Lenin: A Biography

by Robert John Service

4. ibid., p. 270.

  5. ibid.

  6. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 29, p. 26.

  7. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 249.

  8. The story is reprinted in Ye. Zamyatin, Bol’shim detyam skazki, pp. 37–8. I am grateful to Philip Cavendish for bringing this work to my attention.

  9. ibid., pp. 270–1.

  10. PSS, vol. 35, p. 57.

  11. T. H. Rigby, Lenin’s Government, p. 71.

  12. ibid., pp. 179–80.

  13. D. Volkogonov, Lenin, vol. 2, p. 200 ff.

  14. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo, p. 33.

  15. PSS, vol. 35, p. 189.

  20. Brest-Litovsk

  1. PTsK, p. 168.

  2. ibid., pp. 194–5.

  3. ibid., p. 213.

  4. K. Radek, Portrety i pamflety, p. 26.

  5. Sed’moi s”ezd RKP(b), p. 13.

  6. Krupskaya’s letter to Shirokov, 3 December 1938, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 135, p. 30.

  7. ibid.

  8. ibid.

  9. PSS, vol. 55, p. 85.

  10. BKh, vol. 5, p. 340.

  11. PSS, vol. 50, pp. 78–9.

  12. S. Ya. Alliluev, draft fragment of memoir, RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 2, d. 46, p. 1.

  13. M. I. Ul’yanova, ‘Otryvki’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 87, p. 8.

  14. PSS, vol. 35, p. 314.

  15. ibid., vol. 36, p. 196.

  16. ibid., p. 197.

  21. At Gunpoint

  1. Sed’moi ekstrennii s”ezd RKP(b), p. 8.

  2. PSS, vol. 36, p. 172.

  3. (Claimed) diary entry for 18 July 1918, reprinted in VoVIL, vol. 6, p. 23 from Prozhektor, no. 4, 1924.

  4. Sovnarkom, 8 and 9 May 1918: GARF, fond 130, op. 2, d. 1 (3/4).

  5. PSS, vol. 36, p. 250.

  6. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 312.

  7. ibid.

  8. ibid., pp. 312–13.

  9. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin, p. 65; D. Volkogonov, ‘Leninskaya krepost’ v moei dushe pala poslednei’, Moskovskie novosti, no. 29, 19 July 1992, p. 20.

  10. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra (ed. V. A. Kozlov and V. M. Khrustalëv), p. 156.

  11. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 309.

  12. Komsomol’skaya pravda, 12 February 1992.

  13. A. Latyshev, Rassekrechënnyi Lenin, p. 20.

  14. N. K. Krupskaya, draft memoir on ‘1918’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, p. 32.

  15. Stenogram of M. I. Ulyanova’s speech at a Lenin commemorative meeting, 16 August 1928: RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 70, p. 1; and N. K. Krupskaya, draft memoir on ‘1918’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, p. 32.

  16. PSS, vol. 37, p. 82.

  17. Stenogram of M. I. Ulyanova’s speech at a Lenin commemorative meeting, 16 August 1928, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 70, p. 1.

  18. ibid., p. 2.

  19. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Ranenie Lenina v 1918 godu’ [draft], RTsKhiDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 59, p. 6.

  20. Stenogram of M. I. Ulyanova’s speech at a Lenin commemorative meeting, 16 August 1928, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 70, pp. 7–8.

  21. V. N. Rozanov, ‘Iz vospominaniya o Vladmire Il’iche’, in N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), O Lenine, vol. 3, pp. 121–2.

  22. V. N. Rozanov, VoVIL, vol. 5, p. 311.

  23. B. S. Veisbrod, ‘Bol’noi Lenin’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 251.

  24. Yu. M. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina, p. 58.

  25. V. N. Rozanov, VoVIL, vol. 5, p. 312.

  26. Previously it had belonged to Gennadi and Zinaida Reinbot and had been nationalised at Zinaida’s request. Zinaida was the widow of the factory owner Savva Morozov, who had given financial help to the Russian Marxist organisations before the Great War.

  22. War Leader

  1. ITsKKPSS, 1989, no. 11, p. 168.

  2. M. Gor’kii, ‘V. I. Lenin’, in V. I. Lenin i A. M. Gor’kii, p. 266.

  3. A. M. Kollontai, ‘Epizod vesnoi 1918 goda v Moskve’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 4, d. 18, pp. 2–3.

  4. PSS, vol. 37, p. 243.

  5. ibid., p. 245.

  6. ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1990. I am grateful to Arfon Rees for sharing his ideas on the influence of Machiavelli on Russian revolutionary thought.

