A truer translation of métèques might be “wogs.”
Arnal, p. 68, note 9.
One of Maurras' joys during the German occupation was that Jewish street names were changed; in coming years Louis was to spend a great deal of time endeavouring to change the names of various Paris streets to rue Drumont.
Maurice Pujo (1872–1955): Journalist and co-founder of Action Française, at Maurras' side for decades, including their trial together and their imprisonment. Released in 1947, he ran the post-war reincarnation of Action Française, Restauration Nationale, and its paper, Aspects de la France, until his death.
Nolte, p. 131.
“As we might expect, the reports of the provincial police show a great many names with a particule and, in the Gironde for instance, seven out of ten section presidents were titled. But not all the titles carried the same weight, and after clashes between royalists and communists occurred in the little Berrichon town of Blanc (Indre) in August 1926, a letter in L'Oeuvre (3 September), signed Marie de Comines, denounced the assumed nobility of Action Française supporters, whose members had enriched themselves at the expense of the native aristocracy, sometimes by buying up Church and emigrants' land in Revolutionary times” (AN F713200ff; AN F713203, 7 July 1931).
Antoine Darquier de Pellepoix (1718–1802): Darquier's astronomical observations between 1748 and 1773, Observations Astronomiques faites à Toulouse, were published in 1777. While searching for the comet of 1779 he discovered the Ring Nebula (M57) in January 1779. Nebulae are the dying remains of stars, “a curiosity of the heavens.” Stars die, and as they do so they become more and more unstable, and the strong stellar winds leave behind a black hole, a nebula, extremely hot, radiating energy. Darquier's Nebula has a dark hole in its centre, and is “a very dull nebula, but perfectly outlined” (see www.klima-luft.de/ steinicke/ngcic/persons/darquier.htm).
CHAPTER 2
The Convicts' Kin
INTERVIEWS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Pierre Gayet, Jenny Gill, Paul McFarlane, Beryl Stevenson. Sources: Olive Jones, “Morning Coffee Talk,” Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery Community History Department, Launceston, 27 February 1991.Publications: Abbellan, Contribution à l'étude de la société Lotoise sous la IIIème République; Alméras, Je suis le bouc; Arnal, Ambivalent Alliance; Binion, Defeated Leaders; Boisjoslin, A Travers les rues de Cahors; Byrnes, Antisemitism in Modern France, vol. 1; Louis Darquier, “Peut-on se dire National et ne pas être antijuif?,” La France enchaînée, no. 7, 4–18 June 1938; La Défense, 18 May 1920; l'Express, 4 November 1978; Corn-well, Hitler's Pope; Crémieux-Brilhac, Les Français de l'an 40; Downer, All the Rage: 150 Years of Posters, State Library in Victoria News, June–August 2001; Guy, The Cyclopedia of Tasmania: An Epitome of Progress; Halls, Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France; Jolly, Dictionnaire des parlementaires français; Joly, Darquier de Pellepoix et l'antisémitisme français; Laborie, Résistants, vichyssois et autres; Lartigaut, Histoire du Quercy; Molinié, Enfance à Cahors; Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism; Planté, Un Grand seigneur de la politique; Tannenbaum, 1900; Tannenbaum, The Action Française; Weber, Action Française; Weber, France, Fin de Siècle.
Pierre Gayet, February 2000.
Guy, p. 388.
Australia's second penal colony, on Norfolk Island, was established in 1789.
Guy, p. 402.
Downer, p. 2.
Britton Jones's criminal record continued: 30 November 1825—Harbouring a convict to tipple in his house, fined sixteen shillings; 22 November 1826— Riding in his cart without reins, fined twenty shillings; 29 December 1827— Riding in his cart on the highway without reins, fined twenty shillings; 29 December 1827—Swearing two profane oaths in the police office, fined four shillings; 8 January 1832—Obstructing the Chief District Constable in the execution of his duty, reprimand; 17 March 1831—Committing a breach of the peace by assisting in rescuing a prisoner from the Constable, fined £5 and sureties to keep the peace for six months.
Hector Jones, “The Jones Family,” revised by Vernon Jones, 1960 and 1971, Launceston Reference Library, Local Studies Library. Hector refers to this portrait in his documents and there seems to be some portrait in Launceston which Britton Jones senior painted, but no research could connect any of this to George III.
