Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862

by Edward Cunningham

  27 Warner, Generals in Blue, 245; Payson Shumway Diary, March 25, 1862, Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  28 New York Tribune, February 15, 1864. || For Hurlbut, see Jeffrey N. Lash, A Politician Turned General: The Civil War Career of Stephen Augustus Hurlbut (Kent: Kent State University Press, 2003).

  29 Irving McKee, “Ben-Hur” Wallace: The Life of General Lew Wallace (Berkley: University of California Press, 1947), 1-46. || For a modern view of Wallace, see Stacy D. Allen, “If He Had Less Rank: Lewis Wallace,” in Steven E. Woodworth (ed.), Grant’s Lieutenants: From Cairo to Vicksburg (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 63-89.

  30 D. A. B., 2: 587, 588. || For McClernand, see Richard L. Kiper, Major General John Alexander McClernand: Politician in Uniform (Kent: The Kent State University Press, 1999).

  31 Campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee, 109; Sherman, Memoirs, 226.

  32 Campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee, 109; John Bering and Thomas Montgomery, History of the Forty-eighth Ohio Veteran Volunteer Infantry (Hillsboro: The Highland News Office, 1880), 15; Sherman, Memoirs, 226.

  33 Be ring and Montgomery, History of the Forty-eighth Ohio, 15.

  34 Campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee, 111.

  35 Thomas Jones, Complete History of the 46th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry (n.p., n.d.), 287.

  36 Thomas, Soldier Life; S. M. Byers, Iowa In War Times (Des Moines: W. D. Condit and Company, 1888), 497. The regiment’s total casualties were two killed and three wounded in the expedition. Ibid.

  37 Adolph Engelmann to his wife, Mina, March 12, 1862, Adolph Engelmann Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  38 Thomas, Soldier Life.

  39 Phil Jordan and Charles Thomas (eds.), “Reminiscences of An Ohio Volunteer,” Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly 43 (October 1939): 309, 310. For a complete listing of the vessels see T. M. Hurst, “Battle of Shiloh,” The American Historical Magazine and Tennessee Society Quarterly 7 (January 1902): 31-33.

  40 Charles Morton, “Opening of the Battle of Shiloh,” War Paper No. 88, Commandery of the District of Columbia, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

  41 || For the Army of the Tennessee, see Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing But Victory: The Army of the Tennessee (New York: Knopf, 2005).

  42 OR 7, 435; ORN 22, 643-647.

  43 OR 7, 453; ORN 22, 643-647, 833. || For more on the navy in the Shiloh Campaign, see also Smith, The Un told Story of Shiloh, 53-66.

  44 Sherman, Memoirs, 227.

  45 OR 10, pt. 1, 22, 23, 28, 30; Sherman, Memoirs, 227; Robert Flemming, “The Battle of Shiloh As A Private Saw It,” Sketches of War History 1861-1865, Papers Prepared for the Commandery of the State of Ohio, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Cincinnati: 1908), 6: 133; J. L. Bieler, “Shiloh,” sketch in the Miscellaneous Collections at Shiloh National Military Park.

  46 OR 10, pt. 1, 23, 24; Sherman, Memoirs, 228.

  47 Campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee, 109, 123; OR 10, pt. 1, 24. Colonel McDowell was senior to Colonel Hicks, and when his regiment, the Sixth Iowa, arrived and was assigned to the Fifth Division, he naturally took over the command of the First Brigade. Ephrain J. Hart, History of the Fortieth Illinois Infantry (Cincinnati: H. S. Bosworth, 1864), 81.

  48 OR 10, pt. 1, 24, 26, 27.

  49 Wallace, An Au to biography, 1: 444, 445.

  50 OR 10, pt. 1, 10.

  51 Ibid., 11, 16.

  52 Grant, Memoirs, 169, 170.

  53 OR 10, pt. 1, 27; Conger, The Rise of U. S. Grant, 218.

  54 Atwell Thompson Map of Shiloh; Steele, American Campaigns, 82, 83; Leander Stillwell, The Story of A Common Soldier of Army Life in the Civil War, 1861-1865 (Kansas City: Franklin Hudson Publishing Company, 1920), 39; C. P. Searle, “War Sketches and Incidents,” War Sketches and Incidents As Related By Companions of the Iowa Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Des Moines: 1893), 1: 326, 327; Lucius Barber, Army Memoirs of Lucius W. Barber, Company D, 15th Illinois Infantry (Chicago: J. M. W. Jones Stationery and Printing Company, 1894), 47. A Union ob server described the church as an “exceedingly primitive” structure, “a fair type of the inertness of the people of that region at the time.” Twenty-five or thirty feet on the sides, it was built of logs, and it lacked a pulpit and pews. There were crude benches for seats and the walls were not well put together. Charles C. Coffin, The Boys of’61 (Boston: Estes and Laurit, 1881), 93, 94.