  7. PSS, vol. 45, p. 174.

  8. Soviet political leaders, indeed, made the suggestion before historians, whether supportive or hostile, took it up.

  9. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 34, p. 49: 1936 corrections to memoirs.

  10. She was, however, given a separate room of her own at Gorki: D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 178.

  11. V. Armand, ‘Zhivaya nit’’, Novyi mir, no. 4, 1967, p. 198.

  12. N. K. Krupskaya, draft memoir on ‘1918’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, pp. 12–13.

  13. ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3c, d. 20, p. 1.

  14. N. K. Krupskaya, draft memoir on ‘1918’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, pp. 12–13.

  15. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, pp. 116–17.

  16. TP, vol. 1, p. 228.

  17. Quoted from archives by D. A. Volkogonov, Sem’ vozhdei, vol. 1, p. 84.

  23. Expanding the Revolution

  1. PSS, vol. 50, p. 328.

  2. ibid., p. 327.

  3. Gorki quoted in V. Mel’nichenko, Fenomen i fantom Lenina, p. 70.

  4. Quoted in D. A. Volkogonov, Sem’ vozhdei, vol. 1, p. 135.

  5. PSS, vol. 51, p. 52.

  6. A. Latyshev, Rassekrechënnyi Lenin, pp. 44–5.

  7. See M. Liebman, Leninism under Lenin; N. Harding, Lenin’s Political Thought, vol. 2.

  8. Desyatyi s”ezd RKP(b), pp. 349–50.

  9. B. M. Volin, VoVIL, vol. 6, p. 61.

  10. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 284.

  11. ibid., p. 270.

  12. ibid., p. 301.

  13. N. K. Krupskaya, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, p. 15.

  14. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 260.

  15. PSS, vol. 43, p. 150.

  16. Kollontai’s diary: RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 3, d. 48, p. 33.

  17. V. Mel’nichenko, Fenomenon i fantom Lenina, p. 53.

  18. D. I. Ul’yanov, Ocherki raznykh let, p. 93.

  19. ibid., p. 98.

  20. N. Meshcheryakov, ‘Iz vospominanii o Lenine’, p. 45.

  21. A. M. Kollontai, ‘1918 god’ [draft memoir], RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 4, d. 23, p. 2.

  22. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 333.

  23. PSS, vol. 55, pp. 373–4.

  24. S. U. Manbekova and S. A. Rubanov, Naslednitsa, p. 166: telegram of V. M. Molotov to Lenin from Nizhni Novgorod.

  24. Defeat in the West

  1. See the Introduction.

  2. A. Latyshev, Ressekrechënnyi Lenin, p. 40.

  3. ibid.

  4. Report to the Ninth Party Conference, September 1920, RTsKhIDNI, fond 44, op. 1, d. 5, pp. 11–18, 20–1, 27–8; and Lenin’s memoranda, reprinted in Izvestiya, 27 April 1992.

  5. TP, vol. 2, p. 278.

  6. ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1991, p. 171.

  7. Quoted in ‘Vlyublënnaya Lenina’, Literaturnaya gazeta – Dos’e, no. 8, 1992, p. 11.

  8. A. M. Kollontai, diary for 1920, RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 3, d. 36, p. 12.

  9. Inessa Armand’s last diary, RTsKhIDNI, fond 127, op. 1, d. 61, pp. 7–8.

  10. ibid., p. 8.

  11. ibid., p. 14.

  12. Quoted in D. A. Volkogonov, Sem’ vozhdei, vol. 1, p. 113.

  13. Ye. Drabkina, Zimnii pereval, p. 29.

  14. A. Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, p. 14.

  15. RTsKhIDNI, fond 44, op. 1, d. 5, p. 13.

  16. ibid.

  25. The New Economic Policy

  1. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 3, chaps 6–7.

  2. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 3, d. 128, item 1a.

  3. Chernov’s account is given in RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 1, d. 1454, p. 2; his memoir appeared in Bednota, no. 1729, 2 February
1924.

  4. P. Sorokin and M. Rogov, ‘Razvërstka ili nalog?’, Pravda, 17 February 1921.

  5. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 58, p. 2.

  6. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 3, d. 154.

  7. RTsKhIDNI, fond 46, op. 1, d. 3, p. 16.

  8. ibid., pp. 16 and 18.

  9. ibid., p. 22.

  10. ibid., p. 125.

  11. PSS, vol. 53, p. 14.

  26. A Question of Survival

  1. D. I. Ul’yanov, Ocherki raznykh let, p. 93.

  2. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 17, d. 174, p. 24

  3. PSS, vol. 53, p. 17.

  4. ibid., p. 110.

