L. Haimson, The Russian Marxists and The Origins of Bolshevism (Cambridge, Mass. 1955)
N. Harding, Lenin’s Political Thought, vols 1–2 (London, 1977–81)
N. Hans, History of Russian Educational Policy (London, 1931)
B. Henderson, ‘Lenin and the British Museum Library’, Solanus, 1990, vol. 4
B. Henderson, Lenin at the British Museum (London, n.d.)
M. P. Iroshnikov, Presedatel’ Soveta Narodnykh Komissarov i STO, V. I. Ul’yanov-Lenin: ocherki gosudarstvennoi deyatel’nosti v 1917–1918 gg. (Moscow, 1974)
A. Ivanskii (ed.), Il’ya Nikolaevich Ul’yanov po vospominaniyam sovremennikov i dokumentam (Moscow, 1963)
J. H. L. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia (Oxford, 1963)
J. Klier, Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, 1855–1881 (Cambridge, 1985)
K. Kuusela, ‘Kak artist maskiroval Lenin’, in Lenin v vospominaniyakh finnov (Moscow, 1979)
A. Latyshev, Rassekrechënnyi Lenin (Moscow, 1996)
M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle (London, 1969)
M. Liebman, Leninism under Lenin (London, 1975)
A. S. Lindemann, The ‘Red Years’ (Berkeley, 1974)
Yu. M. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina. Pravda i mify (Moscow, 1997)
R. MacNeal, Bride of the Revolution. Krupskaya and Lenin (Ann Arbor, 1972)
M. Malia, The Soviet Tragedy (London, 1992)
S. U. Manbekova and S. A. Rubanov, Naslednitsa. Stranitsy zhizni N. K. Krupskoi (Moscow, 1990)
V. Mel’nichenko, Fenomenon i fantom Lenina (Moscow, 1993)
A. Meyer, Leninism (New York, 1957)
M. A. Moskalëv, Byuro TsK RSDRP v Rossii: avgust 1903 g.–mart 1917 g. (Moscow, 1964)
B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin (London, 1987)
N. Petrenko, ‘Lenin v Gorkakh – bolezn’ i smert’’, Minuvshee, vol. 2 (Moscow, 1990)
J. Piilonen, ‘Yhteinen vihollinen yhdistää, 1908–1917’, in J. Numminen (ed.), Lenin ja Suomi (Helsinki, 1987)
R. Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 1919–1924 (London, 1994)
R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union. Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923 (Cambridge, Mass. 1964)
R. Pipes, Social-Democracy and the St Petersburg Labour Movement, 1885–1897 (Cambridge, Mass. 1963)
A. J. Polan, Lenin and the End of Politics (London, 1984)
P. N. Pospelov et al., Vladimir Il’ich Lenin (Moscow, 1963)
A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power (New York, 1976)
T. H. Rigby, Lenin’s Government. Sovnarkom, 1917–1922 (Cambridge, 1979)
A. Rothstein, Lenin in Britain (London, 1970)
L. B. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2nd edn: London, 1970)
A. Senn, The Russian Revolution in Switzerland, 1914–1917 (Madison, 1971)
R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution. A Study in Organisational Change (London, 1979)
R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vols 1–3 (London: 1985, 1991, 1995)
S. L. Shatkina (ed.), Lenin i Ul’yanovy v Podol’ske (2nd edn: Moscow, 1979)
M. Shtein, ‘Rod vozhdya. Bilet po istorii’, in G. Sidorovnin (ed.), Vozhd’. Lenin kotorogo my ne znali (Saratov, 1992)
M. Shtein, Ul’yanovy i Leniny. Tainy rodoslovnoi i psevdonima (St Petersburg, 1997)
D. Shub, Lenin (2nd edn: London, 1966)
G. Sidorovnin (ed.), Vozhd’. Lenin kotorog my ne znali (Saratov, 1992)
V. Soloukhin, Pri svete dnya (London, 1992)
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A. Walicki, The Controversy over Capitalism (Oxford, 1969)
R. Wortman, The Crisis of Russian Populism (Cambridge, 1967)
ILLUSTRATIONS
Section One
1. The Ulyanov family home on Moscow Street in Simbirsk.
2. The Ulyanov family, 1879.
3. Alexander Ilich Ulyanov.
4. Anna Ilinichna Ulyanov.
5. Dmitri Ilich Ulyanov.
6. Maria Ilinichna Ulyanov.
7. Vladimir Ulyanov.
8. The leaders of the Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.
9. Georgi Plekhanov.
10. Yuli Martov, 1896.
11. Vladimir Ulyanov, 1895.
12. Nadezhda Krupskaya, 1895.
Section Two
13. Clerkenwell Green.
14. 21 (now 36) Tavistock Place.
