In Great Tew and Oxfordshire, Robin Denniston—once publisher of Oxford University Press, and my landlord at one point in my Virago years—turned out to be the Vicar of St. Michael and All Angels, the very beautiful local church in Great Tew. He put me in touch with many of the old people in Great Tew who remembered Anne and Elsie. I owe a great debt to him, to his late wife Rosa and to the people of Great Tew and Kidlington who so willingly helped me.
My most persistent debt is to my friends, for so many years of moral support and encouragement. Suzanne Lowry, Paris Correspondent for the Daily Telegraph in the 1990s, introduced me to Sylvie Deroche. David Malouf first told me to write this story; Robert Skidelsky read my work at a very early stage, set me on the correct narrative path and gave me constant, and much needed, encouragement. Antony Beevor gave me splendid advice at the beginning of my task, and Margaret Atwood, Edmund White and the late Ian Ousby helped me in the early days. Towards the end, Jenny Uglow heroically read and honed my vast manuscript. I am especially beholden to those friends who read, and commented on, my workin-progress: Susannah Clapp, Peter Conrad, Polly Devlin, Philippa Harrison, James Herrick, Suzanne Lowry, Hilary McPhee, Diana Melly, Frances Stonor Saunders. Many faithful friends read my first efforts and helped me continuously on my way: Hanan Al Shaykh, Louis Baum, Liz Calder, Christine Carswell, Frances Coady, Kate Griffin, John Hayes, Michael Holroyd, Helena Kennedy, Craig Raine, Gail Rebuck, Deborah Rogers, Gus Skidelsky, Harriet Spicer, Colm Tóibín, Marina Warner. Their friendship, company and interest and that of Julian Barnes, Margaret Drabble, Caroline Conran, Anna Coote, Nell Dunn, Peter Eyre, Jeff Fisher, Lennie Goodings, Pat Kavanagh, Nick Lander, Sonny and Gita Mehta, Kate Metcalfe, Lynn Nesbit, Deirdre O'Day, Dan Oestreicher, Jancis Robinson, Michael Siefert and Don Watson lightened my days.
In France, I owe a considerable debt to the inhabitants of Caunes Minervois in the Aude, where I wrote much of this book, and in particular to years of French happiness with Simone and James Herrick, Christopher Hope and Ingrid Hudson, much of it fuelled by a continual supply of good meals provided by Frédéric Guiraud at the Hotel d'Alibert.
In London Karin Syrett, Delfina de Freitas, Jenny Ledger, Jimmy, Ian and Richard Carter and his team, Stanley Rosenthal, Damian Corr, Gregory Micallef, Dr. Diane Watson, Louise and Charles Voyantzis, Sophi Stewart, Graham Smith, Keith Butt, Tessa Brown, Deborah and Louis made my daily life possible. Deborah Rogers was always there for me at the best and worst of times as were Liz Calder, Gail Rebuck and Philippa Harrison. The unfailing friendship, commiseration and common sense of Diana Melly requires a special tribute, as does the constant infusion of energetic brilliance from Frances Stonor Saunders.
In Australia, my friend Hilary McPhee has been a generous and enthusiastic reader from the beginning, as has her brother, Peter McPhee, Professor of History and Deputy Vice Chancellor at the University of Melbourne. He opened many doors for me and, like Robert Skidelsky, was an important historical guide for all my researches. I am also grateful to Dr. Julie Evans for early research assistance, to Mimi Corrigan and above all to the indefatigable Lucille V. Andel. Particular thanks to Charles “Chips” Sowerwine, Professor in the Department of History at the University of Melbourne, who read my finished manuscript with expert knowledge and understanding and gave me excellent advice on finer points, and to my old friend Christine Downer, then at the State Library of Victoria. My Australian family, Julian, Sue and Adrian Callil, were always there for me, my brother Julian in particular with essential counsel on the minutiae of Australian financial matters.
