Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862

by Edward Cunningham

  31 Charles Briant, History of the Sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry (Indianapolis: W. B. Burford, 1891), 101, 102; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio 108.

  32 Abernethy, Elisha, Stockwell, 14, 15; Unidentified Union soldier of the Thirty-fourth Illinois infantry, “Shiloh,” Miscellaneous Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  33 Harry Carman, “Diary of Amos Glover,” The Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 44 (April 1935): 265; Edwin W. Payne, History of the Thirty-fourth Regiment of Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Clinton: Allen Printing Company, 1903,) 16; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 108.

  34 Harper’s Weekly, April 5, 1913. || Dr. Cunningham originally listed only the “Sixteenth Regiment,” which obviously is the 1st Battalion, 16th U.S. Infantry. See OR 10, 1: 307.

  35 Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 104.

  36 Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 104; Fritz Haskell (ed.), “Diary of Colonel William Camm, 1864 to 1865,” Journal of Illinois State Historical Society 18 (January 1926): 853.

  37 Unidentified Union soldier of the Thirty-fourth Illinois Infantry, “Shiloh,” Miscellaneous Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  38 S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Thomas C. Robertson to mother, April 8, 1862, Thomas C. Robertson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

  39 Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 36; Ruff, “Civil War Experiences of A German Emigrant,” 298; Jordan, “Campaign and Battle of Shiloh,” 405; Houston, “Shiloh Shadows,” 332, 333.

  40 Jacob Ammen Diary, April 7, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library.

  41 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 571, 572.

  42 OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 340, 348; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 571.

  43 Battles and Leaders, 1: 525; OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 355.

  44 OR 10, pt. 1, 324, 340, 341; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 263, 572.

  45 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 572.

  46 OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 355.

  47 Ibid., 293, 294; Atwell Thompson Map of Shiloh; S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Washington Artillery Order Book, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University. S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 324, 373; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 25-27.

  48 S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 324, 373; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 25-27.

  49 OR 10, pt. 1, 294, 324, 325, 341, 342, 348, 349; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 26; W. E. Yeatman, “Memoirs,’ Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

  50 OR 10, pt. 1, 341, 344; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 26.

  51 OR 10, pt. 1, 314, 342-348, 373.

  52 OR 10, pt. 1, 335; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 265, 573.

  53 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 573; OR 10, pt. 1, 335-340.

  54 OR 10, pt. 1, 321, 325.

  55 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 574.

  56 OR 10, pt. 1, 322; S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1562, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History.

  57 OR 10, pt. 1, 301, 321, 322; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 572.

  58 OR 10, pt. 1, 335-340, 342, 353.

  Chapter 15

  1 || Lew Wallace supporters will find fault with Dr. Cunningham’s original statement that only the Army of the Ohio was engaged heavily by 8:30 a.m. Wallace began his move by 6:00 a.m., but had to cross Tilghman Branch before he began to fight in earnest. Reports from Wallace’s division state the men began moving out around 6:00-6:30 a.m. See OR 10, pt. 1, 170, 190-191, 193, 197; Shiloh Battlefield Commission Tablets #292, 126, 293, and 294. Buell’s forces were operating within a similar time frame on the other side of the battlefield, where they had to contend with Dill Branch. They were not heavily engaged until 7:30-8:00 a.m. See OR 10, pt. 1, 324; Shiloh Battlefield Commission Tablet # 275, Shiloh Battlefield Commission Monuments # 78, 89, and 126. Smith, This Great Battlefield of Shiloh, 86.

  2 OR 10, pt. 1, 355, 366; Washington Artillery Order Book, 48; Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Henry Melville, “Memoirs,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

  3 Ibid.; Washington Artillery Order Book, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; John Dimitry to William Bullitt, n.d., John Dimitry Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; OR 10, pt. 1, 513-515.

  4 “John Dimitry,” Confederate Veteran 11 (February 1903): 72.

  5 OR 10, pt. 1, 524; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; John Dimitry to William Bullitt, John Dimitry Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; A. Gordan Blakewell, “Fifth Washington Artillery,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Joseph Boyce, “Second Day’s Battle,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

  6 Samuel Latta to wife, April 12, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 12, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Worsham, The Old Nineteenth Tennessee, C. S. A., 43.

  7 Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Henry M. Doak, “Memoirs,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

  8 Samuel Latta to wife, April 12, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Order Book, Washington Artillery, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

  9 Carman, “Diary of Amos Glover,” 266; Reed , Shiloh, 65; O R 10, pt. 1, 303; Kirwan, Johnny Green, 30; Robert Barry, “A Soldier’s Letter from Shiloh,” in Harper’s Weekly 57 (April 5, 1913): 9.

  10 Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the War,” 23, Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Barry, “A Soldier’s Letter from Shiloh,” April 5, 1913, in Harper’s Weekly 57 (April 5, 1913): 9.

  11 Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 108, 109; OR 10, pt. 1, 309; Kirwan, Johnny Green 305; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the War,” 23, Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

  12 Payne, History of the Thirty-fourth Illinois, 342, 343.

  13 Reed, Shiloh, 65, 66.

  14 Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 124, 125; OR 10, pt. 1, 303, 317.

