Machiavelli
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excesses of young men (giovani) in, 34
1530 siege of, 337–38
French alliance with, 88, 90–91, 157, 185–90
French occupation of, 50–51, 53
as “fulcrum of Italy,” 30–31
golden age of, 30–31, 45, 46
government of, 4n, 6, 20–21, 23, 29, 31–32, 40, 43–45, 52–55, 71–91, 123–24
home of NM in, 13, 15–16, 39, 50, 75, 210
Medici domination of, 2n, 4n, 6, 7, 21–22, 23, 25–26, 29–32, 48–53
Medici expelled from, 50–52, 53, 54, 60, 153, 157, 197, 199
Medici regime restored in, 2n, 6, 7, 196–202, 282
NM as Second Chancellor of, ix, 1, 4, 6–7, 10, 18, 28, 35–36, 42–45, 49, 53, 70–91, 97, 103, 105–8, 114–19, 122–33, 136–76, 181–201, 341
Old Market in, 16, 30, 249, 274
Oltrarno section of, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25, 108
palaces in, 16–17, 29, 30, 50, 51, 60n
patriarchal society of, 27, 216
Piazza della Signoria in, 19, 50, 59, 65, 69, 162–63, 197
political and military weakness of, 96–98, 102–3, 107, 115, 124, 157–58, 159–61, 217
political conflict and violence in, 18–20, 25–26, 27, 31–32, 39–40, 44, 45–46, 52, 96, 187–88, 225, 267
political patronage in, 73–74, 78
population of, 17, 29, 53
quarters and gonfaloni of, xii–xiii, 16n
rats and contagious diseases in, 16, 29, 46n
social activity and entertainment in, 31, 36–37, 41, 83, 104
social hierarchy of, 13–14, 15, 16–17, 19–22, 23, 26, 29, 52, 251–52
status of women in, 108–12, 274–75
taxation in, 21, 55, 73, 77, 146–47, 161, 185
tourists and visitors in, 16
Via Larga in, 16–17, 29, 60n, 197, 294
Via Romano in, 15–16, 21
Florence, University of, 25, 34, 74, 303
Florentine Great Council, 52–53, 54, 58, 61, 62, 72, 73, 76, 124, 136, 162–63, 192, 195, 197, 336
Florentine Histories (Machiavelli), 20, 45n, 48, 117n, 148–49, 251n, 262n, 271, 303–4, 308–9, 313–14, 341
Foix, Gaston de, 189–90
Forli, 80–82, 83, 90, 97, 98, 129, 326
Fornova, Battle of, 57
Fossombrone, 131
France, 47, 96
NM’s diplomatic missions to, 98–108, 158
Spanish wars with, 108n, 135, 139, 157–58, 177–78, 189–90, 279, 311–12
see also French army
Francis I, King of France, 312–13, 315, 321
Franciscan Brothers, 42, 64–66, 299, 300
frateschi, 58, 61–62, 63, 73
Frederick I “Barbarossa,” Holy Roman Emperor, 164
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 164
French army, 86–91, 117, 157, 160, 315
1494 invasion of Italy by, 45–52, 55–58, 78, 86–87, 94, 159
1498 invasion of Italy by, 87, 88–91, 96–98
French Revolution, 245
Freud, Sigmund, 218
Galileo Galilei, 257n, 347
Gallic Wars, 255
Garigliano River, 157
Gascons, 89, 90
Gauls, 31, 44
Geneva, 165
Genoa, 145, 177, 178
Gentillet, Innocent, 9n, 335, 344–45
Germanic states, 56n, 57n, 88, 166–67
Germany, Nazi, 264
Geta e Birria, 247
Ghibelline party, 18–19, 105
Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 22, 30, 75, 150
Giovanni delle Bande Nere, 81n, 324, 325
Giunta, Filippo di, 302
Gondi, Giuliano, 61
Gonfaloniere, x, 4n, 16n, 76, 123, 124, 136, 154, 162