In London, Helena Ivins helped me more than I can say. Her early researches into Anne's life sent me correctly on my way, and her work and support in Spain, and as a friend and research companion, I gratefully acknowledge as I do the work of Judy Collingwood, Joshua White, Becky Swift and Peter Bennett. Thanks to Selina Hastings for disciplinary advice, to Patrick Marnham for his help with the airfields of Enstone, to Robert McCrum for the peregrinations of P. G. Wodehouse, to Peter Kessler for information about Theodor Dannecker and his family, to Roy Foster for the writings of Hubert Butler. Exceptional Spanish research, advice and knowledge was provided by Gerard Howson, whose remarkable book Arms for Spain is a model of historical investigation and revelation. Special thanks are due to Cristina Rivas, whose enthusiasm for the project and detailed research work into many mysterious Spanish archives was of inestimable help, as was Klemens Rothig's similar effort in Germany.
I am grateful to all my publishers: to Peter Straus, then of Picador, who first commissioned this book, to Sonny Mehta of Knopf, who understood it immediately, and to Michael Fishwick, Robert Lacey, Caroline Michel and the team at HarperCollins, London, who first edited it. A special thank-you goes to my publisher Dan Franklin at Jonathan Cape and to my wise and tireless editor, Ellah Allfrey; to Alex Milner, Christian Lewis, David Parrish and Suzanne Dean, to all the Cape team in particular and the staff of Random House in general.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who agreed to be interviewed, sometimes more than once, and to the librarians and staff in the libraries and institutions of so many countries who provided important information and assistance over the years. All these names and organisations are listed on pages 580–87, but a mere list cannot express my obligation to them all. Amongst so many, special acknowledgement is due to the CDJC, the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine in Paris (now renamed Mémorial de la Shoah, Musée, Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine). Its exceptional repositories continually enabled me to unravel the inner workings of persons often hidden from history.
All those entering these byways owe an especial acknowledgement of the work of the historian Joseph Billig, whose truths about the Vichy years were first published in 1955. In the near decade during which I worked on this book, when I told people what I was writing about, so often I received a response about the need for a book such as this: a book which might require the French to face up to their past, something which might wake them up from their wilful amnesia about the Vichy years. I did not really begin intensive research into the life of Louis Darquier until the 1990s and by then, not only had the French faced up to their collaboration with Nazi Germany, notably in their treatment of their Jewish population, but more, I was swamped by the number of books, articles and research sources open to them, and to me. Much of this is due to the great historians of this period, not all of them French of course, but many were, and are. Their works are listed within the bibliography on pages 567–80, but I would like to express a particular debt to the following historians who were my daily companions in my work, as was Dr. Simon Kitson's excellent website at Birmingham University (http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/vichy/):
Jacques Adler
Philippe Burrin
Robert F. Byrnes
Joachim Fest
Bertram M. Gordon
W. D. Halls
Stanley Hoffman
Julian Jackson
Laurent Joly
Tony Judt
H. R. Kedward
Serge Klarsfeld
Pierre Laborie
Michael Marrus
Ernst Nolte
Robert Paxton
Denis Peschanski
Henry Rousso
Robert Soucy
John F. Sweets
Pierre-André Taguieff
Edward R. Tannenbaum
Special thanks to David-Paul Holland, who remained at my beck and call over difficult translations for so many years. The majority of original translations in this book are by him, or myself. Most Spanish translations are by Helena Ivins or Cristina Rivas. Some German translations are by Klemens Rothig. Some French translations are by Sylvie Deroche, Rebecca Palmer or Simon Pleasance.
My agent Gill Coleridge of Rogers Coleridge and White has been a crucial tower of strength, efficiency and understanding throughout, and to her, and Lucy Luck and others at that agency, I am truly grateful.
Carmen Callil London
DECEMBER 2
005
Notes
The notes for each chapter are preceded by a list of individuals who provided the author with information used in that chapter, original documents and published material quoted, consulted or referred to; this should be read in conjunction with the list of abbreviations below. Complete details of interviews, correspondence, and of archives and other primary sources consulted by the author may be found in the list of sources at the end of the Bibliography.
