God's War: A New History of the Crusades

by Tyerman, Christopher

  34. Translations, Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 217 and see notes 3 and 4.

  35. Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 217 note 5.

  36. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 270.

  37. Van Cleve, Frederick II, pp. 219–20, reconstructs the treaty that has not survived.

  38. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 271; in general pp. 270–71, 273–4.

  39. Gerold’s encyclical letter condemning Frederick is translated in Peters, Christian Society, pp. 165–70, taken from Matthew Paris’s version.

  40. Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, pp. 171–2.

  41. Trans. Peters, Christian Society, pp. 164–5.

  42. Richard of San Germano, Chronica, p. 355.

  43. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 270.

  44. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 372; trans. Peters, Christian Society, p. 156.

  45. Above pp. 725–7.

  46. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 275.

  47. Philip of Novara, Wars of Frederick II, p. 91; cf. pp. 87–92 for opposition to Frederick.

  48. Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 528 and note 1.

  49. The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre, Eracles, pp. 526–7, and, for what follows, pp. 526–56 and, for Eracles Continuation itself, pp. 413–22, trans. J. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century (Aldershot 1999), p. 38 and, generally, pp. 38–58, 123–9.

  50. For 1239–41, apart from the general surveys for background, S. Painter, ‘The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, ii, 463–85; Lloyd, English Society, esp. pp. 22, 58, 83, 86, 90, 92–3, 136, 149, 151, 178, 182; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 101–8; P. Jackson, ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and Their Aftermath’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 50 (1987), 32–60.

  51. Theobald of Champagne, ‘Seigneurs Sachiez: oui or ne s’en ira’, trans. Routledge, Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. Tyerman, iv, 268.

  52. Roger of Wendover, Flores, iii, 104–7; Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 2,180–9.

  53. Gregory IX, Registres, no. 2,664.

  54. Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 3,923, 3,926.

  55. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 104–6 for Richard’s financial arrangements.

  56. Gregory IX, Registres, no. 4,107; Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 466.

  57. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 368–9.

  58. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 7; Dunstable Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iii, 152.

  59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 104–5; Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 466.

  60. Eracles, pp. 527–8; Thomas Wykes, Chronicon, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iv, 86–7.

  61. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 620; in general, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 102–4, 107.

  62. Lloyd, English Society, pp. 83–4, 136; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 103–4.

  63. Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 469.

  64. The most detailed account is in the Rothelin continuation of William of Tyre, Eracles, pp. 531–46; trans. Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 41–50, p. 46 for quotation.

  65. Eracles, p. 554; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 57.

  66. Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 482.

  67. Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 3,363, 3,633, 4,027, cf. 4,315.

  68. Burton Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, i, 265–7; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 38–43.

  69. Mathew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 620.

  70. Trans. Routledge, Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. Tyerman, iv, 290; cf. Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 55.

  71. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 71.

  72. Lloyd, English Society, Appendix 5 for the contract and pp. 135–7 for a discussion of it.

  73. Eracles, p. 532; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 42.

  74. Eracles, pp. 531–2; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 41.

  75. Eracles, pp. 533–6, 538–9; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 42–4, 45–6.

  76. The best analysis of these manoeuvres is Jackson, ‘Crusades of 1239–41’.

  77. Eracles, p. 554; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 57.

  78. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 138–44.

  79. Above p. 726.

  80. D. Pringle, ‘King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’, pp. 143–6.

  81. Eracles, p. 421; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 129.

  82. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 107, 143–5, 211–12, 218.

  83. Eracles, p. 556; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 58.

  24: Louis IX and the Fall of Mainland Outremer 1244–91

  1. See above Chapter 22.

  2. Eracles, p. 564 and generally pp. 561–6; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 65 and pp. 62–6.

  3. Holt, Age of the Crusades, p. 66; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 18–19.

  4. A. Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (Berlin 1874–5), no. 11,491, 31 Dec. 1244.

  5. The classic, if not necessarily accurate, account, written over sixty years later, is John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 191; cf. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 397–8 for mystical implications of the cross; cf. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 82–3. For modern general discussions in English, see especially W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979), esp. pp. 3–13; J. Richard, St Louis: Crusader King of France, ed. S. Lloyd, trans. J. Birrell (Cambridge 1993), pp. 99–112; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 487–508.

