Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain
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I
ideology, 141–42
iguana brain, 21–22
illness. See also mental illness
chronic stress and, 91–92, 95
close relationships and, 85–86
cost of, 95
freedom and, 94
immigration and, 109
loneliness and, 86
neglect and, 60
prediction and, 109
verbal aggression and, 157
Ilongot culture, 99
imagination, 44–45, 73
immigrants, children of, 109
immune system
autonomic nervous system and, 155
degeneracy and, 39
evolution of bigger bodies and, 9
limbic circuitry and, 145
sense data produced by, 106
visceromotor changes, 138
words and verbal aggression and, 89, 90, 157–58
inflammation, 157
inner conflict or battle, 13–14, 16, 24–26, 28, 124, 146
inner sensations, 70–71
insects and shared body-budgeting, 88
instincts and inner conflict, 13–14, 24, 25, 146
insula, 163–64
interleukin 6 (marker of inflammation), 157
interoceptive sense data, 138–39
interoceptive system, 138–39, 145
intestines, 46. See also gut
invertebrates, 133–34
isotropic fractionator, 147
J
Jablonski, Nina, 166
jawed fish, 144
K
Kahneman, Daniel, 29–30
Keller, Thomas, 143
Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., 158
L
Laland, Kevin, 162, 165
lamprey brain, 20, 21
lancelets. See amphioxi
language, 55–56, 58, 60, 112–13, 118, 119–20. See also words
language network, 89–90, 155
lantern of attention, 54, 55, 151–52
lateral geniculate nucleus, 163
learning, 75–76, 156
Lewontin, Richard, 141–42
light
detection of, 1, 4
development of sight and exposure to, 48
skin tone and, 121
light waves metaphor, 45–46, 151
limbic circuitry, 145–46
limbic lobe, 140
limbic system
alleged relationship to emotion, 14
in popular science and textbooks, 17, 25
triune brain idea and, 14, 15, 16, 24, 140–41
line drawings, 68–69, 153–54
lizard brain. See also reptiles
appearance of, 20
cerebral cortex in an actual, 21–22
human brain evolution and, 25
popular science and, 17
triune brain idea and, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25
loneliness, 86–87
longevity and close relationships, 85–86
luminiferous ether (imaginary substance), 146, 151
lungs, 70, 138
M
macaque brain, 20
MacLean, Paul, 16–19, 140–41
mammals
brain-manufacturing plan and, 21–22, 144
emotional brain and, 14, 15, 16
shared body-budgeting and, 88
math, abstract, 116
mathematicians, 99
Mayr, Ernst, 160
MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), 102, 160
McEwen, Bruce, 156
Mead, Margaret, 158
Meatloaf Brain, 41–42, 101, 150, 159
Medin, Douglas L., 137
Medusa, 118
meerkats, 119
memories
actions and, 77
assembling of, 43, 69, 153
sense data and, 65–67, 69, 153
mental illness, 25–26, 27, 36, 100, 156–57
Mesquita, Batja, 158
metabolic conditions and social reality, 162
metabolic dysfunction, 157
metabolism, 88, 92–93, 155, 158
metaphors about the brain, 29–30, 45–46, 124, 151–52
miasmas, 146
microbes, 46. See also bacteria
Middle Ages, 29
mind, human
camera analogy, 65
Darwin and, 17
metaphors for, 30
network structure of brain and creation of, 31, 39, 44, 46
Plato and, 13, 140
variation, 98–109
at war with itself, 28
minds, different kinds of, 98–109
categorization of, 102–3
common features of, 103–7
within cultures, 99–100
different cultures and, 98–99, 103–4, 107, 108–9
modifying, 107–8
survival of a species and, 101–2
modern synthesis, 164–65
monkeys and monkey brains, 20, 23, 47, 88, 120
mood, 104–7
mood disorders, 157
motor movements and systems, 5, 15, 138–39, 140, 152. See also movement
mouse brain, 20, 21–22
movement. See also motor movements and systems
amphioxus and, 1, 5, 134
body budgeting and, 6–9
evolution of, 5
mirroring, 85
sense data and, 138–39
speed of, 5
value of, 9, 138, 139
