Lenin: A Biography

by Robert John Service

  Strumpel, Professor A., 1, 2

  Struve, Pëtr: in St Petersburg, 1, 2, 3, 4; on L’s writing, 5; manifesto for Russian Democratic-Labour Party, 6; founds Union of Liberation, 7, 8; helps L found Iskra, 9; Plekhanov refutes, 10; Critical Remarks on the Question of Russian Economic Development, 11, 12

  Strzhalkovski, V.M., 1

  Stupishin (Nicholas II’s servant), 1s

  Sukhanov, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3; Notes on the Revolution, 4

  Suliashvili, David, 1

  Sulimova, Maria L., 1

  Suny, Ronald, 1

  Supreme Council of the National Economy, 1, 2

  Sverdlov, Yakov: arrested, 1; runs L’s Secretariat, 2, 3; briefs L on return to Petrograd, 4; and Constitutional Assembly elections, 5, 6; supports L on revolutionary political consolidation, 7; chairs Congress of Soviets Presidium, 8; promotes Party in provinces, 9; reports on German ultimatum, 10; in Moscow, 11; administrative duties, 12, 13; death, 14; criticised, 15

  Sviyazhk, battle of (1918), 1

  Swann, Rev. F.R., 1

  Switzerland: L first visits (1895), 1; L revisits (1900), 2, 3; L revisits (1903), 4; L and Krupskaya holiday in, 5, 6; L stays in (1907), 7; L and Krupskaya take refuge in during First World War, 8, 9; L leaves for Russia after revolution, 10

  Syzran, 1

  Takhtarëv, K.M., 1, 2

  Tambov province, 1, 2, 3

  Tampere (Finland), 1

  Taratuta, Viktor, 1, 2

  Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 1

  Tchaikovsky see Chaikovski terror: L on state and, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Trotski advocates, 12, 13; see also Great Terror

  Theen, Rolf, 1

  Thiers, Adolphe, 1

  Tikhomirnov, Viktor A., 1

  Tkachëv, Pëtr, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Tolstoi, Count Lev, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; War and Peace, 8

  Tomski, Mikhail, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  ‘trade union discussion’, 1, 2, 3

  Trans-Siberian Railway: completed, 1

  Transcaucasian Soviet Federation, 1, 2

  Trepov, Fëdor, 1, 2

  Trianon Treaty (1920), 1

  Trotski, Lev: on political techniques, 1; visits L in London, 2; Jewishness, 3; advocates worker government, 4; in revolutionary St Petersburg (1905), 5; speech-making, 6; produces Pravda, 7; organises rival party conference (Vienna), 8; on small numbers of international socialists, 9; influenced by Helphand-Parvus, 10; joins Bolsheviks, 11; arrested and imprisoned, 12; released, 13; threatens opponents of Bolshevism with guillotine, 14; and plans for October Revolution, 15; in October Revolution, 16; announces overthrow of Kerenski, 17; L consults over draft of decrees, 18; appointed Commissar for External Affairs, 19, 20; refuses compromise with other socialist parties, 21; concern for general policy, 22; negotiates at Brest-Litovsk for separate 1918 peace, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27; occupies apartment in Petrograd, 28; hostility to Constituent Assembly, 29; at 7th Party Congress, 30; in Moscow, 31; as Commissar of Military Affairs, 32; attempts to disarm Czech Legion, 33; leads Red Army in Civil War, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38; disputes with Stalin, 39, 40, 41; and L’s leadership, 42; terrorist acts, 43; at First Comintern Congress, 44; criticised for Red Army organisation, 45; image and acclaim, 46; disputes with L on economic policy, 47, 48, 49, 50; proposes militarisation of labour, 51, 52; in war against Poland, 53, 54, 55; opposes invading Poland, 56; advocates NEP, 57; proposes banning strikes and controlling trade unions, 58, 59; incurs rancour of party, 60; suppresses Kronstadt naval mutiny, 61; overwork and strain, 62, 63; L forbids from travelling to Genoa conference, 64; L proposes excluding from Central Committee, 65; character and manner, 66; supports foreign trade monopoly, 67; L’s alliance with, 68, 69, 70; in L’s political testament, 71, 72; L requests to represent Georgian case, 73; predicts colonial troubles, 74; at 12th Party Congress, 75; criticises party’s weaknesses, 76; rests at Sukhumi, 77; and L’s death, 78; memorialises L, 79; denigrated after L’s death, 80; writes on L, 81; The New Course, 82