  15 John Leonhard Huber to his sister, February 8, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; Gottlib Probst to Mr. and Mrs. Schneider, August 20, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

  16 OR 10, pt. 1, 120, 125, 127, 135, 159, 205, 206, 251, 252; Jordan and Thomas, “Reminiscences of an Ohio Volunteer,” 312; Franklin H. Bailey to parents, April 8, 1862, Franklin H. Bailey Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan.

  17 OR 10, pt. 1, 480, 481; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 104, 105.

  18 Thomas Chinn Robertson to mother, April 9, 1862, Thomas C. Robertson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

  19 Phil Bond to brother, April 23, 1862, in “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 318. || Dr. Cunningham again seems to give Wallace a tough grade for not engaging earlier in the day of April 7, 1862. See footnote #1 in this chapter for an explanation of his time line of action.

  20 Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

  21 OR 10, pt. 1, 171.

  22 || Dr. Cunningh
am’s original text included a reference to an officer named “Buckner” counterattacking with General Hardee. The only Buckner we could locate on the field was Captain John A. Buckner of the 8th Kentucky, who was acting as a volunteer aide on Brigadier General Charles Clark’s staff. With his general officer wounded on the first day, perhaps Buckner led a conglomeration of reformed units on the second day, but we will never know for sure who exactly Cunningham was referencing. See OR 10, pt. 1, 415.

  23 Phil Bond to brother, April 23, 1862, in Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 318, 319; OR 10, pt. 1, 171.

  24 || Dr. Cunningham does not place Beauregard’s act at any certain position, but Beauregard’s aide, Colonel Jacob Thompson, reported that the event took place “to the left and rear of the church.” See OR 10, pt. 1, 402.

  25 Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; N. Augustine to General Beauregard, April 10, 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Roman, Beauregard, 1: 319, 320.

  26 Ibid., 320; Richard L. Pugh to wife, April 9, 1862, Richard Pugh Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

  27 Colonel N. Augustine to General Beauregard, April 10, 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

  28 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 320.

  29 E. A. Pollard, The First Year of the War (Richmond: West and Johnston, 1862), 1: 308.

  30 Wilbur Hinman, The Story of the Sherman Brigade (Alliance: Published by Author, 1897), 145.

  31 Asburry L. Kerwood, Annals of the Fifty-Seventh Regiment Indiana Volunteers: Marches, Battles and Incidents of Army Life (Dayton: W. J. Shuey, 1868), 56, 57; OR 10, pt. 1, 380, 381.

  32 Shoup, “The Art of War,” 12, 13; S. H. Dent to Wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Gordan Blakewell, “Fifth Washington Artillery,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

  33 Grant, Memoirs, 184. || Daniel, Shiloh, 294, argues Grant should have sent Lew Wallace’s fairly fresh division after the Confederates, while Sword, Shiloh, 425, states that Grant did mount a “limited pursuit.” McDonough, Shiloh, 208, seems to agree with Sword: “it was not much of a pursuit.”

  34 Battles and Leaders, 1: 534.

  35 John Fiske, The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War (Boston: Hought on Mifflin Company, 1900), 99.

  36 Henry Elson, The Civil War Through the Camera (New York: McKiney, Stone and Mackenzie, Publishers, 1912), 62-64; W. E. Yeatman “Shiloh,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Joseph Boyce, ‘Second Day’s Battle,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

  37 Horn, Army of Tennessee, 143; Elson, The Civil War Through the Camera, 64; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

  38 Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb, 263; Horn, Army of Tennessee 148, 149; William G. Stevenson, Thirteen Months in the Rebel Army (New York: Barnes and Burr, 1862) Elson, The Civil War Through the Camera, 64, 65.

  39 George Adams, The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (New York: Henry Schuman, 1952), 81, 82; Hannafard, The Story of A Regiment, 286; “Missourians,” Missouri Historical Review 27 (April 1943): 323. || For a modern account of Irwin and his hospital, see John H. Fahey, “The Fighting Doctor: Bernard John Dowling Irwin in the Civil War,” North and South 9, no. 1 (March 2006): 36-50.

  40 Mrs. W. H. L. Wallace to her Aunt Nag, April 29, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; Cyrus Dickey to Robert Dickey, April 10, 1862, Wallace-Dickey Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Daniel H. Brush to David Brush, April 10, 1862, Daniel Harmon Brush Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  41 OR 10, pt. 1, 639, 640; Wyeth, That Devil Forrest, 64, 65; J. B. Blackburn, “Reminiscences of the Terry Rangers,” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 22 (July 1918): 59-62; John Stouffer Diary, April 8, 1862, John M. Stouffer Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Cyrus Dickey to Robert Dickey, April 10, 1862, Wallace-Dickey Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Andrew W. McCormick, “Sixteen Months A Prisoner of War,” Sketches of War History, 1861-1865, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Ohio Commandery (Columbus: 1903), 5: 69.