multimodal abstractions versus amodal abstractions, 164
muscles, 10, 70, 138
myelin, 50, 144
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 102, 160
N
National Geographic, 17
nativism versus empiricism, 159
natural selection, 25, 43, 101–2, 137, 159–60, 164–65
nature versus nurture, 48, 62
neglect, 58–60, 61, 91
neocortex
alleged relationship to rational behavior, 14, 24, 46
misnamed, 24, 141
neurons in other animals and, 19
origin of name, 16
supposed regulation of emotional brain, 14
triune brain idea and, 14, 15, 16
nerve cord, 133
nervous system
of amphioxi compared to vertebrates, 1–2, 133–36
autonomic, and default mode network, 155
autonomic, and limbic circuitry, 145
freedom versus dependence and, 93
regulation of, see body budgeting
stress and, 90–93, 95–96, 156–58
vision and regulation of, 88
network structure of the brain, 29–46
brain chemicals and, 36–37, 45, 148–49
complexity of, 39–46
definition of network, 30–31, 147–48
dynamic nature of, 37–39
hubs, 34–36
neurons and their wiring, 31–34, 45, 148–49, 151
rewiring, 83–84, 108, 125
subnetworks, 146–47
neural crest, 139
neural patterns, 39–41, 42, 50–51, 150–51
neuromodulators, 36–37, 39
neurons
appearance compared to molecular makeup of, 17–18
attention and, 53
brain-manufacturing plan and, 21–22, 144
brain regions and, 18
clusters of, 18, 34, 35
communication by, 33–34
compared among species, 19, 22, 24, 143–44
compression and, 115–16, 117
degeneracy and, 38–39, 43, 147
granule, 147
injury resilience and, 43
language network and, 89–90
multiple roles of, 37–38, 39
number of, in the brain, 31, 131–32, 147
plasticity and, 37, 50
predictions and, 74
pruning and, 51, 84
Purkinje, 147
py
ramidal, 148
sense and memories and, 66, 69, 153
shapes and sizes of, 148
subnetworks and, 146–47
tuning and, 50–51, 84, 151
vision and, 163
wiring of, 31–34, 45, 148–49
neurotransmitters, 32, 36–37, 39, 46, 148
niches and niche construction, 54–55, 62, 81–82, 120, 165
notochord, 133, 134, 135–36
O
occipital cortex, 37, 149, 163
octopus brain, 44
oculomotor control, 152
Ojalehto, Bethany, 137
olfactory bulb, 134, 146, 147, 163
olfactory system. See smell
one-child policy, China’s, 121
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 159–60
optical fractionator, 147
optic nerve, 163
orphans, Romanian, 58–59, 121
P
Papez, James, 140–41
patterns of brain activity. See neural patterns
Pavlov, Ivan, and Pavlovian conditioning, 73
personality tests, 102, 160
pheromones, 88
phlogiston (imaginary substance), 146
photoreceptors, 163
phrenology, 29, 41–42
physical abuse, 91, 156
physical reality versus social reality, 111, 121–22, 125, 161, 165
Picasso, 69, 116
Pickens, Isaiah, 152
Pinker, Steven, 150
plasticity, 37, 39, 50, 84, 108
Plato, 13–14, 16, 25, 28, 140. See also inner conflict
Pocketknife Brain, 41–42, 43, 101, 150, 159
politics, 28, 79–80, 92, 93–95
population thinking, 160
post-traumatic stress disorder, 27
poverty and brain development, 60–61, 152, 161
predators, 4–5, 8–9
prediction in the brain, 64–82
actions and, 76–78, 82, 125
affect and, 106–7
body budgeting and, 6–9, 84, 109
changing, 78–82
experiences, construction of, 69–72
memories and, 65–67, 69
sense data and, 65–67, 69, 71–77, 115
social reality and, 111, 118
visual system and, 64–65, 68–69
prefrontal cortex, 14, 24, 38, 60, 145
prey, 4–5, 6–8
primary motor cortex, 138
primary olfactory cortex, 163–64
primary somatosensory cortex, 18–19, 143
primary visceromotor cortex, 138
primary visual cortex, 149, 163
primates, 88, 145. See also apes; chimpanzees; humans; monkeys and monkey brains
pronouns, changes in use of, 122
pruning, 50, 51–57, 59, 63
psyche, 140. See also mind, human
Purkinje neurons, 147
