “An Early Alarm from New Orleans,” New York Times, February 10, 2006.
9. “Preliminary Observations Regarding Preparedness and Response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita,” Government Accountability Office, February 1, 2006.
10. Spencer Hsu, Jody Warrick, and Rob Stein, “Documents Highlight Bush-Blanco Standoff,” Washington Post, December 5, 2005.
11. Interview with Kathleen Blanco, December 19, 2005.
12. Office of the Governor of Louisiana, “Response to U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Document and Information Request Dated October 7, 2005, and to the House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina,” December 2, 2005.
13. Interview with Blanco.
14. Interview with Bob Mann, December 19, 2005.
15. “The 2000 Campaign: Transcript of Debate Between Vice President Gore and Governor Bush,” New York Times, October 4, 2000.
16. Katrina Woznicki, “Navy Hospital Ship Comfort to Head for New Orleans,” MedPage Today, August 31, 2005.
17. Lynn Armitage, “Homegrown Heroes,” OC Metro: Business Lifestyle Magazine, October 27, 2005.
18. Press release, Orange County Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 5 Deployed to Assist with Hurricane Katrina, August 31, 2005.
19. Armitage, “Homegrown Heroes.”
20. Don Thompson and Robert Jablon, “Governor: Katrina Devastation ‘Challenges Limits of Despair,’” Associated Press, September 2, 2005.
21. Ann Scott Tyson, “Strain of Iraq: War Means the Relief Burden Will Have to Be Shared,” Washington Post, August 31, 2005.
22. Robert Block, Amy Schatz, and Gary Fields, “Power Failure: Behind Poor Katrina Response,” Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2005.
23. Interview with Bernard H. McLaughlin, February 10, 2006.
24. Bernard H. McLaughlin, e-mail to author, February 9, 2006.
25. Ibid.
26. Interview with McLaughlin.
27. General MRE information from Federation of American Scientists, www.fas.org.
28. Bernard H. McLaughlin, diary, August 31, 2005, supplied by McLaughlin.
29. “Katrina Timeline (Unexecuted Plans),” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 9, 2005.
30. Press release, “Governor Richardson Orders 200 New Mexico National Guard to Aid in Hurricane Katrina Relief,” Office of the Governor, New Mexico, August 30, 2005.
31. Michael Isikoff and Mark Hosenbell, “Red Tape,” Newsweek, September 14, 2005.
32. Jim Lee with Victoria Tester, “After the Storm: A Grant County National Guardsman Tells What It Was Like to Be on the Scene in Louisiana After Hurricane Katrina,” Silver City, (N. Mex.) Desert Exposure, November 2005.
33. Anne Hall and Doug Struck, “At Nursing Home, Katrina Dealt Only the One Blow,” Washington Post, September 23, 2005.
34. Ibid.
35. Terry Ebbert, “Katrina Takes Aim,” panel at Tulane University, February 12, 2006.
36. Interview with Mary Landrieu, January 26, 2006.
37. Belinda Rathbone, Walker Evans (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995), p. 96.
38. Manuel Roig-Franzia, “Ghost Town: Down at the End of the World, Houses Walk and the Dead Rise Up,” Washington Post, September 21, 2005.
39. Kathy Anderson, “The Ways of Water,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 21, 2005.
40. Raymond Seed, testimony, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, November 2, 2005.
41. Richard Ford, “A City Beyond the Reach of Empathy,” New York Times, September 4, 2005.
42. Interview with Kristina Ford, October 17, 2005.
43. Interview with Ben Jaffe, February 11, 2006.
44. William A. Fagaly, Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude (New York: Rizzoli, 2004), p. 5.
45. Ibid.
46. Interview with Jaffe.
47. Ibid.
48. David Fricke, “Native Sons,” Rolling Stone, October 6, 2005, p. 127.
49. Nekesa Mumbi Moody, “Amid the Horror, a Lament for New Orleans Musical Heritage,” Associated Press, September 2, 2005.
50. Interview with Mark Broyard, December 7, 2005.
51. Ibid.
52. Interview with Roger Guenveur Smith, December 2005.
53. Interview with Broyard.
54. Jacqueline Beaumont, “Texas Families Await Word from Relatives in Hurricane-Ravaged New Orleans,” Beaumont (Tex.) Enterprise, August 30, 2005.