The Free Church of Scotland was formed after the Great Disruption of 1843, when Evangelicals split from the established Church of Scotland.
The Morrison family were respected members of the kirk. Most of them are now buried in an isolated cemetery at Winkleigh, north of Launceston.
Olive Room, “Morning Coffee Talk,” 27 February 1991.
Ibid.
CHAPTER 3
Soldier's Heart
Sources: Archives Departmentale: Confidential report on Action Française, 29 March 1911, intercepted by Paris police; Archives Municipales de Neuilly: census of 1921; Australian War Memorial statistics; Louise Darquier's wartime correspon dence; Lycée Gambetta list of decorations of past pupils; AN 3W142, Dossier militaire de Louis Darquier; CDJC LXII-11; SHAT JMO 49 RAC; SHAT JMO 3CR 26N876; SHAT, Dossier militaire de Pierre Darquier, no. 149923; Will Jones War Record: a) National Archives of Australia, Canberra, World War I Personnel Records Service, Access and Information Service, and b) Australian War Memorial Research Centre, Canberra: William Robert Jones, No. 8911.Publications: Abbellan, Contribution à l'étude de la société Lotoise sous la IIIème République; Atkin, Pétain; Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, vol. 1; Audoin-Rouzeau, Men at War 1914–1918; Bean, Anzac to Amiens; Bean, The Australian Imperial Force in France; Becker, The Great War and the French People; Burton, The Australian Army Medical Services in the War of 1914–1918; La Défense, 17 June 1923; Grant, A Dictionary of Military History; Hamilton, The Appeal of Fascism; l'Histoire,no. 107, January 1988; Horner, The Gunners; Keegan, The First World War; Lottman, Pétain, Hero or Traitor?; Marianne, 9–15 November 1998; Weber, Action Française; Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France.
Monseigneur, later Cardinal Baudrillart. Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, p. 144.
Pierre's military file is excessively complimentary; Jean Gayet said “he had not been very courageous at the front.”
Quoted by Becker, p. 170.
French casualty figures from Keegan, p. 146.
Louise Darquier: PAF, 1916.
AN 3W142, Louis Darquier military file.
Alec Raws, Victorian 23 battalion (see www.users.netconnect.com.au/~ianac/ Pozières.html).
SHAT, Pierre Darquier military file no. 149923.
AN 3W142, Louis Darquier military file.
Burton, p. 99ff.
Horner, p. 161.
October 1917 was the second time in a year that Australia had been convulsed by its government's attempts to bring in conscription. Each time, the Australians who thought of themselves as British were defeated by those who did not.
Atkins, p. 23, quoting Fayolle.
Fourragère: honorary insignia, worn on the left shoulder, awarded to military units (and automatically awarded to all members of the decorated unit).
Horner, p. 168.
Louis Darquier is not mentioned amongst the wounded, nor is he listed amongst the wounded for the month of April 1918.
Louise Darquier, PAF.
AN 3W142. The letter is in his military file.
Ibid.
Ibid.
National Archives of Australia. World War I Personnel Records Service. Dossier: no. 8911 Jones, W. R. Findings of the Court of Inquiry, 9 June 1919: Inquiring into the death of 8911 Sapper William Robert Jones of Second Australian Divisional Signal Company.
AN 3W142, Louis Darquier military file.
Henri-Philippe Pétain (1856–1951): Born in a village in Pas-de-Calais, that part of northern France which most resembles England. Of peasant stock and Catholic education, early conservative and rural influences cemented by the army. After a long and undistinguished military career, Pétain had his life and reputation revolutionised by the First World
War, which offered him rapid promotion. Three-quarters of the French army served at Verdun, and thus he was the hero of almost all the eight million French soldiers who survived the war. Constantly seen as a symbol of national unity, as a republican marshal, as a leader in waiting, behind his carefully maintained public persona he remained an ambitious man, always pessimistic, suspicious and vain, hostile to a parliamentary government and its politicians, to Bolsheviks, socialists and Freemasons, and wedded to military tactics which were to be disastrous for France in the decades which followed the war. Between 1920 and 1939, Pétain remained a key military figure and adviser, sat on or headed a multitude of military committees and posts, and was omnipresent in the formulation of French military policy. He became ambassador to Spain in March 1939, after which he fulfilled H. G. Wells's most apt description of his strange personality as “an artlessly sincere megalomaniac.” Pétain maintained a life of constant womanising before and after his marriage in 1920, at the age of sixty-four, to the divorcée Eugénie Hardon; she remained loyal to him until his death in exile, senile and suffering from hallucinations, at the age of ninety-five. The Association pour Défendre La Mémoire du Maréchal Pétain, whose honorary chairman until 1965 was Maxime Weygand, continues to campaign for Pétain's rehabilitation.