  55 Gates P. Thurston, The Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adjacent States (Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Company, 1897), 22-24; B. G. Brazelton, A History of Hardin County Tennessee (Nashville: Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1885), 6, 7.

  56 OR 10, pt. 2, 45.

  57 Ibid.

  58 Ibid., 49, 50.

  59 Campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee, 113; John A. McClernand to U. S. Grant, March 3, 1862, John A. McClernand Papers, 1823-1896, Illinois State Historical Library.

  60 Jacob Ammen, Diary, March 17-April 5, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library.

  61 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 358, 359.

  Chapter 5

  1 OR 6, 826, 828. See Don Seitz, Braxton Bragg: General of the Confederacy (Columbia: The State Company, 1924); See also Judah P. Benjamin to R. E. Lee, February 24, 1862. O.R., 6, 398.

  2 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 240-242.

  3 O. Edward Cunningham, Roster of Louisiana Units in the Confederate Army, unpublished paper prepared by the author for the Louisiana Civil War Centennial Commission, Baton Rouge: May, 1964.

  4 Stephenson, “Willie Micajah Barrow Diary,” 179.

  5 John A. Cato to wife, February 27, 1862, John A. Cato Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History; J. C. Rietti, Military Annals of Mississippi (n.p.: n.d.), 59; F. Jay Taylor (ed.), The Secret Diary of Robert Patrick 1861-1865: The Reluctant Rebel (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959), 34.

  6 Dunbar Rowland, The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi (Nashville: Brandon Printing Company, 1908), 568.

  7Robert C. Black, III, Rail roads of the Confederacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952), 142.

  8 Rowland, The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi, 586, 599; John P. Dyer, “Fightin’ Joe” Wheeler (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1941), 27-31; Edward Crenshaw, “Diary of Captain Edward Crenshaw,” The Alabama Historical Quarterly 1 (Fall 1930): 266.

  9 Horn, Army of Tennessee, 111. || Dr. Cunningham’s original text stated that the Confederates removed all their heavy guns. The various reports of those involved make clear the Confederates left some guns and other material. We have slightly altered the text to reflect this. See OR 7, 436-438.

  10 Frank L. Richardson, “War As I Saw It, 1861-65,” Louisiana Historical Quarterly 6 (January 1923): 95, 96.

  11 For a description of the campaign and the Battle of Pea Ridge, see Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 1854-1865 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1955), 233-251. || For an out standing modern account, see William L. Shea and Earl J. Hess, Pea Ridge: Civil War Campaign in the West (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1992). For Van Dorn, see Robert G. Hartje, Van Dorn: The Life and Times of a Confederate General (Nashville: Vanderbilt Univ. Press, 1967).

  12 OR 7, 789-791; A Soldier’s Honor: With Reminiscences of Major-General Earl Van Dorn, by His Comrades (New York: Abbey Press, 1902), 71.

  13 Horn, Army of Tennessee, 112.

  14 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 505, 506.

  15 General P. G. T. Beauregard to General A. S. Johnston, March 3, 1862, Mrs. Mason Barret Papers, Albert Sidney Johnston Collections, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Roland, Albert Sidney Johnston, 307.

  16 Stephenson, “Willie Micajah Barrow Diary,” 26, 27; John Cato to wife, March 20, 1862, John A. Cato Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History; Taylor, Reluctant Rebel, 34, 35.

  17 General
P. G. T. Beauregard to General A. S. Johnston, March 2, 1862, Barret Collection, Albert Sidney Johnston Collections, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Rowland, The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi, 307.

  18 Henry Melville Doak, “Memoirs,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee Department of Archives and History; Henry Morton Stanley, Autobiography of Henry Morton Stanley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), 185; Edward Thompson, History of the Orphan Brigade (Louisville: Leslie Thompson, 1895), 428-431; Kirwan, Johnny Green, 18, 19; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the Civil War,” Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; W. J. Worsham, The Old Nineteenth Tennessee Regiment, C. S. A. (Knoxville: Paragon Printing Company, 1902), 34, 35.

  19 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 266; Edward Munford, “Albert Sidney Johnston,” Mrs. Mason Barret Papers, Albert Sidney Johnston Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; T. Harry Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955), 125.