  42 Eric Sheppard, Bedford Forrest: The Confederacy’s Greatest Cavalryman (New York: Dial Press, 1930), 61, 62; Duncan, Recollections, 62, 63; Black- burn, “Reminiscences of the Terry Rangers,” 59-62. || It is interesting to note that Dr. Cunningham did not include the propounded popular myth about Forrest grabbing a Union soldier and using him as a shield.

  43 OR 10, pt. 1, 924, 640.

  44 || It is worth noting that most historians do not view the April 7, 1862, fighting as a tactical draw, as Dr. Cunningham has described it. Since this statement is a matter of interpretation and not established fact, we have not seen fit to alter the text. It is the opinion of the editors, however, that the Confederates were soundly driven back in a tactical defeat on the second day. Dr. Cunningham’s work with casualties is impressive in terms of recent (but as yet still unpublished) research in Compiled Service Records that reveals Confederate casualties ran some 25-30% higher than reported.

  Chapter 16

  1 Bierce, Collected Works, 1: 254, 255; Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 41, 42; Throne “Letters From Shiloh,” 241; Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 125, 126; Otto Eisenschiml, “Shiloh—The Blunders and the Blame,” Civil War Times Illustrated 11 (April 1963): 34; Alice F. and Bettina Jackson, “Auto biography of James Albert Jackson, Sr. M. D.,” The Wisconsin Magazine of History 28 (December 1944): 205; Albert Dillahaunty, Shiloh: National Military Park, Tennessee National Park; Service Historical Hand book, Series 10, (Washington: Government Printing Office, N. d.), 28, 29; Alfred Lacey Hough to wife, April 30, 1862, in Robert Athearn, Soldier in the West: The Civil War Letters, of Alfred Lacey Hough (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957), 61; W. Henry Sheak to Blair Ross, October 28, 1942, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. || Dr. Cunningham was mistaken when he originally stated the Confederates were placed in only five trenches. In addition to individual or small group graves, the Shiloh Battlefield Commission counted as many as nine burial trenches; almost certainly there are more waiting to be found. We have slightly altered the text to reflect this. Smith, This Great Battlefield of Shiloh, 76-77.

  2 Adolph Engelmann to wife, April 9, 1862, Adolph Engelmann Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Hickenlooper, “The Battle of Shiloh,” 436.

  3 Franklin H. Bailey to parents, April 8, 1862, Franklin H. Bailey Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan.

  4 Franklin H. Bailey to parents, April 8, 1862, Franklin H. Bailey Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan; Francis Bruce to mother, April 14, 1862, Francis H. Bruce Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Hickenlooper, “The Battle of Shiloh,” 436; Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 41.

  5 Throne, “Letters from Shiloh,” 237, 238; Payson Shumway to wife, April 13, 1862, Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 42; Howard K. Beale (ed.). Diary of Edward Bates, 1859-1866 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1933), 247, 248; Catton, Grant Moves South, 251.

  6 New York Herald, April 10, 1862; Emmet Crozier, Yankee Reporters, 1861-1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 217; Throne, “Letters from Shiloh,” 237-239; Payson Shumway to wife, April 13, 1862, Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  7 Crozier, Yankee Reporters, 210-217; Cortissoz, Life of Whitelaw R
eid, 87-89; Hickenlooper, “The Battle of Shiloh,” 407-409.

  8 Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1958), 234. Colonel Thomas Worthington claimed the mess at Shiloh was due to treason on the part of Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War. He demanded to be court-martialed and his wish was granted. Worthington lost the case, but later he put his sensational charges in writing. Thomas Worthington, Brief History of the 46th Ohio Volunteers (Washington: Published by Author, 1872). See also, Worthington, Shiloh: Or The Tennessee Campaign of 1862 (Washington: McGill and Witherow, 1872); Worthington, Colonel Worthington Vindicated: Sherman’s Dis creditable Record at Shiloh on His Own and Better Evidence (Washington: F. McGill and Company, 1878). For an interesting view of Worthington’s charges, see Eisenschiml, The Story of Shiloh, 52-56.

  9 Douglas Putnam, “The Battle of Shiloh,” Washington Post, July 11, 1897; Eugene Roseboom, “The Civil War Era, 1850-1873,” The History of the State of Ohio(Columbus: Ohio Archaelogical and Historical Society, 1944), 395.

  10 Ibid.; F. W. Keil, The Thirty-fifth Ohio Regiment (Fort Wayne: Housh and Company, 1894), 64; Henry Bellamy to parents, n.d., 1862, Henry Bellamy Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan.

  11 Gosnell, Guns on the Western Waters, 82; Horn, Army of Tennessee, 145; Williams, Lincoln and His Generals, 120. || For Island No. 10, see Daniel and Bock, Island No. 10.

  12 Ambrose, History of the Seventh Illinois, 64-66; Garman, Amos Glover Diary, 266; Douglas Hapeman, Diary, April 11, 1862, Douglas Hapeman Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

  13 Ibid.; Thompson, Recollections With the Third Iowa Regiment, 241; U. S. Grant to W. T. Sherman, April 9, 1862; Ambrose, Halleck, 47, 48. || For a recent biography of Halleck, see Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies.

  14 Ibid.; Douglas Hapeman, Diary, April 11, 1862, Douglas Hapeman Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.