  Trotskyists: and introduction of NEP, 1

  Tsereteli, Irakli, 1, 2

  Tsushima, Battle of (1905), 1

  Tsyurupa, A.D., 1, 2

  Tugan-Baranovski, Mikhail: in St Petersburg, 1, 2, 3, 4; The Russian Factory, 5

  Tukhachevski, General Mikhail, 1, 2

  Tula, 1

  Turgenev, Ivan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Turkey (Ottoman Empire): war with Russia (1877–8), 1, 2; in First World War, 3; Soviet deal with (1921), 4

  Turukhansk (Siberia), 1

  Udelnaya, 1

  Ufa, 1, 2, 3

  Ukhta forced-labour camp, 1

  Ukraine: in Russian Empire, 1; regional autonomy campaign, 2; nationalism in, 3, 4; in German peace terms, 5, 6; established as Soviet republic, 7, 8; Piłsudski invades, 9; Stalin wishes to incorporate into RSFSR, 10, 11; peasant uprisings, 12, 13; famine, 14

  Ulam, Adam, 1

  Ultimatumists, 1, 2

  Ulyanov family, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

  Ulyanov, Alexander Ilich (L’s elder brother; Sasha): hanged, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; birth, 10; childhood, 11, 12, 13; schooling, 14; model soldiers and battles, 15; L admires, 16; studies at St Petersburg University, 17, 18; and father’s death, 19, 20; criticises L for misbehaviour, 21; revolutionary activities, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27; arrested and tried, 28, 29; moral values, 30; health problems, 31; diligence in studies, 32

  Ulyanova, Alexandra or Anna (L’s grandmother), 1, 2

  Ulyanova, Anna Ilinichna (L’s elder sister; Anyuta): on non-Russian ancestry, 1, 2; birth, 3; visits grandmother, 4; memoirs and writings on L, 5, 6, 7; relations with siblings, 8; marriage, 9; education and upbringing, 10, 11; and L’s schooling, 12; piano-playing, 13; teacher training, 14, 15, 16, 17; travels with father, 18; and father’s illness and death, 19; and brother Alexander’s arrest and execution, 20, 21; financial position, 22; and L’s expulsion from university, 23; marriage to Yelizarov, 24; helps L, 25; temper, 26; helps famine victims, 27, 28; lives in Moscow, 29; deference to Struve, 30; terrorist sympathies, 31; health problems, 32; and L’s arrest, 33; and L’s exile in Siberia, 34; nervous tension, 35; on L’s rejecting Krupskaya, 36; on L’s relations with women, 37; resents and criticises Krupskaya, 38, 39; and L’s wedding, 40; negotiates for publication of L’s works, 41; sends books to L in exile, 42; on family’s Jewish ancestry, 43; Brittany holiday with L, 44; political activities, 45; L visits at Sablino (1905), 46; criticises L’s Materialism and Empiriocriticism, 47; L writes to on Party factions, 48; adopts and raises Georgi Lozgachëv, 49, 50; arrested and imprisoned, 51; on L’s intemperance, 52; works for Russian Bureau of Central Committee, 53, 54; arranges publication of L’s Imperialism, 55; questions L’s political judgement, 56; L stays with on 1917 return to Petrograd, 57; devotion to L, 58; as editorial secretary of Pravda, 59; apartment searched, 60; visits L in Petrograd flat, 61; grief at husband’s death, 62; death, 63; and L’s death amd funeral, 64; improved relations with Krupskaya, 65; and posthumous L cult, 66