Maxime Weygand (1867–1965): Not French, but a wiry and dapper Belgian who looked like “an aged jockey.” A vigorous Catholic, Weygand matched every opinion Pétain kept carefully to himself with outspoken dabbling in most of the right-wing movements of the post-war period. Said to be the illegitimate son of, perhaps, Leopold II, King of Belgium, or of the king's sister Carlotta, wife of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, or possibly of others, he shared Louis Darquier's violent anti-Semitism—and like Darquier lived in an aura of ancestral mysteries, real or imagined. He also shared an inability to take orders, a passion for giving them and considerable indulgence in intemperate behaviour. Weygand was anti-Dreyfus, deeply influenced by Charles Maurras, close to la Roque and Croix-de-feu; he was a hero of Taittinger's and rumoured to be an honorary member of Jeunesses Patriotes. As an army man who more than dabbled in politics, in 1936 Weygand was devastated by the election of the Popular Front in general, and hysterical about Léon Blum, the Jew, in particular. In June 1939 he claimed, “The French army is greater than it has ever been in its history.” In May 1940 Weygand lasted for less than a month as Allied commanderin-chief, during which time he relentlessly bewailed the military position he was brought in to rectify, opining that France should never have declared war in the first place. After the fall of France, loyal to Pétain, he reconstituted the French army in North Africa, was arrested by the Germans in 1942 and kept prisoner until 1945.When he was freed in 1945 he was immediately re-arrested. Weygand was finally cleared of charges of treason in 1948 and lived on to join almost every reactionary movement of the post-war period. He published his most unreliable memoirs, Recalled to Service, in 1950, which justify, lengthily, his military inadequacies.
General Noël-Marie-Joseph-édouard de Curières de Castelnau (1851– 1944): Aristocrat and soldier. In 1924 this devout Catholic, dedicated anticommunist and First World War general formed the Fédèration Nationale Catholique. By 1925 it numbered two million supporters throughout France, and voiced its thoughts in extremist Catholic newspapers, the most important of which was the daily paper of the Assumptionist order, La Croix. “If Hitler rises against communism and manifests an intention to suppress it, or at least to vigorously fight it, such a project can only meet with general approval,” wrote La Croix in 1933. The FNC was the favourite child of the Vatican, and many Catholics of the FNC were members of Action Française until 1926, when it came under papal interdiction. This was a tremendous blow for practising Catholics of the AF, “an agonising drama, sometimes a real calvary.” Many of them moved en bloc to the FNC, though the two movements still worked closely together. From both came the devotion, so strong in Pétain and his men of Vichy, to the sacred soil of France, la patrie, the Fatherland, and both were to spawn yet more nationalist splinter groups, which called themselves leagues, formed to fight against the republic.
CHAPTER 4
Scandal and Caprice
INTERVIEWS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Colette Calmon, Michael de Bertadano, Jean Gayet, Pierre Gayet, Bertrand Leary, Jean Lindoerfer, Pierre Orliac, Teresa. Sources: Darquier family correspondence; CDJC LXII; CDJC XXXV-2; Olive Jones, “Morning Coffee Talk,” Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery Community History Department, Launceston, 27 February 1991; PAF; TNA: PRO FO 892/163.Publications: Cobb, Promenades; La Croix, 14 February 1933; Les Dernières nouvelles de Strasbourg, 7 April 1937; Field, British and French Writers of the First World War; Gee, Keeping up with the Joneses; Goodfellow, Between the Swastika and the Cross of Lorraine; Gordon, “Fascism, the Neo-Right and Gastronomy”; Gun, Pétain, Laval, de Gaulle; Hamilton, The Appeal of Fascism; Joly, Darquier de Pellepoix et l'antisémitisme français; Journal d'Alsace et de Lorraine, 9 April 1937; Laborie, Quercy Recherche, May–June 1979; Launceston Examiner, Harry Jones obituary, 11 February 1929; Planté, Un Grand seigneur de la politique; Soucy, French Fascism, vol. 2; The Stage, 10 May 1923; Sydney Mail, 1 August 1923; Thurman: Secrets of the Flesh; The Times, 4 May 1923; Weber, Action Française; Williamson, The British in Germany 1918–1930.