  6. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 397–8; v, 3–4; for William, see P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford 2000), chap. 3, and esp. p. 85.

  7. Potthast, Regesta, no. 11,492; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 410–12; cf. p. 391 for a meeting between Louis, Innocent IV and another future crusader, the duke of Burgundy, at Cîteaux on Holy Cross Day, 14 September 1244.

  8. Potthast, Regesta, no. 11,491; T. Rymer, Foedera, (3rd edn London 1745), 1-i, 148–9 (crusade bull to Henry III, 23 Jan. 1245); F. M. Delorme, ‘Bulle d’Innocent IV pour la croisade’, Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, 6 (1913), 386–9; cf. Maier, Preaching, p. 62 et seq.

  9. Analecta Novissima Spicilegii Solesmensis, ed. J. P. Pitra (Paris 1885–8), ii, 331–2 (Odo of Châteauroux’s Sermon XII); in general for his crusade sermons, nos. XI, XII, XIV, XV, pp. 328–33.

  10. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, esp. pp. 111–13 and refs.

  11. Maier, Preaching, p. 70 and, generally, pp. 62–70.

  12. Innocent IV, Registres, ed. E. Berger (Paris 1884–1921), no. 2,935.

  13. Maier, Preaching, pp. 67, 140–42; Eudes Rigaud, Regestum visitati, ed. E. Bonnin (Rouen 1853), p. 733; Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 44–5.

  14. Maier, Preaching, pp. 101–2.

  15. For recruitment, Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 14–34, 65–104; Richard, St Louis, pp. 99–112; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 487–93.

  16. Jordan, Louis IX, p. 66.

  17. Innocent IV, Registres, no. 2,644.

  18. Etablissements et coutumes, assises et arrest de l’échiquier de Normandie au treizième siècle, ed. M. A. J. Marnier (Paris 1839), p. 201; Layettes du Trésor des Chartes, ed. A. Teulet et al. (Paris 1863–1909), ii, no. 3,560.

  19. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 192.

  20. See especially Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 35–64; R. Bartlett, ‘Louis IX, Towns and Enquêteurs Réformateurs’, Journal of Medieval History, 5 (1979).

  21. Jordan, Louis IX, p. 49.

  22. RHGF, xxi, 404. For finances, Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 65–104.

  23. For figures and calculations, Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 94–9.

  24. RHGF, xxi, 540; Innocent IV, Registres, no. 3,708.

  25. Eudes de Rigaud, Regestum visitati, p. 733.

  26. Innocent IV, Registres, no. 3,708.

  27. Maier, Preaching, p. 67.

  28. See the case of Hugh of Rodez, Maier, Preaching, pp. 143–5.

  29. RHGF, xxi, 532–40; Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 79–82; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 490–91.

  30. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 198.


  31. Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 100–102, and table p. 102.

  32. RHGF, xxi, 513–15, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 149–52 for the 1250–53 expenses; cf. Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 78–104; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 492, 504.

  33. A. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, Documents historiques inédits, ed. M. Champollion-Figéac (Paris 1841–3), i, 605–9; ii, 51–7; L. T. Belgrano, ‘Une charte de nolis de S. Louis’, Archives de l’Orient Latin, 2 (1884), 231–6.

  34. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, ii, 66–7; RHGF, xxi, 283, cf. pp. 223–4, 260–84.

  35. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 320–1; Jal, Pacta Naulorum, p. 63; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, p. 492; Jordan, Louis IX, p. 103.

  36. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 93; WP, pp. 112–3.

  37. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 197; Jordan, Louis IX, p. 76 note 82 for discussion and refs. re. salt pork.

  38. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 191–2, 194–7.

  39. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 195.

  40. Richard, St Louis, pp. 99–112 summarizes Louis’s plans, preparations and departure; for the relics of the Passion, see Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 237–40.