  Ulyanova, Antonina (Dmitri’s wife), 1, 2

  Ulyanov, Dmitri Ilich (L’s younger brother; Mitya): birth, 1; childhood, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; marriage, 7; and L’s toy soldiers, 8; and father’s death, 9; medical practice, 10, 11, 12; financial position, 13; education, 14, 15, 16; in Kazan, 17; helps L, 18; terrorist sympathies, 19; teaches L to ride bicycle, 20; L buys medical book for, 21; on L in prison, 22; and L’s exile in Siberia, 23; expelled from university and banished, 24; gives sporting gun to L, 25; attends Second Party Congress, 26; political activism, 27;marriage breakdown, 28; separation from L, 29; reunited with L (1919), 30; on L’s medical condition, 31, 32; death from stenocardia, 33; and L’s death and funeral, 34

  Ulyanov, Ilya Nikolaevich (L’s father): and L’s birth, 1; background and career, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; personality, ideas and interests, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; and children’s upbringing and education, 12, 13, 14, 15; educational principles, 16, 17, 18, 19; home life, 20; and assassination of Alexander II, 21; illness and death, 22, 23; social status, 24; will,
25; work ethic, 26

  Ulyanova, Maria Alexandrovna (née Blank; L’s mother): and L’s birth, 1, 2; background, 3, 4, 5; courtship and marriage, 6; family and social life, 7, 8, 9, 10; character, 11, 12; and L’s upbringing and education, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20; beliefs and interests, 21, 22, 23, 24; and assassination of Alexander II, 25; and husband’s death, 26; widow’s pension and inheritance, 27, 28; and son Alexander’s arrest and execution, 29, 30; moves to Kazan, 31, 32, 33; and L’s expulsion from university, 34; fails to supervise and control L, 35, 36, 37; acquires estate at Alakaevka, 38; moves to Samara, 39; and children’s higher education, 40; and Olga’s death, 41; and L’s refusal to offer famine relief, 42; moves to Moscow, 43; L writes to from abroad, 44, 45, 46, 47; and L’s banishment to Siberia, 48; L’s affection for, 49, 50, 51; home in Podolsk, 52; visits children in exile, 53; health problems, 54, 55; sells Kokushkino, 56; visits Krupskaya at Ufa, 57; holidays with L, 58, 59, 60; hostility to Krupskaya, 61; accompanies family into exile, 62; L visits near St Petersburg (1905), 63, 64; L meets in Stockholm (1910), 65; failing health, 66, 67; death, 68, 69; L visits grave, 70 Ulyanova, Maria Ilinichna (L’s younger sister; Manyasha): birth, 71; writes on L, 72, 73; relations with siblings, 74, 75, 76; remains unmarried, 77; education, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84; on L’s giving up piano, 85; and brother Alexander’s execution, 86; financial position, 87; in Kazan, 88; L teaches, 89; helps L, 90, 91; and L’s baldness, 92; studies, 93; L buys present for, 94; and L’s exile in Siberia, 95; nervous tension, 96, 97; on Krupskaya’s joining L in exile, 98; banished, 99; devotion to L, 100; attends Second Party Congress, 101; and L’s poor health, 102; political activities, 103; joins L in Paris, 104; cycling trips with L, 105; reads Bogdanov novel, 106; ill-health, 107; qualifies as teacher of French, 108; letter from L in Poland, 109; in Petrograd, 110; leaves and returns to Petrograd with L (1917), 111; interrogated about L’s whereabouts, 112; carries L’s insurrectionary proposals to Petrograd Soviet, 113; visits L in Petrograd, 114, 115; Finnish holiday with L, 116; accompanies L to Mikhailovski Manège, 117; moves to Moscow with L and Krupskaya, 118, 119; warns L of assassination dangers, 120; and attack on L, 121; attends L after shooting, 122; accompanies L in Moscow, 123; works at Pravda, 124; joins L at Gorki, 125; hears L’s admissions of depression, 126; attends L during illnesses, 127, 128, 129, 130; death from heart attack, 131; and Stalin’s visits to L at Gorki, 132; quarrels with Krupskaya, 133; photographs L at Gorki, 134; and L’s decline, 135; and L’s pride in Jewish ancestry, 136; Stalin quarrels with, 137; present at L’s coma and death, 138; improved relations with Krupskaya, 139; memorialises L, 140