15. Cartoon cat Lenin attacked by Menshevik mice.
16. Cartoon cat Lenin counterattacking Menshevik mice.
17. Georgi Gapon.
18. Alexander Bogdanov and Lenin play chess, 1908.
19. Lenin’s letter of re-application for a British Museum reader’s ticket. (Copyright © The British Museum)
20. Inessa Armand.
21. Lenin, 1914.
22. Country house in Poronin rented by Lenin and Krupskaya, 1914.
23. Herr Titus Kammerer outside his shop on Spiegelgasse, Geneva.
24. Grigori Zinoviev.
25. Karl Radek.
Section Three
26. Lenin, Nadya, Inessa and their fellow travellers in Stockholm.
27. Lenin’s notes on ‘Marxism and the State’.
28. Lenin taken by Dmitri Leshchenko for his official documents.
29. The Smolny Institute.
30. Lev Trotski addressing Red Army troops.
31. Lenin and Yakov Sverdlov at the unveiling of a statue of Marx and Engels.
32. M.S. Nappelbaum’s official portrait of Lenin, January 1918.
33. Lenin’s Kremlin office. (Jeremy Nicholl)
34. The ‘Darwin’ statue Lenin kept on his desk. (Jeremy Nicholl)
35. The Kremlin kitchen of Lenin and Krupskaya. (Jeremy Nicholl)
36. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, 1919. (David King Collection)
Section Four
37. Lenin on his fiftieth birthday, 1920.
38. Lenin recording a speech, 1919.
39. Lenin addressing Red Army troops bound for the Polish front, 5 May 1920.
40. A session of the Second Congress of Comintern. (David King Collection)
41. Iosif Stalin, Alexei Rykov, Lev Kamenev and Grigori Zinoviev walking in Moscow.
42. Nikolai Bukharin. (David King Collection)
43. Lenin chairing Sovnarkom, autumn 1922.
44. The much-adapted official Rolls Royce. (Jeremy Nicholl)
45. Lenin in his wheelchair with Professor Förster and Dr Gete, 1923.
46. The Big House at Gorki. (Jeremy Nicholl)
47. Fam
ily photograph at Gorki, August 1922.
48. Lenin’s death mask.
49. The first mausoleum, 1924.
INDEX
Adamyuk, Professor Yemelyan V., 1
Adler, Viktor, 1
agrarian socialism, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; see also narodniki
Akimov, Vladimir, 1
Alakaevka, Samara province, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Alarm (journal), 1
Alexander II, Tsar: reforms, 1, 2, 3; assassination, 4, 5
Alexander III, Tsar, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Alexandra, Empress of Nicholas II: assassinated, 1
Alexandrovich, V.A., 1, 2
Alexeev, General Mikhail, 1, 2
Alexeev, Nikolai, 1
Alexeev, Pëtr A., 1
Alexei Nicolaevich, Tsarevich: Nicholas attempts to abdicate in favour of, 1; killed, 2
Alexei Romanov, Tsar, 1
All-Russia Central Council of the Trade Unions, 1
All-Russia Congress of Soviets: Central Executive Committee, 1; and closure of Constituent Assembly, 2
Congresses: First (June 1917), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Second (October 1917), 7, 8; Third (January 1918), 9; Fourth (March 1918), 10; Fifth (July 1918), 11; Eighth (1920), 12; Tenth (1922), 13, 14, 15
All-Russia Congress of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 1
All-Russia Executive of the Railwaymen’s Union (Vikzhel), 1
All-Union Leninist Communist Union of Youth, 1
Allilueva, Nadezhda (Stalin’s second wife), 1, 2, 3
Allilueva, Olga, 1
Alliluev, Sergei, 1
Andreyushkin, Pakhomi I., 1
Andrikanis, A.M., 1, 2
Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement (1921), 1, 2
Antonov, A.S., 1
Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 1, 2
Arcachon (France), 1
Archangel, 1
Ardashev, Alexander (L’s cousin), 1, 2, 3
Ardashev, Dmitri (L’s cousin), 1
Ardasheva, Lyubov (née Blank; L’s aunt), 1, 2