  5. ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, p. 3.

  6. Rough estimate based on author’s visit in June 1993.

  7. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 317.

  8. V. P. Osipov, ‘Bolezn’ i smert’ Vladimira Il’icha Ul’yanova-Lenina’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 298.

  9. Lenin iVChK, pp. 465–6.

  10. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 181.

  11. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 148.

  12. ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, pp. 11–12.

  13. Darkevich’s manuscript account of diagnostic examination, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 6, pp. 4–5.

  14. ibid., p. 6.

  15. ibid., p. 4.

  16. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 6, pp. 7 and 8–9.

  17. ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1990, p. 189.

  18. PSS, vol. 54, p. 198.

  19. V. Klemperer, Leben sammeln, nicht fragen wozu und warum, vol. 1: Tagebücher 1918–1924, p. 577. I am grateful to Kay Schiller for alerting me to this source.

  20. RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 1, d. 99, pp. 1–2; V. N. Rozanov, ‘Iz vospominaniya o Vladimire Il’iche’, in N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), O Lenine, pp. 127–31.

  21. RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 1, d. 99, p. 3.

  22. Yu. M. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina, p. 19.

  23. ibid., p. 36.

  24. ibid., p. 40.

  25. V. Rozanov, Krasnaya nov’, no. 6, 1924, pp. 155–6.

  26. N. Petrenko, ‘Lenin v Gorkakh – bolezn’ I smert’’, Minuvshee, vol. 2, p. 195; G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov, Nezabyvaemoe, p. 237.

  27. ‘Vospominania M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, p. 10.

  28. ibid., p. 12; Kozhevnikov: fond 16, op. 2, d. 11, p. 6.

  29. See V. Soloukhin, Pro svete dnya; D. Volkogonov, Lenin.

  30. RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 1, d. 454.

  31. N. K. Krupskaya,VoVIL, vol. 2, pp. 334, 2.

  32. ‘Vospominania M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, pp. 32–3.

  33. Undated speech by M. I. Ul’yanova, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 65, p. 21.

  34. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 283.

  35. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 206: letter of Krupskaya to Inna Armand, 30 September 1922.

  36. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 17: report of P. Pakaln, 3 July 1922.

  37. ibid.

  38. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 206: letter of Krupskaya to Inna Armand, 30 September 1922.

  39. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 17: report of P. Pakaln, 3 July 1922.

  40. Memoir sketch, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 87.

  41. ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, pp. 17–18.

  42. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 20, p. 61: typed excerpt from M. I. Ulyanova’s diary.

  43. RTsKhIDNI: fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 16: report of P. Pakaln.

  44. ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1991, p. 188.

  27. Disputing to the Last

  1. See above.

  2. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 25993.

  3. PSS, vol. 48, p. 162.

  4. N. A. Uglanov, VoVIL, vol. 7, p. 72.

  5. M. I. Ul’yanova, ITsKKPSS, no. 12, 1989.

  6. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, pp. 7, 36, 50 and 59: reports of P. Pakaln, head of bodyguard, to the central Cheka offices in Moscow.

  7. Letter of N. K. Krupskaya to L. A. Fotieva, 25 August 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 1, d. 454, p. 4.

  8. Letter of M. Volodicheva to A. I. Ul’yanova, 6 December 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 43, p. 1.

  9. ITsKKPSS, no. 5, 1991, p. 189.

  10. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 84, items 1–3.

  11. Her words on 25 October 1922 were ‘on mozhet snova svalit’sya’.

  12. ‘Dnevnik dezhurnogo vracha V. I. Lenina v 1922–1923 gg.’, VIKPSS, no. 9, 1991. pp. 41–2.

  13. Note of N. S. Allilueva to Kamenev on the basis of a message from Krupskaya on behalf of Lenin, 18 October 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 1, d. 456.

  14. N. I. Bukharin, ‘Pamyati Lenina’, Pravda, 21 January 1925.

  15. See the text of the letter in A. Latyshev, Rassekrechënnyi Lenin, p. 253.

  16. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 92: report of P. Pakaln.

  17. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2, d. 13: A. M. Kozhevnikov’s notes, as given in D. Volkogonov, Lenin, vol. 2, p. 333.