Gonzaga, Francesco, Marquis of Mantua, 192n
Gordon, Thomas, 345
Gospels, 41, 186, 220, 229, 255
Greece, ancient, 33, 36, 147, 251n, 255, 257, 267
Greek language, 33
Guelph party, 18–19, 105
Guicciardini, Francesco, 30–31, 45, 48, 50, 57–58, 60, 76, 77, 85, 87, 96, 231, 278, 311, 327, 338
NM’s friendship with, ix, 30, 45n, 184, 238, 260, 273, 292, 299–302, 312, 315–19, 321–23
works of, 31, 45n, 198, 300
Guicciardini, Luigi, 209, 322
Gurk, Bishop of, 168
Hamilton, Alexander, 237n, 348
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 228n, 229
Hannibal, 47, 121
Hebrews, ancient, 43, 184, 241
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 128, 290n
Henry VI, Part 3 (Shakespeare), 347
Henry VIII, King of England, 9n, 322n, 337, 343
Hippocratic Oath, 148
History of Florence (Guicciardini), 31, 45n, 300
History of Italy (Guicciardini), 45n, 198, 300
History of Rome (Livy), 24, 254n, 256, 269–70
Hitler, Adolf, 9n, 232, 349
Hobbes, Thomas, 230n, 237, 239, 346n, 348
Holy League, 56–58, 87, 181, 188–89
Holy Roman Emperor, 18, 56n–57n, 164–65, 242n
Holy See, x, 5, 42, 45, 96
see also College of Cardinals; Vatican
homosexuality, 104, 277–78
Horace, 249
Huguenots, 9n, 344
humanism, 106, 255
Hume, David, 268
Imola, 122, 126, 129, 139, 141, 142, 143, 146
Inferno (Dante), 18n
In Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 227n, 263n
Institutio principis Christiani (Education of a Christian Prince) (Erasmus), 221–23
Isocrates, 219n
Italian Renaissance, 33, 40, 46, 57n, 85n, 94, 108–9, 115, 128, 137, 143, 172–73, 194, 222, 225, 228, 339, 343
Italy, xi, 7n
barbarian invasions of, 31, 44
coinages used in, 84n
1494 French invasion of, 45–52, 55–58, 78, 86–87, 94, 159
1498 French invasion of, 87, 88–91, 96–98
political upheaval in, 44
reunification of, 241n, 245
wool and silk industries of, 14, 25, 30, 299
Jacopo of Piombino, 79, 159
Jay, John, 237n
Jesus Christ, 256, 258, 270, 272
Jew of Malta, The (Marlowe), 346
John III, King of Navarre, 139
Judeo-Christian tradition, 223n
Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 173n
Julius II, Pope, x, 136–39, 153, 312, 322
arts patronage of, 179
death of, 207
secular and religious power of, 178–90
Kissinger, Henry, 148, 350
La Magione Castle, 121
Landino, Cristoforo, 283n
Landucci, Luca, 50, 60, 62, 66, 68–69, 79, 107, 116, 117, 162–63, 169–70, 175, 197
La Rocca fortress, 122, 143
Last Supper (Leonardo), 142
Latin language, 32, 33, 75, 83, 102, 150
League of Cambrai, 181–85, 188
League of Cognac, 322, 324–25
Le Grazie bridge, 83
Lenin, V. I., 287
Lenzi family, 203
Leo III, Pope, 56n–57n
Leo X, Pope, x, 8, 54, 97n, 244, 245, 263, 268, 279, 283, 285
death of, 306
1513 election of, 3n, 207–8
NM and, 54n, 292–94, 296, 313
Leonardo da Vinci, 30, 60, 141–46, 148–55, 163n
family background of, 142, 216
multiple talents of, 141–42, 143–46, 148–52
NM and, 141–46, 148, 150–52, 153
notebooks of, 150
setbacks and frustrations of, 142, 151–52