  Ulyanov, Nikolai (L’s grandfather), 1

  Ulyanov, Nikolai Ilich (L’s younger brother): birth and death, 1

  Ulyanova, Olga Ilinichna (L’s younger sister; Olya): birth, 1; childhood, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; and brother Alexander’s execution, 7; education, 8, 9; financial position, 10; university studies, 11, 12; reads Uspenski, 13; on L in St Petersburg, 14; helps L, 15; illness, death and burial, 16; L visits grave, 17, 18

  Ulyanov, Vasili Nikolaevich (L’s uncle), 1

  Ulyanov, Viktor (Dmitri’s son), 1

  Ulyanov, Vladimir (Volodya) see Lenin, Vladimir Ilich

  Ulyanovsk see Simbirsk

  Union of Assistance for Political Prisoners, 1

  Union of Liberation, 1, 2

  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) see Russia (post-revolution)

  Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

  United States of America: ends economic blockade of USSR, 1

  Uspenski, Gleb, 1, 2, 3

  Vaasa, Kuokkala (Finland), 1, 2

  Vacietis, General I.I., 1

  Valentinov, Nikolai, 1

  Velichkina, Vera, 1

  Veretennikova, Anna (née Blank; L’s aunt), 1, 2, 3, 4

  Veretennikov, Dmitri, 1

  Verkholensk (Siberia), 1

  Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 1, 2, 3

  Vikzhel see All-Russia Executive of the Railwaymen’s Union

  Vladimir (town), 1

  Vladimirov, Miron K., 1

  Vodovozova, M.I. (publisher), 1

  Volga region: famines: (1891–2), 1, 2; (1921), 3; peasant uprisings (1921), 4

  Volkenshtein, Mikhail, 1

  Volkogonov, Dmitri, 1

  Volodarski, V., 1

  Volodicheva, Maria, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Volunteer Army, 1, 2

  Vorontsov, Vasili P., 1

  Vorovski, Vatslav V., 1

  Vperëd (‘Forward’; journal), 1, 2

  Vrangel, General Pëtr N., 1

  Vyborg, 1, 2, 3

  Wagner, Richard, 1, 2, 3

  ‘War Communism’, 1

  Webb, Sidney and Beatrice: L translates, 1

  Weber, Max, 1

  Weitling, Wilhelm, 1, 2

  Wells, H.G., 1

  White Army, 1, 2, 3

  Witte, Count Sergei, 1

  workers: position in Russian Marxist groups, 1, 2; participation in revolution, 3, 4, 5, 6; and guiding role of intellectuals, 7, 8; and formation of socialist government, 9; control factories in Petrograd, 10; delinquency, 11; L’s attitude to, 12, 13, 14; rights reduced, 15; L calls for greater participation in government, 16

  Worker’s Cause (newspaper), 1

  Workers’ Opposition, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, 1

  World War I (1914–18): Russia withdraws from, 1; and Romanov crisis, 2; L’s attitude to, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; outbreak, 8; socialist attitudes to, 9, 10, 11; Provisional Government continues commitment to, 12; Russian offensive (1917), 13; L calls for suspension of, 14, 15; L demands and agrees separate peace, 16, 17; Armistice (1918), 18; L on after-shock of, 19

  Yakubova, Apollonaria Alexandrovna, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Yaropolets, 1

  Yaroslavski, Yemelyan, 1

  Yelistratov, Dr, 1

  Yelizarov, Mark (Anna’s husband): advises on Ulyanov property deals, 1, 2; and L’s dispute with Arefev, 3; marriage to Anna, 4; lives in Moscow, 5; and L’s exile, 6; at Podolsk, 7; visits L in Paris, 8; adopts Georgi Lozgachëv, 9; carries L’s mother’s coffin, 10; and L’s 1917 return to St Petersburg, 11; apartment searched, 12; death and funeral, 13, 14