55. Blaine Harden and Shankar Vedantam, “Many Displaced by Katrina Find Shelter in Relatives’ Homes,” Washington Post, September 8, 2005.
56. Ron Thibodeaux, “Ailing Refugees Find Care at LSU Arena,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 1, 2005.
57. Interview with Sherry Watters, February 9, 2006.
58. “LSU QB Shares Home with Fats Domino,” Associated Press, September 4, 2005.
59. “Fats Domino Returns Home to New Orleans,” Reuters, October 19, 2005.
60. Interview with Bill White, February 8, 2006.
61. Bill Murphy, Rad Sallee, Salatheia Bryant, Melissa Phillip, Peggy O’Hare, Dale Lezon, and R. G. Ratcliffe, “Houston: Buses Bring Thousands from Superdome to Astrodome,” Houston Chronicle, September 1, 2005.
62. Interview with White.
63. “Press Conference with Officials from Homeland Security, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Departments of Health and Human Services, Energy, Transportation, and Defense,” Department of Homeland Security, August 31, 2005.
64. George Rush and Joanna Malloy, “As South Drowns, Rice Soaks in N.Y.,” New York Daily News, September 1, 2005.
65. Lisa Rosetta, “Frustrated: Fire Crews to Hand Out Fliers for FEMA,” Salt Lake Tribune, September 1, 2005.
66. Interview with Terry Ebbert, March 8, 2005.
67. John T. Edge, Fried Chicken: An American Story (New York: Putnam, 2004).
68. Kim Severson, “Austin Leslie, 71, Dies; Famed for Fried Chicken,” New York Times, September 30, 2005.
69. “Anatomy of a Disaster,” U.S. News & World Report, September 26, 2005.
70. Interview with Leonard Kleinpeter, March 13, 2006.
71. George W. Bush, text of speech released by Department of Homeland Security, August 31, 2005.
72. “Waiting for a Leader,” New York Times, Op-Ed, September 1, 2005.
73. Robert D. McFadden and Ralph Blumenthal, “Hurricane Katrina: The Overview,” New York Times, September 1, 2005.
74. Interview with Jeff Goldblatt, December 28, 2005.
75. Interview with Jeff Goldblatt, December 13, 2005.
Chapter 12: THE INTENSE IRRATIONALITY OF A THURSDAY
1. George W. Bush, interview with Diane Sawyer, Good Morning America, ABC, September 1, 2005.
2. Elisabeth Bumiller, “Democrats and Others Criticize White House’s Response to Disaster,” New York Times, September 2, 2005.
3. Joby Warrick, “White House Got Early Warning on Katrina,” Washington Post, January 24, 2006.
4. Bumiller, “Democrats and Others Criticize.”
5. Interview with Catrina Williams, February 16, 2006.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. “Six Tales of Courage,” Time, December 19, 2005.
9. Press release, “Harmony Hills Student Honored for Saving Lives,” North East Independent School District, San Antonio, Texas, January 24, 2006.
10. Interview with Williams.
11. Leslie Turk, “Cries for Help,” Lafayette (La.) Independent, September 7, 20
05.
12. Interview with Williams.
13. Ibid.
14. Quoted in Executive Intelligence Review, September 30, 2005.
15. Interview with Richard Zuschlag, January 31, 2006.
16. Patrick J. Sauer, “The Anti-FEMA,” Inc. Magazine, December 2005.
17. Interview with Zuschlag.
18. Sauer, “The Anti-FEMA.”
19. Interview with Zuschlag.
20. Interview with James Cardiff, March 12, 2006.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Interview with Henry McEnery III, March 12, 2006.
25. Ibid.
26. Interview with Cardiff.
27. Interview with Zuschlag.
28. Ceci Connolly, “Frustration Grows in Days Stranded on Interstate 10,” Washington Post, September 9, 2005.
29. Meghan Gordon and Sheila Grissett, “I-10 Becomes Refugee Camp,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 3, 2005.