Leonora (sister of Charles V), 321
Leviathan (Hobbes), 230n, 239
Life of Castruccio Castracani (Machiavelli), 298
litterae humaniores (human letters), 34
Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans (Pluta
rch), 128–29
Livorno, 145
Livy, 24, 32, 106, 137, 254n, 256, 270
Locke, John, 237n, 345, 348
Lombardy, 47, 89, 240, 315
Lopez, Cardinal, 72
Louis XII, King of France, ix, 87–89, 96–98, 100–103, 105, 107–8, 113, 158, 181, 186, 188–90, 312
Cesare Borgia and, 96–98, 100–101, 105, 107–8, 113–14, 116–17, 123, 126
Pope Alexander VI and, 87–88, 96, 100–101
Lucca, 85–86, 144, 145, 169, 298
Lucretia “La Riccia” (NM’s lover), 278
Luther, Martin, 306, 312n
Ninety-five Theses of, 263n, 293
Lycurgus, 228, 266, 272
Lyons, 89, 186
Lysander, 301
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord, 10n
Machiavelli, Alessandro, 22
Machiavelli, Bartolomea (daughter), ix, 276, 277
Machiavelli, Bartolomea Benizi (mother), 26–28, 101n, 109–10
religious poetry of, 27–28
Machiavelli, Bernardo (father), ix, 248
character and personality of, 22–26, 155
death of, 14–15, 101, 185
diary of, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29
family concerns of, 25–26, 32
farming of, 14, 29
financial fecklessness and debt of, 22–23, 24, 27, 28, 33, 155, 185, 218
intellectual pursuits of, 14, 24, 28, 72, 256
law training of, 22
Livy’s History of Rome indexed by, 24, 256
marriage of, 26–27
NM’s relationship with, 22, 25, 28
properties of, 13–14, 15–16, 17, 23, 27, 30
social and political connections of, 14, 23, 26, 35, 74
Machiavelli, Bernardo (son), ix, 112n, 113, 208, 276, 277, 322
Machiavelli, Buoninsegna, 21
Machiavelli, Girolamo, 25–26
Machiavelli, Guido (son), ix, 208, 276–77
Machiavelli, Lodovico (son), ix, 208, 276, 277n
Machiavelli, Lorenzo di Filippo, 21
Machiavelli, Margherita (sister), 27
Machiavelli, Marietta Corsini (wife), ix, 327
marriage of NM and, 8, 108–13
motherhood of, 8, 35, 112, 127, 208, 211, 274, 276
NM’s relationship with, 35, 111–13, 127–28, 208–9, 274–76, 278
Machiavelli, Niccolò d’Alessandro, 25
Machiavelli, Niccolò di Bernardo, ix
abrasive manner of, 1, 7, 36, 128, 171, 210, 213
active vs. contemplative life preferred by, 248–54
arrest, imprisonment, and torture of, 2–4, 35, 204–5, 212, 274, 293–94
birth of, 13, 15, 17, 22, 27, 148
bitterness and sarcasm of, 4–6, 15, 42, 85, 217
brothels and taverns frequented by, 36–37, 41, 42, 83, 103–5, 208, 209, 248, 274
candor of, 132, 147, 199–201, 215
childhood and adolescence of, 13, 16, 22, 25, 27–37, 141, 148, 216
citizen militia raised by, 1–2, 20, 150, 152, 160–64, 169–72, 174–75, 187, 188, 191–94, 303
conventional decorum and morality condemned by, 210, 218
cynicism of, 19, 35, 86, 198, 237–39, 253
death of, 9, 35, 261
debating skills of, 249
diplomatic missions of, 42–45, 74, 80–82, 83, 97, 98–103, 105–6, 114–19, 122–33, 136–40, 158–59, 165–69, 181–83, 185–89, 217
education of, 32–34, 41, 74, 75, 106, 256