  41. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 197. For modern narratives and discussion in English of the Egyptian campaign, Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 493–504; Richard, St Louis, pp. 113–52; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 82–4; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 19–27. The most vivid chronicle account is John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 195–264; the Rothelin continuation of William of Tyre included an important letter from Jean Sarasin and other details, Eracles, pp. 566–71, 589–623; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 66–9, 85–108.

  42. John of Colonna, RHGF, xxiii, 19 for the vessels.

  43. For a recent discussion, P. Jackson, The Mongols and the West (London 2005), esp. chaps. 3–7.

  44. Jackson, Mongols, pp. 87–93 and refs.

  45. Described by the well-informed Jean Sarasin, Eracles, pp. 569–71; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 68–9; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 197–8, 282–3; cf. Jackson, Mongols, pp. 98–100.

  46. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 288, and generally pp. 282–8.

  47. See the lurid but serious fascination shown by Matthew Paris throughout his Chronica Majora, e.g. iv, 76–8, 270–77, 386–9; for his drawing of alleged Mongol cannibalism, M. R. James (ed.), ‘The Drawings of Matthew Paris’, Walpole Society, 14 (1925–6), no. 86. For the cultural and intellectual significance of such opening of the east to direct western scrutiny, Biller, Measure of Multitude, chap. 9, esp. pp. 227–35.

  48. For numbers, Strayer, ‘Crusades,’ pp. 493–4.

  49. On this contingent, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 108–10; Lloyd, English Society, p. 137, and notes 105–6 for refs.

  50. Eracles, p. 571; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 69.

  51. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 203–4.

  52. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 214.

  53. Eracles, p. 592; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 87.

  54. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 286, 288 and, generally for the Nile campaign, pp. 284–302.

  55. John of Joinville, Histoire (French text), p. 140; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 262 omits the detail that the Frenchman had come to Egypt with the Fifth Crusade.

  56. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 210.

  57. After her own interlude in power in the summer of 1250, she promptly married her successor, the Turkish emir Aybak.

  58. Eracles, pp. 594–5; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 89.

  59. For the timber for war machines, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 213–17; Eracles, p. 600; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 92–3.

  60. For the victory and defeat at Mansourah, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 218–42; cf. the Rothelin version, Eracles, pp. 599–616; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 92–103; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 288–95.

  61. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 90.

  62. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 225.

  63. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 222.

  64. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 224.

  65. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 222.

  66. P. Cole, D. L. d’Avray, J. Riley-Smith, ‘Application of Theology to Current Affairs: Memorial Sermons on the Dead of Mansourah and on Innocent IV’, Historical Research, 62 (1990), 227–47, esp. Odo of Châteauroux’s sermon on 2 King’s 1:18, David’s lament over Jonathan.

  67. For the Longspee heroics and early legend, Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 76–7, 105–9, 116–17, 130–34, 138–44, 147–75, 201–4 (p. 154 for ‘manifest martyr’), 254, 280–81. S. Lloyd, ‘William Longspee II: The Making of an English Hero’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 35 (1991), 41–69 and, with T. Hunt, 36 (1992), 79–125.

  68. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 291.

  69. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 239.

  70. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 292; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 237; Eracles, p. 610; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 99.

  71. Eracles, p. 611; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 100.

  72. Quoted Richard, St Louis, p. 125.

  73. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 243.

  74. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 294.

  75. Richard, St Louis, p. 125; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, captures the chaos, dejection and fear, pp. 240–44.

  76. Abu Shamah, Livre des Deux Jardins, RHC Or., v (Paris 1906), 196; cf. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 302, from Maqrizi’s fifteenth-century compilation.

  77. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 263; an exaggerated sum.

  78. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 246–50.

  79. Ibn Wasil’s comment, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 298; for the coup, pp. 295–8; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 251–6.

  80. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 258–60.

  81. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 256.

  82. Above pp. 777–9. And chap. 22, p. 727.

  83. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck, ed. P. Jackson with D. Morgan, Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, no. 173 (London 1990), pp. 1–55 (Introduction); pp. 59–278 for the friar’s report to Louis IX; Jackson, Mongols, pp. 99–100.