ABBREVIATIONS
AAPA: Staatsbibliothek, Berlin. Political Archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Bonn AAPA, Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik, 1918–1945. Aus dem Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts
AGA: Archivo General de la Administración, Alcalá de Henares, Paseo Aquadores, 2, 28804, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid AGA (a): Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Relaciones de Personal de Idiomas. Antiguas Plantillas 1960/70 93352, Ref. 3/91
AGA (b): Ministerio de Cultura No. IDD 49.23, Signatura 54.401
AGA (f ): AE (Asuntos Exteriores) No. IDD 97, Signatura 11.619 and 11.649
AMAE: Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Departamentos Ministeri ales, Madrid, Fondo 1.2.1.2
AMAE (a): Archivo del Consulado de España en Hendaya, Embajada de España en Francia 1939–44
AMAE (b): Politica: Información y Negociaciones, R-2295
AMAE (c): Información Politica Interior de Francia 1943–44,R-1179
AMAE (d): Salida de Alemania para España de periodistas franceses, R-2167
AMAE (e): Segunda Guerra Mundial, Francia: Immigrantes Clandestinos de Francia, R-2182
AMAE (f ): Judios en Francia, R-1715 AN: Archives Nationales, Paris
AN 3W142: Dossier d'Instruction de Louis Darquier, at the Archives Nationales, Paris
AN 3W142-KNO: Dossier d'Instruction de Louis Darquier. Statement of Helmut Knochen, 4 January 1947
AN 3W147 and AN 3W156: Berlin Archives at the Archives Nationales, Paris
APP: Archives de la Préfecture de Police, Paris
APP GA D9: Louis Darquier's file, Archives de la Préfecture de Police, Paris
APP GA R4: Rassemblement Antijuif de France file, Archives de la Préfecture de Police, Paris
BCRA: Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action (Free French Centre for Intelligence and Action), London
BMO: Bulletin Municipal Officiel, Bibliothèque de la Mairie de Paris
BNF: Bibliothèque Nationale de France
CAC: Centre des Archives Contemporaines, Fontainebleau, France
CDJC: Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine, Paris, now renamed Mémorial de la Shoah, Musée, Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine
INA: Institut National de l'Audiovisuel, Direction d'Archives Phonothèques, Paris
PAF: Correspondence between family members of Paulette Aupoix and the Darquier family
RG: Renseignements Généraux
SHAT: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre, Vincennes
SRD: Simone Reste: Correspondence and interviews with the author, 1999–2006; Souvenirs de Vichy 1940–1945. An account of the Vichy years in St.-Paul-de-Loubressac, written for the author by Simone Reste, June 2001.
Tasmania J: The information in these notes comes from correspondence and telephone conversations with members of the Jones family.
TNA: PRO: The National Archives, Public Record Office, Kew
PROLOGUE
SOURCES: AN 3W142; CDJC DLV1–132.Publications: Klarsfeld, French Children of the Holocaust.
Adolf Eichmann (1906–62): Austrian Nazi whose office organised everything to do with the Final Solution, ranging from gassing techniques to death camps to train timetables. By August 1944 he could acknowledge to Himmler that his achievement was the death of six million Jews: four million in the death camps, two million in mobile units. He escaped to Argentina in 1946, was abducted to Israel in 1960 and tried in 1961. Eichmann was executed for crimes against the Jewish people and crimes against humanity.
Letter from Madame Laurens to Doctor X, 25 November 1975; CDJC DLVI-132.
CHAPTER 1
The Priest's Children
INTERVIEWS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Madame Andrieu, Paulette Aupoix, Colette Calmon, Pierre Combes, Philippe Deladerrière, Alain Dubrulle, Jean Gayet, Pierre Gayet, Yvonne Lacaze, Père Lucien Lachièze-Rey, Pierre Orliac, Pierre Pouzergues, Simone Reste. Sources: PAF; SRD; Rapport du Commissaire de police de Cahors au Préfet du Lot, 23 May 1910; Rapports mensuels du Préfet du Lot au ministre de l'intérieur en vue des élections législatives de 1910; Table de décès de Cahors 3Q 16.4; TNA: PRO FO 371/31939–2300,Z3005; TNA: PRO FO 892/163.Publications: Abbellan, Contribution à l'étude de la société Lotoise sous la IIIème République; Arnal, Ambivalent Alliance; Binion, Defeated Leaders; Joly, Darquier de Pellepoix et l'antisémitisme français; Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism; Tannenbaum, The Action Française.