enemies and detractors of, 1–2, 6, 9–10, 23n, 35, 104, 146, 170–71, 177, 185–86, 201–4
family background of, 13–15, 17–22, 72, 75, 110, 155
family responsibilities of, 27, 72, 101, 108, 127–28, 208–9, 211–12, 274–77
farming of, 4, 202n, 211, 247, 249
fatherhood of, 8, 35, 36, 83, 109, 112–13, 208–9, 211, 276–77
financial need and debt of, 6, 7–8, 11, 17, 23n, 28, 35, 37, 72, 101, 125, 127–28, 202, 209, 212, 213, 214, 216
as “finger of Satan,” 261, 343–44
Fortune and the Muses evoked by, 3, 6, 8, 40, 46, 140, 175, 206–7, 209, 224, 228–29, 248, 260, 264, 271–72, 274, 275, 281
gregariousness of, 5, 23, 35, 37, 247, 249, 281–83
honesty and loyalty of, 6, 202, 204, 210–11, 215–16
humor of, 7, 35, 111, 205–6, 209, 285–93
hypocrisy seen in, 6, 7
illness and death of, 331–33, 341–42
“Il Machia” nickname of, 7
intelligence and insight of, 5, 29, 35, 36, 250
lawsuits against, 36
literary and political critics of, 6, 7, 78, 170–71, 218, 231–32, 242–43
literary interests and talent of, 30, 33–34, 35, 36, 41, 72, 74, 106, 128, 158n, 248, 256, 285–86, 292
logic and practicality of, 54, 78, 144, 148, 172, 263–64
love affairs of, 211, 248, 278–80, 290, 291, 309, 311, 318
loyal friends of, 4, 35, 36, 74, 75, 82–83, 103–4, 109, 185, 208, 210, 249, 274
marriage of, see Machiavelli, Marietta Corsini
military responsibilities of, 46, 74, 79, 80, 83–87, 105–7, 117–18, 144–46, 150, 152, 159–64, 169–72, 174, 191–94, 303, 322–24
modest patrimony of, 4, 5, 37, 72, 185, 247, 252
moral relativism charged to, 78, 265
patriotism of, 6–7, 28, 53, 82, 86, 136–37, 147, 159, 198, 204, 241n, 245, 336
pessimism of, 31, 45, 176, 186, 228, 269–71, 273
physical appearance of, 34–35
plays of, ix, 15, 24–25, 36, 37, 110–11, 155, 209, 219n, 239n, 260, 271n, 275, 287–93
poetry of, 2–3, 4–5, 35, 44, 55, 56, 91, 126, 147, 149, 158–59, 183, 205–6, 212–13, 285
political philosophy of, ix, 1, 9–10, 11n, 15, 19, 31, 54, 62–64, 71–72, 77–78, 85–86, 102–3, 117–19, 128–30, 137–40, 147–48, 201, 290
popular image of, 9–10, 132, 200, 340
posthumous fame of, 7, 9–10, 40, 206, 336, 341–42
prison release of, 3, 207, 208, 213n, 274
realism of, 215, 220, 233, 252
religion criticized by, 3, 7, 9, 10, 28, 33, 40, 41, 218, 219, 227, 258–59, 332, 343
restlessness and social isolation of, 1, 4–6, 11, 209–14, 216, 247–49, 273–74, 305
ribald correspondence of, 82–83, 103–5
salary of, 72–73, 98n, 101, 127, 251–52, 298, 303–4, 308–9
sardonic mockery of, 29, 35, 112, 206
sinister reputation of, 8, 9–10, 15, 132, 218, 233, 277, 320
social and political ambition of, 6–8, 17–18, 28, 30, 35–36, 37, 142, 143, 216, 217
social insecurity of, 15, 17–18, 28, 141, 142–43, 216–17, 253–54
stoicism and dignity of, 2–3, 205–7, 211
study of history paramount to, 270–71
tomb of, 335–36
treason suspected of, 2, 3, 7, 187, 202–5
work ethic of, 251–52, 253–54, 274
youthful political passivity of, 53–55, 102
Machiavelli, Niccolò di Buoninsegna (grandfather), 21n
Machiavelli, Piero (son), ix, 276, 277, 331–32