  20 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 266. For fuller discussions of this matter, see Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 125; Roland, Albert Sidney Johnston, 311, 312.

  21 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 267.

  22 “A Sketch of Noxubee Troopers, 1st Mississippi Cavalry, Company F,” T. F. Jack son Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

  23 OR 10, pt. 1, 396; Roman, Beauregard, 1: 267, 268.

  24 || For considered assessments of these generals, see Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes, Jr., General William J. Hardee: Old Reliable (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965); Joseph H. Parks, General Leonidas Polk, C.S.A.: The Fighting Bishop (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1962); Grady McWhiney, Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat: Vol. 1: Field Command (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); William C. Davis, Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1974).

  25 Kirwan, Johnny Green, 19.

  26 Jackson, “A Sketch of Noxubee Troopers,” T. F. Jack son Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History; John Cabell Breckinridge to P. G. T. Beauregard, April 1, 1862, Braxton Bragg Papers, Palmer Collection, Western Re serve Historical Collection; Claud E. Fuller and Richard D. Stew art, Fire arms of the Confederacy (Huntington, West Virginia: Standard Publications, Inc., 1943), 289.

  27 Stanley, Autobiography, 187; Edwin Rennolds, A History of the Henry County Commands Which Served in the Confederate States Army (Kennesaw: Continental Book Company, 1961), 25; Henry Melville Doak, “Memoirs,” 26.

  28 Sam Watkins, “Co. Aytch” A Side Show of the Big Show (New York: Collier Books, 1962), 26; Henry George, History of the 3d, 7th, 8th, and 12th Kentucky, C. S. A. (Louisville: C. T. Dearing Printing Company, 1911), 26.

  29 Ibid., 19; W. E. Yeatman, “Shiloh,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

  30 W. J. McMurray, History of the Twentieth Tennessee Regiment Volunteer Infantry, C. S. A. (Nashville: The Publication Committee, 1904), 84; Fuller and Stew art, Fire arms of the Confederacy, 117. On April 1, 1862, General Hardee reported that 1, 060 of his men were armed with Enfield rifles, al though he was dangerously short on cartridges. OR 10, pt. 2, 379.

  31 Stanley, Autobiography, 171; Stephenson, “Willie Micajah Barrow Diary,” 436-440.

  32 Braxton Bragg, “Albert Sidney Johnston,” Mrs. Ma son Barret Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

  33 George, History of the 3d, 7th, 8th, and 12th Kentucky, C. S. A., 149.

  34 Dyer, “Fightin’ Joe” Wheeler, 5-19.

  35 Maud Kelly, “General John Herbert Kelly, The Boy General of the Confederacy,” The Alabama Historical Quarterly 9 (Spring, 1947): 14-39.

  36 Warner, Generals in Gray, 312; OR 3: 336.

  37 Vincent Cassidy, Henry Watkins Allen of Louisiana (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964), 3-70; Taylor, Reluctant Rebel, 31.

  38 Rowland, The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi, 558.

  39 Thompson, History of the Orphan Brigade, 429-431.

  40 D. A. B., 1: 55.

  41 Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Confederacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940), 142, 143.

  42 Crenshaw, “Diary of Captain Edward Crenshaw,” 264.

  43 Ibid., 266, 267; W. Brewer, Alabama: Her History, Re sources, War Record, and Public Men from 1540-1872 (Montgomery: Barrett and Brown, 1872), 460, 461.

  44 OR 10, pt. 2, 379; Nashville Gazette, January 26, 1862; Memphis Appeal, February 5, 1862.

  45 OR 10, pt. 2, 379.

  46 John Cato to wife, March 27, 1862, John A. Cato Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History; Thomas P. Richardson to Tannie, March 26, 1862, Thomas P. Richardson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

  47 Duncan, Recollections, 13, 14.

  48 Crenshaw, “Diary of Captain Edward Crenshaw,” 265.

  49 McMurray, Twentieth Tennessee, 84; Thomas P. Richardson to Tannie, March 26, 1862, Thomas P. Richardson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; John Cato to wife, March 27, 1862, John A. Cato Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

  50 McMurray, Twentieth Tennessee, 84.

  51 U. S. Grant to wife, March 29, 1862, U. S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  52 Civil War History 8 (September 1962): 335, 336.