Philippe Deladerrière, December 1998.
In 1907 the grocery shop was first rented, then sold, to the Bertrand family, whose shop it is today.
Contract of marriage between Jean Joseph Darquier and Marguerite Avril, 24 February 1827.
Charcot treated hysteria through hypnosis. He was a great influence on Freud. Louis' brother Jean took up neurology, and after Anne met Jean in 1946, she took up psychiatry.
Louise Darquier: SRD. Pierre Orliac, January 1999; Jean Gayet, November 1999. Pierre Gayet/Colette Calmon: Pierre Gayet, January 2000. All interviews say the same thing about Pierre Darquier's womanising—and the same about the two elder Darquier boys too.
Paulette Aupoix, January 1999 and February 2000.
Binion, p. 8.
Louis himself was never much interested in the Dreyfus case, and was criticised by Charles Maurras for this.
Philippe Deladerrière, December 1998; Pierre Combes, January 1999.
SRD.
Mme Andrieu, January 2000; Pierre Orliac, January 1999.
Paulette Aupoix, April 2000.
Anatole de Monzie (1876–1947); PRO FO 892/163. Biography of de Monzie.
PRO FO 371/319 39—Z3005.
SRD.
Pierre Orliac, January 1999.
Pierre Combes, January 2000.
Louis Darquier, La France enchaînée,no. 7, 4–18 June 1938. Article entitled
“Peut-on se dire National et ne pas être antijuif,” quoted by Joly, Darquier de Pellepoix,p. 51.
L'Express, 28 October–4 November 1978.
Arnal, p. 38, note 18.
Père Lachièze-Rey, January 1999.
Paulette Aupoix, January 1999.
Abbellan, p. 239; La Défense, 18 May 1920.
Tannenbaum, p. 52.
Édouard Drumont (1844–1917): Deputy for Algiers 1898–1902.Hewas hailed by all anti-Semites before, during and after the Vichy years as the source of French anti-Semitic theory and principle. An illustrated edition of La France Juive, published in 1887, contained “three illustrations of ritual murder, one of Huguenot atrocities, and three of Jewish and Masonic responsibility for anti-clericalism. The closing illustration depicted the pious Drumont, prayer beads in hand, saying a devout Our Father and Hail Mary for France.” “Everything comes from the Jew, everything returns to the Jew,” was Drumont's classic exposition of the Jew as the persecutor of Catholics and the French Catholic Church, for which service the book was much praised in Catholic papers such as La Croix. Jews became the scapegoat, a position they shared with Freemasons, considered responsible for the separation of Church and state in France in 1905, and so perpetrators of the anticlerical hostility of republican France towards the French Catholic Church. In Drumont many strands of French anti-Semitism converged, for Drumont and his most important disciples often called upon a conservative version of socialism as part of their mass appeal. His widow lived on until the Occupation to honour his followers with her presence at anti-Semitic events. In 1963 a group of his literary followers—Maurice Bardèche, Xavier Vallat, Henry Coston—his “friends”—gathered to celebrate his work, particularly his thoughts o
n The Protocols of the Elders of Sion. A support group seemingly still defends his memory in Paris today.
Alphonse Daudet (1840–97): Found Drumont a publisher and persuaded a friend to review La France Juive in Figaro, after which controversy began. The publisher was Marpon et Flammarion. Drumont had to pay for the first print run himself; by 1886, after the review, it had sold 100,000 copies.
The Marquis de Morès (1858–96): After reading Drumont's La France Juive,he founded the Ligue Antisémitique Nationale de France with Drumont. Morès fell out with Drumont, as Darquier was to fall out with Maurras. The history of French anti-Semitism is more complex and more peopled than this brief description of its exponents; these are the ones who influenced Louis Darquier most.
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