Machiavelli, Primavera (daughter), ix, 112, 208, 276
Machiavelli, Primavera (sister), 27, 101, 277
Machiavelli, Totto (brother), 27n, 101, 277
Machiavelli family, 13–15, 17–22, 29, 35–36
Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d’Etat and Its Place in Modern History (Meinecke), 229n
Madison, James, 77, 267, 268, 269, 345, 348
magnates (social class), 13n, 20, 21, 146, 201
malarial fever, 133, 207
Malatesta, Galeotto, 152
Mandragola, La (Machiavelli), 15, 36, 37, 110–11, 209, 219n, 239n, 260, 287–93, 304, 307, 318–19, 333n
critical success of, 291–92, 319n, 341
first production of, 291–92
prologue to, 155, 291
Mantua, 190, 300
Marlowe, Christopher, 346
Marx, Karl, 9n, 128, 268, 290n, 345, 348, 349
Marxism, 340
mathematics, 32–33
Maximillian I, Holy Roman Emperor, ix, 56, 57n, 164–65, 167–69, 181–83
Mazaruol, Piero, 182
Medici, Alessandro de’, 292, 307, 318, 329, 338
Medici, Cardinal Giovanni de’, 50, 157, 188, 190–92, 194–95, 197–201, 207–8
see also Leo X, Pope
Medici, Cardinal Giulio, 45n, 293, 294–98, 303–4, 305, 306–9, 313
failed plot against, 307–9, 311, 313
see also Clement VII, Pope
Medici, Cosimo de’, 21–22, 25, 81n, 197, 236, 281n
Medici, Cosimo de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 81n, 304
Medici, Giovanni de’, 81
Medici, Giovanni di Bicci de’, 21n
Medici, Giuliano de’, Duke of Nemours, x, 2n, 3n, 8, 10n, 35, 36, 80, 84, 157, 190, 192, 294–96
death of, 8n, 32, 214, 217n, 244, 294
NM and, 2n, 35, 36, 199, 212–14, 274, 281, 285
return to Florence of, 196–97, 203
works of NM dedicated to, 2n, 35, 199, 205, 212–14, 243–45, 293–94
Medici, Giuliano de’ (uncle of the Duke), 114n, 203, 294
Medici, Ippolito de, 292, 307, 318, 329
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 81
Medici, Lorenzo de’, Duke of Urbino, x, 8n, 10n, 214, 294–96
death of, 296
dedication of the Prince to, 8n, 10n, 141, 142–43, 217, 245, 284–85
direct address in The Prince to, 217, 219, 221–22, 232–33, 241
Medici, Lorenzo de’ ” Il Magnifico,” ix, 14, 21n, 35, 69, 73, 80, 81n, 108n, 159, 198, 296
arts patronage and civic leadership of, 29–32, 148–49, 153n, 281n, 295
carnival song of, 288n
death of, 31, 45n, 48, 304
poetry of, 30
sons of, x, 10n, 35, 36, 48–50, 157, 192–98, 244
Medici, Nanina de, 282
Medici, Pierfrancesco de’, 81
Medici, Piero de’ ” The Unfortunate,” x, 8n, 45n, 54, 61, 74, 84, 100–101, 113, 116, 122, 146, 197, 201n, 214, 285, 295, 304
betrayal of Florence by, 48–50, 88
death of, 157, 188
fall of, 54, 60n, 61, 64, 81n, 153, 294
Medici dynasty, 73, 207, 294–95
crest of, 187
Florence dominated by, 2n, 4n, 6, 7, 21–22, 23, 25–26, 29–32, 48–53
1466 failed coup against, 162, 201n
1494 Florentine expulsion of, 50–52, 53, 54, 60, 153, 157, 197, 199
Florentine Restoration of, 2n, 6, 7, 196–202, 282
NM’s attempts to ingratiate himself with, 6, 7–8, 10, 35–36, 199, 212–14, 215, 280–81
NM’s connection to, 2n, 8, 10, 35–36, 45n, 54, 199
palace of, 16–17, 50