pyramidal neurons, 148
R
race, concept of, 121–22
rational brain, 14, 15, 16, 24. See also neocortex
rational thought and behavior
body budgeting and, 26–28
brain size and, 22–24
Darwin’s idea of an inner beast and, 17
emotion versus, 26
inner conflict and, 13–14, 24, 25–26, 124, 146
neocortex and, 14, 16, 24
rats and rat brains, 18–19, 25, 119, 143
relationships, ability to have, 104
remembered present, 153
remembering, 43
reptiles, 19–22. See also lizard brain
respiratory system, 9, 138, 155
responsibility
of caregivers for children’s brain development, 48–50, 51–57
free will and, 77, 80
freedom and, 96
for other people, 57
rationality and, 25
social reality and, 123
for your actions, 28, 81–82, 95–97, 123, 152, 154
retinas, 48, 57, 133, 163
rewiring the brain, 83–84, 108, 125
Rhodesian soldier, 64–65, 71, 75–77, 153
Riegl, Alois, 154
A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty, 152
rodents, 19, 21–22, 88. See also mouse brain; rats and rat brain
Romanian orphans, 58–59, 121
Russell, James A., 160–61
S
Sagan, Carl, 17
schizophrenia, 100
science, errors and myths in, 141–42, 146
science writing, challenge of, 131–32
sea squirts, 134, 135, 142
The Secret of Our Success (Henrich), 162
Seeds of Peace, 79
selfish-gene hypothesis, 165
sense data
affect and, 106
compression and, 115
hallucination and, 71
interoceptive, 138–39
loss during processing, 153
memories and, 65–67, 69, 153
movements and, 138–39
paths to the brain, 163–64
predictions and, 72–77
thalamus and, 140, 163
senses, 55–57, 69–72, 133–34. See also hearing; smell; taste; touch; vision and visual system
sensory integration, 56–57, 117, 118
sensory systems. See also somatosensory system
evolution of, 4–5, 15, 139
limbic lobe and, 140
prediction and, 76
serotonin, 36
Seth, Anil, 154
sexual abuse, 156–57
sexual orientation, 103
sharing attention, 54–55, 58, 152
sharks, 4
sight. See vision and visual system
skin tone, 121–22, 166
sleep and fear behavior, 98, 158
sleep deprivation and hunger, 70–71
smell
amphioxus, lacking in, 1
brain development and, 57
communication by, 88
degeneracy and, 39
sense data path to the brain, 163–64
social environment and brain development, 48–50, 57–60. See also brain development
social reality, 110–23
abstraction and, 116–19, 164
civilization and, 162
communication and, 112–13, 118
compression and, 114–19, 162, 164
cooperation and, 113–14, 118
copying and, 113, 118, 162
creativity and, 112, 118
evolution and, 120–21
malleability of, 122–23
physical reality versus, 111, 121–22, 125, 161, 165
sensory integration and, 117, 118
unique to humans, 119–20
soldier, Rhodesian, 64–65, 71, 75–77, 153
somatosensory system, 18–19, 138, 143
songbirds, 119
sound. See hearing
speech, freedom of, 93–95
speed of movement, 5
spinal cord, 133, 136
spine, 133
spoken languages, 55–56, 58, 60
spotlight of attention, 53–54, 57, 58, 152
stomach, 138. See also gut
stress and the nervous system, 90–93, 95–96, 156–58
Striedter, Georg, 142
subcortex, 138, 145, 163
survival brain, 14, 15, 16
symbols, 110, 113, 116, 122
synapses, 31–32, 45, 148
T
taste, 1, 57, 161
teleology, 136–37
Tennyson, Alfred, 86
thalamus, 140, 163
thinking
brain is not for, 2–4, 10, 136–37
emotions and, 98–99
rationality and, 26
triune brain idea and, 14
Thinking, Fast and Slow (Kahneman), 29–30
three-layered brain. See triune brain idea
Thu
nberg, Greta, 99–100, 159
Tooby, John, 150
touch
brain development and, 57, 60
communication by, 88
vibration detection and, 4
visual cortex neurons and, 37
transcranial magnetic stimulation, 149
translating time model, 144
triune brain idea, 14–17, 24, 25, 28, 140–42, 146
The Triune Brain in Evolution (MacLean), 141
trust and body budgeting, 86