Plato at the Googleplex

by Rebecca Goldstein

class divisions in, 1.1, 2.1n, 4.1, 4.2

  collective vs. individualistic, 2.1, 3.1n, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1n, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3n, 5.4, 5.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1, app2.1

  duty in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  laws of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1n, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  normative values of, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  political justice in, 2.1, 2.2n, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

  rulers of, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2

  stability of, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1

  Socrate arrachant Alcibiade du sein de la Volupté (Regnault), 223

  Socrates:

  Alcibiades’ relationship with, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1, 9.2n

  as Athenian, 1.1, 2.1n, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1

  background of, 7.1, 7.2

  corruption of youth charge against, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, app1.1

  in dialogues of Plato, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1n, 2.2n, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3n, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1n, 4.2n, 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3, 5.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1n, 9.2, 9.3

  eros (love) as defined by

  ethos of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 7.1n

  execution of, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2n, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, app1.1, app1.2n

  guilt of, 2.1n, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 9.1

  hemlock taken by, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2, app1.1, app1.2n

  as historical figure, prl.1, 1.1, 2.1n, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, app1.1

  impiety (false gods) charge against, 2.1, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, app1.1

  imprisonment of, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

  indictment against, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

  irony and sense of humor of, 2.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1

  literature on (Sokratikoi Logoi), prl.1n, 1.1n, 9.1, app1.1

  personality of, 1.1, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, app1.1

  as philosopher, 1.1, 2.1n, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 7.1

  Plato influenced by, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2

  Plato’s relationship with, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2n, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5

  political analysis of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1, 9.2, app2.1n

  questioning by (elenctic method), 2.1n, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 9.1

  reputation of, prl.1, prl.2n, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  sophists opposed by, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2

  as teacher, 5.1, 5.2

  trial of, prl.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1n, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 8.1, 9.1, app1.1

  wife of, 7.1, 7.2

  Solon, 3.1n, 3.2n, 4.1n, 5.1, 7.1

  Sophist (Plato), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1

  sophists, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1n, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Sophocles

  soul:

  afterlife of, 3.1n, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1

  “divided,” 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  existence of, 1.1, 2.1n, 8.1n, 10.1

  immortality of, prl.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1n, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2

  transmigration of

  tripartite nature of, 1.1, 2.1n

  Sparta, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 7.1n, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8

  Spinoza, Baruch, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2n, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 9.1, 9.2

  Spirit of the Laws, The (Montesquieu), 2.1n

  Statesman (Plato), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  Sublime Braid (beauty, goodness, truth), 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  Sufficient Reason, principle of

  Swerve, The (Greenblatt), 1.1n, 3.1

  Symposium (Plato), prl.1, 1.1, 3.1n, 3.2n, 4.1n, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2n, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1

  Symposium (Xenophon), 5.1, app1.1, app1.2

  Syracuse, 2.1, 6.1n

  Taming of the Shrew, The (Shakespeare)

  technology, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1

  see also computers

  Tetragrammaton, 3.1n, 3.2n

  Thales, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 7.1, 7.2

  Theaetetus, 1.1n, 7.1, 7.2

  Theaetetus (Plato), 2.1n, 2.2, 3.1n, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 9.1

  Themistocles, 3.1, 7.1

  “theory-ladenness of observation”, n

  Thomas Aquinas, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1

  Thrasymachus, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2

  Thucydides, 5.1n, 5.2, 7.1n, app1.1, app2.1

  thumos (spiritedness), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 9.1

  Thus Spake Zarathustra (Nietzsche)

  Timaeus (Plato), 1.1n, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1n, 2.2n, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1n, 8.2, 8.3n, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4n, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 10.1

  time, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 9.1

  timocracy, n

  to on (“being”), 5.1, 5.2, 7.1

  Torah

  Troy, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3n, 5.1

  truth:

  abstract, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 9.1n, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

  conditions of, 7.1, 7.2

  intuition of, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  mathematical, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2

  moral, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  objective vs. subjective, 2.1, 2.2

  poetic, 4.1, 9.1

  proof of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1

  reason based on, 1.1, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2

  in Sublime Braid, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  teaching of, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1

  validity in, 1.1, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2

  tyranny, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1n, 3.2, 3.3n, 3.4n, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3n, 5.1n, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  universe, 1.1n, 1.2n, 1.3, 2.1

  see also cosmology

  “Unreasonables,” 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  Varieties of Religious Experience, The (James)

  virtue:

  aretē as term for, 2.1n, 2.2n, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 4.1n, 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, app1.1, app2.1n, app2.2n

  character and, 2.1n, 4.1, 4.2

  definition of, 2.1n, 2.2n, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2

  fame and, 3.1n, 3.2n, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1n, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1

  happiness and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  knowledge of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1

  moral basis of, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1

  politicizing of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, app2.1n

  reason and, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  teaching of, 2.1n, 2.2n, 5.1, 7.1

  Vision of Outstanding Moment (VOOM), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  warfare, 2.1n, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1

  “warrior mothers,” prl.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8

  water, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Whitehead, Alfred North

  Why Does the World Exist (Holt), 9.1n

  Xanthippe, 7.1, 7.2

  Xenophanes

  Xenophon, 1.1n, 2.1n, 2.2n, 2.3n, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3n, 5.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, app1.1

  Yahweh

  Yom Kippur, n

  Zeus, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2

  Zoroastrianism, prl.1, 3.1, 3.2

  PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material:

  Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.: Excerpt from Greek Lyric: An Anthology in Translation, translated by Andrew M. Miller (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1996). Excerpt from On Justice, Power, and Human Nature, by Thucydides, translated by Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1993). “Apology” from Five Dialogues, by Plato, translated by G. M. A. Grube, revised by C. D. C. Reeve (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2002). Excerpt from Republic, by Plato, translated by G. M. A. Grube, revised by C. D. C. Reeve (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1992). Excerpt from Timaeus, by Plato, translated by Donald Zeyl (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2000). Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

  Johns Hopkins University Press: Excerpt from Pindar’s Victory
Songs by Frank Nisetich, copyright © 1980 by The Johns Hopkins University Press. Reprinted by permission of Johns Hopkins University Press.

  State University of New York Press: Excerpt from The Symposium and the Phaedrus Plato’s Erotic Dialogues, translated by William S. Cobb, copyright © 1993 by State University of New York Press. Reprinted by permission of State University of New York. All rights reserved.

  ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

  ill.1 the author; ill.2: Joe Faber; ill.3, ill.4, ill.9, and ill.11: Steven Pinker; ill.5: David Cieri; ill.6: copyright © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y.; ill.7: cracked.com; ill.8: Margo Howard; ill.12: Joshua Buckholtz

  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  Rebecca Newberger Goldstein graduated summa cum laude from Barnard College, Columbia University, and received her doctorate in philosophy from Princeton University. Her award-winning books include the novels The Mind-Body Problem, Properties of Light, Mazel, and 36 Arguments for the Existence of God: A Work of Fiction, as well as studies of Kurt Gödel and Baruch Spinoza. She has received a MacArthur “genius” award, been designated the Humanist of the Year, and been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She lives in Massachusetts.

  Also by Rebecca Newberger Goldstein

  The Mind-Body Problem

  The Late-Summer Passion of a Woman of Mind

  The Dark Sister

  Strange Attractors: Stories

  Mazel

  Properties of Light: A Novel of Love, Betrayal and Quantum Physics

  Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Gödel

  Betraying Spinoza: The Renegade Jew Who Gave Us Modernity

  36 Arguments for the Existence of God: A Work of Fiction