Louise Darquier, PAF.
Henry de Jouvenel (1876–1935): Politician and journalist. Deputy 1906, senator 1921, delegate to the League of Nations 1922 and 1924, Minister of Public Instruction 1924, High Commissioner to Syria 1925–26, ambassador to Italy 1933. De Monzie's oldest and dearest friend.
De Jouvenel's other wives were: Claire Boas, daughter of Alfred Boas, Radical, Freemason, wealthy industrialist; Germaine-Sarah Herment, whom he married in 1933. She was the widow of Charles Louis-Dreyfus, brother and partner of King Two Louis. Germaine-Sarah's colossal Louis-Dreyfus fortune was added to when her daughter with Charles, Arlette Louis-Dreyfus, married Henry de Jouvenel's second son (by his mistress Isabelle de Cominges), Renaud. All Jouvenels were influential. In 1914 Henry's brother Robert published a famous attack on parliamentarians (such as de Monzie) in his République des camarades. The title of his book was often used to describe the Third Republic itself, when it was not being called epithets much worse.
Admirers were by no means all of the right: others, initially at least, were Jacques Maritain, André Malraux, Apollinaire and Georges Bernanos.
Worth an average of ten to twelve billion francs each year, the largest agricultural sector in France, providing a living for twenty million farmers and peasants.
Henry Lévy's partner in the Grands Moulins de Strasbourg was Achille Baumann. Except for Ernest Vilgrain, who was younger, all these wheat barons were of Pierre Darquier's age and generation, and all of them were Jewish. Quarrels and uproar mark every relationship in this closed and powerful world. Vilgrain fought with King Two Louis, Achille Baumann fell out with his brother Lucien, who formed his own milling company. Secretly, while in government, Vilgrain bought out Lucien Baumann's company.
The Coopérative d'Approvisionnement, de Transport et de Crédit (CATC), operated as a purchasing cooperative for the company Ernest Vilgrain bought from Achille's brother Lucien Baumann, La Société des Grands Moulins Réunis, which he renamed La Société d'Entreprise Meunière. This incorporated nine firms and a total of thirteen mills. The Under-Secretariat of Supplies existed until 1921, and Vilgrain benefited by being the state's grain supplier. He was later denounced for the huge profits he made from this racket, particularly by using his Australian contacts.
When he took over as Under-Secretary of State, Vilgrain cut out the Louis Dreyfus Company—he had now moved into the same lucrative business for himself. King Two Louis accused Vilgrain of using his position to profiteer, and Vilgrain counterattacked in a series of newspaper exposés. War broke out between Vilgrain and King Two Louis in 1921.
“Different services” was Louis Darquier's euphemism for office boy in one of the portentous CVs he produced in 1
942 for his Vichy appointment.
Adam Lindsay Gordon, Ye Wearie Wayfayer, hys ballad in Eight Fyttes, Fytte VII (from his collection Sea Spray and Smoke Drift, 1867).
P. L. Travers (1899–1996): interviewed by Jane Cornwall, Qantas: The Australian Way Magazine, July 1999.
Photographs of Myrtle and Roy were given to the Gilbert and Sullivan Museum in London. The museum says it has boxes and boxes of unarchived material which are inaccessible.
Charles Workman was born in Bootle, Lancashire, of a musical family, with no ties at all to the Northern Irish Lord Workman-Macnaghten his son Roy later claimed as his uncle. In 1898, Charles Workman married Totie Adams, a soprano in the company. Totie was also known as Bessel Adams—though her real name was Caroline. She came from Belfast, they married there, and there James Roy was born in 1902.
Gilbert v. Workman, High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, 18 January 1910, reported in The Times, 19 January 1910.
One of the properties Harry Jones bought in 1920, run by a younger Jones brother, Norman, was also called Weymouth.
Louis to René, probably June 1927.
Bad Faith Page 58