30. Ellen Barry, “Stranded on Highway and Left to Their Fate,” Irish Times, September 2, 2005.
31. Connolly, “Frustration Grows in Days Stranded on Interstate 10.”
32. Jocelyn Noveck, “Use of Word ‘Refugee’ to Describe Katrina’s Displaced Disputed,” Associated Press, September 6, 2005.
33. Michael Eric Dyson, Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2006), p. 1.
34. Michael Kranish, “Bush Vows Probe of ‘What Went Wrong,’” Boston Globe, September 7, 2005.
35. Gerard Baker, “Space, Food, Medicine, Protection: It’s Better Here in Barbara’s Hall of Plenty,” The Times (London), September 16, 2005.
36. Jack Shafer, “Don’t Refloat,” slate.com, September 7, 2005.
37. Brian G. Lukas, “Covering Hurricane Katrina,” personal journal, September 1–4, 2005.
38. Gordon and Grissett, “I-10 Becomes Refugee Camp.”
39. Oprah, September 7, 2005, transcript.
40. Chip Johnson, “Police Made Their Storm Misery Worse,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 9, 2005.
41. Ibid.
42. Ed Bradley, 60 Minutes, CBS, December 18, 2005.
43. Interview with Sheperd Smith, February 1, 2006.
44. Rob Nelson, “Charred Oakwood Determined to Reopen,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 19, 2005.
45. Interview with Smith.
46. Ibid.
47. Steve Inskeep, “Evacuees Were Turned Away at Gretna, Louisiana,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, September 20, 2005.
48. Brock N. Meeks, “Gretna Mayor Defends Bridge Blockade,” MSNBC.com, September 22, 2005.
49. John Burnett reporting, All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 15, 2005.
50. Interview with Natalie Rand, December 28, 2005.
51. Janet McConnaughey, “Man Listed as Hurricane Katrina Victim Was Shot by Police,” Associated Press, October 10, 2005.
52. Janet McConnaughey, “La Crosse Man’s Brother Killed by Police in New Orleans,” Associated Press, October 9, 2005.
53. Interview with Conia Sherman, December 28, 2005.
54. Denise Moore, interview with Ira Moore, “After the Flood,” This American Life, WBEZ radio, September 9, 2005.
55. Burnett, All Things Considered.
56. Wil Haygood and Ann Scott Tyson, “‘It Was as If All of Us Were Already Pronounced Dead,’” Washington Post, September 15, 2005.
57. “A Failure of Initiative: Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina,” U.S. House of Representatives, February 2006, p. 28.
58. Haygood and Tyson, “‘Already Pronounced Dead.’”
59. Interview with Ivory Clark, February 16, 2006.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Reed Abelson and Alan Feuer, “10,000 Patients and Staff Members Await Evacuation from Barely Functional Hospitals,” New York Times, September 1, 2005.
63. Neil Osterweil, “Hospitals Evacuate in Wake of Rising Waters from Katrina,” MedPage Today, August 30, 2005.
64. Chris Adams, Thomas Fitzgerald, and Steven Thomas, “Hospital Workers Describe Effort to Save Patients,” Knight Ridder, September 13, 2005.
65. Carrie Kahn, “New Orleans Hospital Staff Discussed Mercy Killings,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 16, 2006.
66. Jim Montgomery, “The Hospital Spirit Survives Hurricane Katrina’s Wrath,” American Hospital Association, September 19, 2005.
67. Interview with Christopher Wormuth, December 29, 2005.
68. Madeline Brand, “One Week Later, Catching Up with Dr. Randy Roig,” Day to Day, National Public Radio, September 7, 2005.
69. Madeline Bar Diaz, “Hospital Crisis: Harrowing Five Days Until Rescue,” Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel, September 7, 2005.
70. Adam Nossiter, “Dispute over Historic Hospital for the Poor Pits Doctors Against the State,” New York Times, December 17, 2005.
71. “Two New Orleans Hospitals Plead for Help,” Associated Press, September 1, 2005.
72. Interview with Ruth Berggren, January 29, 2006.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Interview with Peter DeBlieux, January 29, 2006.
77. Marilynn Marchione, “Most Troubled New Orleans Hospital Finally Gets Some Help,” Associated Press, September 2, 2005.