  Yeltsin, Boris, 1, 2

  Yemelyanov, Nikolai, 1

  Yeo, Mrs (London landlady), 1, 2

  Yudenich, General Nikolai, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Yudin, Gennadi, 1

  Yusupov family, 1

  Zaichnevski, Pëtr G., 1

  Zakopane (Poland), 1

  Zalezhski, Dr Alexander (L’s cousin), 1

  Zamyatin, Yevgeni, 1

  Zasulich, Vera, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  zemlyachestva (organisations), 1

  zemstva (provincial administrative bodies), 1, 2

  Zetkin, Clara, 1, 2

  Zheleznyakov, Anatoli, 1

  Zhëltyshev (L’s bodyguard), 1

  Zhelyabov, Andrei I., 1

  Zhivoe slovo (newspaper), 1

  Zimmerwald: internationalist socialist conference (1915), 1

  Zinoviev, Grigori: withdraws support from L, 1; on L’s sense of mission, 2; serves on Party Central Committee, 3, 4, 5; in Kraków, 6; escapes imprisonment, 7; passion for cinema, 8; pardons Malinovski, 9; stands by L in war, 10; and wartime Swiss international socialist conferences, 11; and L’s return to Russia after revolution, 12, 13; on L’s discovering Malinovski’s betrayal, 14; oratory, 15; Provisional Government issues arrest warrant for, 16; in hiding, 17; opposes L’s plan for October Revolution, 18, 19; warns of political catastrophe, 20; disbelieves European socialist revolution, 21; at 7th Party Congress, 22; in administration of Petrograd, 23; and L’s leadership, 24; at First Comintern Congress, 25; biography of L, 26; L criticises for restraining worker actions, 27, 28; and Yudenich’s advance on Petrograd, 29; favours internal party reform, 30; in ‘trade union discussion’, 31; and Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 32; incurs rancour of party, 33; supports German Communist Par
ty, 34; suffers heart attacks, 35; L forbids from travelling to Genoa conference, 36; L proposes demoting, 37; character and manner, 38; concern over L’s deteriorating condition, 39; L’s relations with, 40; L considers as successor, 41; told of Stalin’s abuse of Krupskaya, 42; supports Stalin at 12th Party Congress, 43; rebuffs Trotski’s Left Opposition, 44; visits sick L at Gorki, 45; and L’s death and funeral, 46; memorialises L, 47; loses in opposition to Stalin, 48

  Zinoviev, Stepan (GZ’s son), 1, 2

  Zinoviev, Zinaida Lilina, 1, 2

  Zola, Émile, 1

  Zraggen, Karl, 1

  Zubatov, Sergei, 1

  Zurich: L in, 1, 2, 3

  Zyuganov, Gennadi, 1

  Review

  ‘Political biography at its best… This is a splendid book, much the best that I have ever read about Lenin… I was overwhelmed by the power and vividness of this portrait.’

  Dominic Lieven, Sunday Telegraph

  ‘Robert Service has set out to add flesh – and especially feelings – to the existing image… Lenin’s life was politics, but Service has succeeded in keeping Lenin the man in focus throughout… This book deserves a place among the best studies of one of the most fascinating figures in modern history.’

  Harold Shukman, The Times

  ‘The great strength of this remarkable book is the author’s ability to blend the personal history with a convincing analysis of the Lenin oeuvre and a confident reconstruction of the wider political and social milieu of Russia in the age of revolution.’

  Richard Overy, Literary Review

  ‘It succeeds triumphantly in portraying the relationship of Lenin as a person to his historic achievement… splendid biography.’

  Raymond Carr, Spectator

  ‘This impressive biography… draws on a wealth of new material to provide a subtle and complex portrait of a man who is, too often, either deified as omniscient revolutionary saint, or demonized as bloodthirsty megalomaniac.’

  S. A. Smith, History Today

  ‘Service has played an important role in uncovering the Kremlin’s secrets since he was granted access to its archives.’