  53 Bell, Tramps and Triumphs, 14.

  54 Eugene Murdock, Ohio’s Bounty System in the Civil War (Columbus: Ohio State).

  55 John Taylor, “Reminiscences of Ser vice as an Aide-de-Camp with General William Tecumseh Sherman,” War Talks in Kansas: A Series of Papers Read Before the Kansas Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Kansas City: Franklin Publishing Company, 1906), 130, 131; John Foster, War Stories for My Grand children (Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1918), 60; Wilbur Crummer, With Grant at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg (Oak Park: E. C. Crummer Company, 1915), 47; Lucius Barber, Army Memoirs of Lucius W. Barber, Company D, 15th Illinois Infantry (Chicago: J. M. W. Jones Stationery and Printing Company, 1894), 48.

  56 Enoch C. Colby, Jr. to his father, April 4, 1862, Miscellaneous Collections, Shiloh National Military Park.

  57 Payson Z. Shumway to wife, March 19, 1862, Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  58 Elijah L. Shepard to wife, March 29, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

  59 Campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee, 113.

  60 Warner, Generals in Blue, 385, 386.

  61 Isabel Wallace, Life and Letters of General W. H. L. Wallace (Chicago: R. R. Donnelley and Sons, 1909), 20-26.

  62 W. H. L. Wallace to his wife, Ann, April 3, 1862, W. H. L. Wallace Papers, Illinois State Historical Library. || For a modern account of W.H.L. Wallace, see Steven E. Woodworth, “’Earned on the Field of Battle’: William H. L. Wallace,” in Steven E. Woodworth, ed., Grant’s Lieu tenants: From Cairo to Vicksburg (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 21-42.

  63 Wallace, Life and Letters of General W. H. L. Wallace, 1-64; W. H. L. Wallace to wife, Ann, April 3, 1862, (second letter of April 3), W. H. L. Wallace Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  64 John McClernand to U. S. Grant, March 21, 1862, John A. McClernand Papers, Illinois State Historical Library. This transfer meant McClernand became army commander at Pittsburg when Grant was absent at the Cherry House head quarters in Savannah. Ambrose, Halleck, 44; Grenville Dodge, “Personal Recollections of General Grant and His Campaigns in the West,” A Paper Read by Major General Grenville K. Dodge, U. S. Volunteers, October 5, 1904 (Keokuk: 1904), 353.

  65 Edith McElroy, The Undying Procession: Iowa’s Civil War Regiments (Des Moines: The Iowa Civil War Centennial Commission, n.d.), 36.

  66 Mildred Throne (ed.), “Iowa and the Battle of Shiloh,” The
Iowa Journal of History 55 (July 1957): 214.

  67 William Belknap, History of the 15th Regiment Iowa Veteran Volunteer Infantry, From October, 1861, to August, 1865 (Keokuk: R. B. Ogden and Son, 1887), 15-17, 20, 21.

  68 War Department, Adjutant General’s Office, Washington, D. C., February 3, 1932, “War Re cord of Colonel Adolph Engelmann,” Adolph Engelmann Papers, Illinois State Historical Library. See also, Adolph Engelmann to sister, October 3, 1862, Engelmann-Kirchner Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Belleville Daily News Democrat, March 9, 1889, Adolph Engelmann Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  69 OR 10, pt. 2, 74.

  70 Marion Morrison, A History of the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Monmouth: John S. Clark, 1864), 29. Army gossip had it that McArthur drank too much. It is possible this unexpected arrest was related to his drinking habits. Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 83-86. See W. H. L. Wallace to his wife, Ann, April 1, 1862, W. H. L. Wallace Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  71 B. F. Thomas, Soldier Life; Barber, Army Memoirs, 47, 48.

  72 Ibid., 48.

  73 D. L. Ambrose, History of the Seventh Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Springfield: Illinois Journal Company, 1868), 47; Barber, Army Memoirs, 48; Franklin Bailey to parents, March 27, 1862, Franklin H. Bailey Papers, Historical Collections of the University of Michigan; Payson Shumway to wife, Hattie, March 27, April 1, 1862, Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  74 Enoch Colby, Jr., “Shiloh,” Misc. Coll., Shiloh National Military Park.

  75 Austin S. Andrews to his father, March 26, 1862, Austin S. Andrews Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Foster, War Stories, 60; Adolph Engelmann to his wife, Mina, March 31, 1862, Adolph Engelmann Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  76 Barber, Army Memoirs, 50; Stillwell, Common Soldier, 35; T. W. Connelly, History of the Seventieth Ohio Regiment, From Its Organization to Its Mustering Out (Cincinnati: Peak Brothers, 1902), 9. Even the generals found time to carry out some friendly socializing. W. H. L. Wallace to his wife, Ann, April 1, 1862, Wallace-Dickey Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  77 Charles Dickey to his sister, Ann Wallace, April 4, 1862, Wallace-Dickey Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Foster, War Stories, 59, 60.