78. Steve Sternberg, “For City’s Historic Hospital, Help Is Needed ‘in a Hurry,’ USA Today, September 2, 2005.
79. Interview with Tyler Curiel, February 18, 2006.
80. Interview with Berggren.
81. Interview with Peter DeBlieux, October 25, 2006.
82. Interview with Libby Goff, February 19, 2006.
83. Matt Scallen, “Airport Medical Teams Treat Thousands,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 9, 2005.
84. Jay Root and Matt Stevens, “Health-Care Workers Struggle to Care for the Sick and Elderly,” Knight Ridder, September 2, 2005.
85. Interview with Larry Dixon, February 18, 2006.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Interview with Arthur “June” Thomas, February 18, 2006.
89. Ibid.
90. Interview with Dixon.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
Chapter 13: “IT’S OUR TIME NOW”
1. Interview with Bruce Foret, February 26, 2006.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Interview with George Morales, February 27, 2006.
5. Ibid.
6. Interview with Foret.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Interview with Calvin Fayard, September 28, 2005.
10. Interview with Ivory Clark, March 2, 2006.
11. Interview with Hank Staples, March 1, 2006.
12. Interview with Foret.
13. Ibid.
14. Interview with Jeff Amann, March 1, 2006.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Interview with Foret.
18. Ibid.
19. Interview with Warren Riley, December 5, 2005.
20. Interview with Harry Lee, February 27, 2006.
21. Allen G. Breed, “From Catastrophe to Chaos; Gunfire, Corpses Left in the Open, and a Slow Exodus Out,” Associated Press, September 1, 2005.
22. “Frustration Boils; Mayor Nagin, Blanco Irate About Delays,” Baton Rouge Advocate, September 2, 2005.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Paul Salopek, “A Stressful Toll on Haggard Cops,” Chicago Tribune, September 8, 2005.
27. Trymaine Lee, “Seventh District Struggles to Come to Terms with Officers Suicide,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 18, 2005.
28. Interview with Eddie Compass, February 25, 2006.
29. Interview with Riley.
30. Lee, “Seventh District Struggles to Come to
Terms with Officers Suicide.”
31. Interview with Riley.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Bernard H. McLaughlin, diary, September 1–3, 2005, supplied by McLaughlin.
35. Interview with Terry Ebbert, March 21, 2006.
36. Interview with Bill White, February 6, 2006.
37. Ibid.
38. Josh Peter, “Taking the Wheel,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 16, 2005.
39. Interview with Judge Eckels, January 26, 2006.
40. Ibid.
41. Mary Foster, “Refugees Getting Showers and Meals in Houston,” Associated Press, September 1, 2005.
42. Interview with Laura Maloney, December 13, 2005.
43. Interview with Denise Okojo, December 14, 2005.
44. Gloria Dauphin, “Service Dog Rescued and Reunited,” LSPCA Web site, October 7, 2005.
45. Interview with Maloney, December 13, 2005.
46. Interview with Laura Maloney, March 2, 2006.
47. Interview with Ron Forman, January 10, 2006.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Interview with Don Kinney, February 25, 2006.
52. Ibid.
53. Interview with Ron Forman.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Interview with Kinney.
58. Matthew Brown, “Oyster Fishers Snag La. Jobs,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, February 6, 2006.
59. Sam Coates and Dan Eggen, “A City of Despair and Lawlessness,” Washington Post, September 2, 2005.
60. Interview with Ivory Clark, February 16, 2006.
61. Donna Johnson-Clark, Katrina diary, September 1–2, 2006, supplied by Johnson-Clark.
62. Mary Swerczek, “General Likens Hurricane to Well-Planned Attack; He Pledges Help Until State Can Take Over,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 14, 2005.
63. Greg Henderson, interview with Anderson Cooper, CNN, September 9, 2005.
64. Dave Montgomery, “Man in Charge of Military Along Gulf Is No-Nonsense, All Army,” Knight Ridder, September 11, 2005.
65. Mark Schleifstein, “Surge, Breach, and a 26-Foot-Deep Gorge,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 1, 2005.
66. Kaiser-Hill press release, September 8, 2005.
67. Interview with Jerry Long, March 2, 2006.
68. Interview with Jackie Clarkson, December 8, 2005.
69. Interview with Clarkson.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
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