Ardashev, Vladimir (L’s cousin), 1, 2, 3; shot by Bolsheviks, 4
Arefev (Syzran merchant), 1, 2
Aristotle, 1, 2, 3
Armand, Alexander (Inessa’s son), 1, 2
Armand, Andrei (Inessa’s son), 1
Armand, Inessa: L’s affection for, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; appearance, 6; Krupskaya and, 7, 8, 9; as secretary of Committee of the Foreign Organisation, 10, 11; writes to L in Kraków, 12; L ends relationship with, 13, 14, 15, 16; in Arcachon, 17; arrested by Okhrana, 18; represents Bolsheviks in Shmidt legacy dispute, 19; holidays and leisure activities with L and Krupskaya, 20, 21; discusses matters of love with L, 22; settles in Switzerland in war, 23; L confides in about factional politics, 24; leaves Switzerland for Russia after revolution, 25; visits L after assassination attempt, 26; works in Moscow, 27; illness, death and funeral, 28, 29, 30; confesses devotion to L, 31; L’s relationship with suppressed, 32
Armand, Inna (Inessa’s daughter), 1, 2
Armand, Vladimir, 1
Armenia, 1, 2, 3
Astrakhan: L writes to communists in, 1
Aunovskaya, Natalya, 1
Aurora (battleship), 1
Austria–Hungary: and outbreak of war (1914), 1; negotiates separate peace with Russia, 2
Averbakh, Mikhail, 1
Axelrod, Pavel, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Axënov (Razliv gamekeeper), 1
Azerbaijan, 1, 2, 3, 4
Bagotski, Sergei, 1, 2
Baku, 1
Bakunin, Mikhail, 1, 2
Balabanova, Angelica, 1
Baltic provinces, 1
Baranov, Dmitri, 1
Baratynski, Archpriest A.I., 1
Basic Law (Russia), 1
Basic Law on the Socialisation of Land, 1
Baugy-sur-Clarens, Montreux (Switzerland), 1, 2
Bedny, Demyan, 1
Belokrysenko, Arseni, 1, 1
Belorussia, 1, 2, 3
Bentham, Jeremy, 1
Berdyaev, Nikolai, 1
Berlin: L visits, 1; March 1921 Action in, 2; see also Germany
Bern (Switzerland), 1
Bernstein, Eduard, 1
Berzins, Jan, 1
Biały Dunajek (Poland), 1, 2
Black Hundreds (groups), 1
Black Redistribution (organisation), 1
Blank family: Jewishness, 1, 2, 3
Blank, Alexander (Srul; L’s maternal grandfather), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Blank, Anna (née Grosschopf; L’s maternal grandmother), 1
Blank, Dmitri (Abel; L’s great-uncle), 1, 2
Blank, Moshko (L’s maternal great-grandfather), 1, 2
Blanqui, Louise-Auguste, 1, 2
‘Bloody Sunday’ (St Petersburg, 9 January 1905), 1, 2
Blyumkin, Yakov, 1
Bogaevski, Afrikan, 1
Bogdanov, Alexander: L abuses, 1; helps L with financing, 2; as expositor and thinker, 3, 4; requests L to return to Russia, 5; in Finland as Bolshevik leader, 6, 7; resents participation in Duma, 8, 9; in Switzerland, 10; disputes and breach with L, 11, 12, 13, 14; reading, 15; plans socialist government, 16; Engineer Menni, 17
Bogdanova, Natalya, 1, 2
Bogoraz, Lazar, 1, 2
Bolshevik Central Committee: L attacks, 1; L attends, 2; on land socialisation, 3; organisation, 4, 5; supports transfer of power to soviets, 6; authority, 7; and Petrograd armed political demonstration, 8, 9, 10; rejects L’s revised policies, 11, 12, 13, 14; caution over L’s October revolution plan, 15, 16; assumes power after revolution, 17, 18; L prepares decrees for, 19; resists demand for socialist coalition, 20; Kamenev resigns from, 21; at Smolny Institute, 22; role and functions, 23; resists separate peace in World War I, 24; administration, 25, 26; factionalism in, 27; L chairs, 28, 29, 30; and war with Poland, 31; dispute over ‘trade union discussion’, 32; and introduction of NEP, 33; L proposes reducing to three members, 34; orders sick L to withdraw from public life, 35; L proposes expanding membership, 36, 37; minutes kept secret, 38; see also Politburo