  18. PSS, vol. 45, p. 471.

  19. M. I. Ul’yanova diary excerpt, 2 September 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 20, p. 65.

  20. Text of letter from RTsKhIDNI, fond 2, op. 2, d. 134 given in Rodina, no. 3, 1992. p. 49.

  21. PSS, vol. 54, p. 324.

  22. L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 178.

  23. Letter to Central Committee, 15 December 1922, PSS, vol. 45, p. 338.

  24. L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 179.

  25. PSS, vol. 45, p. 324.

  26. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2, d. 13: A. M. Kozhevnikov’s notes, given in D. Volkogonov, Lenin, vol. 2, p. 333.

  27. ITsKKPSS, no. 12, 1989, p. 189.

  28. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 86, p. 1.

  29. PSS, vol. 54, p. 327.

  30. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 87, p. 1.

  31. Politburo meeting, 14 December 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 3; RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 2, d. 55, pp. 202–3; L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 173.

  32. ITsKKPSS, no. 9, 1989, p. 148.

  33. L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 187.

  34. ibid., pp. 189–90.

  35. A. G. Shlikhter, ‘Gotova li smena?’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 59.

  36. M. I. Ul’yanova, ‘O Vladimire Il’iche’, ITsKKPSS, no. 3, 1991, p. 194.

  37. L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 189.

  28. Death in the Big House

  1. PSS, vol. 45, pp. 343–4.

  2. ibid.

  3. ibid., pp. 344–5.

  4. ibid., p. 345.

  5. ibid.

  6. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo, p. 198.

  7. Quoted in G. Volkov’s account of an interview with Volodicheva, ‘Stenografistka Il’icha’, Sovetskaya kul’tura, 21 January 1989.

  8. A. Bek’s interview with Volodovicheva and Fotieva in 1967, ‘K istorii poslednikh leninskikh dokumentov’, Moskovskie novosti, no. 17, 23 April 1989, p. 8.

  9. G. Volkov’s interview with Volodicheva, ‘Stenografistka Il’icha’; A. Bek’s interviews with Volodicheva and Fotieva in 1967, ‘K istorii poslednikh leninskikh dokumentov’.

  10. See M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle and S. Cohen, Bukharin and the Russian Revolution.

  11. PSS, vol. 45, p. 359.

  12. ibid., p. 356.

  13. ibid., p. 346.

  14. ibid., p. 372.

  15. ibid., p. 373.

  16. ibid., vol. 54, p. 330.

  17. ibid., pp. 82–3.

  18. ibid., p. 330.

  19. Quoted in G. Volkov’s interview with Volodicheva, ‘Stenografistka Il’icha’.

  20. Yu. M. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina, p. 40.

  21. V. A. Rukavishnikov’s memoirs, RTsKhIDNI
, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 91, p. 32; op. 3s, d. 27, p. 12.

  22. ibid., p. 16.

  23. Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 20, p. 14.

  24. Diary of nurse Z. I. Zorko-Rimsha, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 104, p. 223.

  25. Letter to A. V. Lunacharski, sometime in 1923, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 205, p. 5.

  26. V. G. Sorin, ‘Bol’shoi dom’, Pravda, 21 January 1927.

  27. ‘Pogib ya’: ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 20, p. 14.

  28. V. A. Rukavishnikov, ‘Poslednaya progulka V. I. Lenina v Moskvu’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 27, p. 24.

  29. ibid., p. 30.

  30. ibid., p. 12.

  31. ibid.

  32. Postcard, 1 December 1923: RTsKhIDNI, fond 12 op. 2, d. 206, p. 13. The picture on the postcard is that of Bukharin in a pioneer tie. In line with Stalinist archival practice, Bukharin’s face was obliterated for reasons of political orthodoxy.

  33. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, pp. 93, 121 and 122.

  34. G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov, Nezabyvaemoe, pp. 241 and 250. For the argument against the claim that the children were mainly from the village see N. Petrenko, ‘Lenin v Gorkakh’, Minuvshee, no. 2. 1990, p. 250.

  35. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 92.

  36. ibid., pp. 92 and 96.

  37. Nurses’ duty diary, note by N. S. Popov, 17 September 1923, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 91, p. 68.

  38. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 123.

  39. V. A. Rukavishnikov’s memoirs, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 27, pp. 32–3.

  40. V. G. Sorin, ‘Bol’shoi dom’, Pravda, 21 January 1927.

  41. N. I. Bukharin, Pravda, 21 January 1924.

  Lenin: The Afterlife

  1. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 254, pp. 1, 5 and 6.

  2. ibid., p. 1.

  3. ibid., p. 7: undated letter, written before 25 March 1924.

  4. This, by the way, controverts the legend originating with Yuri Karyakin at the Congress of People’s Deputies to the effect that Lenin had wanted to be buried next to his mother in the Volkovoe Cemetery in Petrograd.