  84. A possible reading of Joinville’s account: why was the king wading up to his chest? Why did the southerly wind matter so much on the march south in November 1249? Cf. similar doubts Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vi, Additamenta, p. 154; Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 370.

  85. The sense of Maqrizi’s account of the defiance and refusal to contemplate a negotiated accommodation, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 301.

  86. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 105–6.

  87. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 160–61; cf. Richard, St Louis, pp. 119, 127.

  88. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 107; vi, 163; cf., v, 116–7 for money sent to Louis from the west. For Arabic hints of the same policy, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 294, 299, 300–301.

  89. Liber Secretorum fidelium Crucis, Gesta Dei Per Francos, ed. Bongars, vol. 2.

  90. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 147; for other reactions v, 170–73, 254, 280–81. Cf. trans., R. Vaughan, Chronicles of Matthew Paris (London 1984), p. 239, and p. 256 for Italian disturbances.

  91. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 241.

  92. The Chronicon of St Laud of Rouen, RHGF, xxiii, 395. In general, M. Barber, ‘The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251’, Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, ed. J. Sweet (Lawrence 1984), pp. 1–23; G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the Pastores (1251)’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 66 (1988), 249–67.

  93. For some primary sources, the chronicles of Primat, John of Colonna and St Laud, RHGF, xxiii, 8–9, 123–4, 395–6; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 246–54, p. 248 for emphasis on the Lamb as a symbol; Salimbene of Adam, Chronicle, ed. and trans. J. L. Baird (Binghampton 1986), p. 453.

  94. Matthew Pa
ris, Chronica Majora, v, 253.

  95. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 318.

  96. See, apart from Jordan and Richard, J. Le Goff, St Louis (Paris 1996).

  97. Chartes de Terre Sainte provenant de l’Abbaye de Notre Dame de Josaphat, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1880), pp. 105–6, no. L.

  98. Jackson, Mongols, esp. pp. 113–28 for a recent survey; cf. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 86–92; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 30–36.

  99. Eracles, pp. 635–8; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 117–19.

  100. For Baibars, Irwin, Middle East, pp. 37–61; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 90–98. The best account of his campaigns is by Ibn Furat, Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders, ed. and trans. U. and M. C. Lyons and J. S. C. Riley-Smith (Cambridge 1971).

  101. The best detailed modern narrative is Richard, St Louis, pp. 293–332; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 508–18; Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 214–18.

  102. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, i, 516 et seq. The main French chronicle accounts are by the St Denis monks Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 39–61 and the associated account by Guillaume de Nangis in his biography of Louis IX, RHGF, xx, 438–62.

  103. Diplomatic Documents (Chancery and Exchequer), i, ed. P. Chaplais (London 1964), no. 419.

  104. Lloyd, English Society, chap. 4, ‘The Crusade of 1270–1272: A Case Study’ and Appendix 4 contain the best account of the organization of the expedition; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 509–13, 515; Richard, St Louis, pp. 306–15; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 124–32.

  105. On these preparations, Richard St Louis, pp. 315–29.

  106. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 345.

  107. Thomas Wykes, Chronicon, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iv, 217–18.

  108. J. R. Maddicott, ‘The Crusade Taxation of 1268–70 and the Development of Parliament’, Thirteenth Century England, ed. P. Coss and S. Lloyd, ii (Woodbridge 1990).

  109. Eracles, pp. 457–8.

  110. The Dominican Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, 20, and generally pp. 20–24.

  111. An aspiration confirmed by Louis’s Dominican confessor Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, 21, 25.

  112. The pleasing legend is in William of Saint-Pathus, Vie de St Louis, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1899), pp. 153–5; but cf. Geoffrey of Beaulieu, RHGF, xx, p. 23 and Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 460–61, confirmed by the testimony of another eyewitness, one of Louis’s sons, Peter of Alencçon, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 349; for Geoffrey administering the last rites, Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 57.