Bolshevik Centre: shifts location, 1, 2; Bogdanov stays with, 3; dealings with Trotski, 4; rejects Bogdanov, 5; approach to Martov, 6; Party Central Committee orders closure of, 7
Bolshevik Military Organisation, 1, 2, 3
Bolshevik Party see Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks: L founds as party, 1, 2, 3; organisation, 4, 5, 6, 7; L keeps separate from Mensheviks, 8; hold 2nd and 3rd Party Congresses, 9, 10; L seeks reconciliation with Mensheviks, 11; at 4th Party Congress, 12; ignore First State Duma elections, 13; in later Duma elections, 14, 15, 16; and Party factionalism, 17, 18, 19, 20; at Prague party conference, 21; emigrant members, 22; leadership struggle, 23; legal status, 24; in Fourth Duma, 25, 26, 27; L seeks to control in war, 28; members arrested and tried in war, 29; and February 1917 revolution, 30; L redefines in April Theses, 31; L addresses in Petrograd (1917), 32; accept L’s 1917 programme, 33; enter soviets, 34, 35; L argues for flexibility of, 36; Secretariat, 37; as separate party, 38; attract new adherents, 39; propaganda, 40; readiness to assume power, 41; armed demonstration (1917), 42, 43; win popular support, 44; receive German government subsidy, 45, 46, 47, 48; members arrested by Provisional Government, 49; and L’s demands for insurrection, 50; form majorities in soviets, 51; and L’s plan for October Revolution, 52; L attempts to popularise, 53; and international socialist revolution, 54; fail in 1917 Constituent Assembly elections, 55; hostility to Constituent Assembly, 56; resist separate peace with Central Powers, 57; repressions and persecutions, 58; popular hostility to, 59; anti-capitalist policies, 60; renamed Russian Communist Party, 61; administrative capacities and methods, 62; supremacy, 63; resist L’s NEP proposals, 64; factional activity banned by L, 65; leaders’ overwork and health problems, 66; repress opposition, 67; split by Left Opposition at 13th Conference, 68; divisions and factions, 69; Gorbachëv abolishes political monopoly, 70
Conferences: 7th (1917)(‘April Conference’), 1; 9th (1920), 2, 3, 4; 10th (1921), 5, 6; 13th (192
3–4), 7
Congresses: 3rd (1905), 1, 2, 3, 4; 4th (1906), 5, 6; 5th (1907), 7, 8; 6th (1917), 9; 7th (1918), 10, 11; 8th (1919), 12, 13; 10th (1921), 14; 12th (1923), 15
see also Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party
Bombon, Seine-et-Marne (France), 1
Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir: carries L’s mother’s coffin, 1; visits graves of L’s mother and sister with L, 2; L stays with in Finland, 3; publishes L’s proclamation on October Revolution, 4; L stays with in Petrograd, 5; at 1917 Congress of Soviets, 6; L engages as personal assistant, 7; in Moscow with L, 8; and L’s injuries after assassination attempt, 9; persuades L to appear in film, 10; at L’s death, 11
Borchardt, Julius, 1
Borotbists: incorporated in Communist Party, 1
bourgeoisie: and formation of socialist state, 1, 2, 3; L’s hostility to, 4, 5, 6
Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918): negotiated and signed, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; L abrogates, 17
Brezhnev, Leonid, 1
Bright, John, 1
Britain: in First World War, 1; intervenes in Civil War, 2; ends economic blockade of USSR, 3; Labour Party and socialism in, 4; Kamenev negotiates trade agreement with, 5, 6
British Museum: L studies in, 1, 2
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