95th Pennsylvania
96th Pennsylvania
3rd Brigade (Russell)
49th Pennsylvania
119th Pennsylvania
5th Wisconsin
2nd Division (Howe) (4,500)
2nd Brigade
2nd Vermont
3rd Vermont
4th Vermont
5th Vermont
6th Vermont
3rd Brigade
43rd New York
49th New York
77th New York
61st Pennsylvania
3rd Division (Terry) (5,000)
1st Brigade
65th New York
67th New York
122nd New York
23rd Pennsylvania
82nd Pennsylvania
2nd Brigade
7th Massachusetts
10th Massachusetts
2nd Rhode Island
3rd Brigade
62nd New York
93rd Pennsylvania
98th Pennsylvania
102nd Pennsylvania
139th Pennsylvania
1st Cavalry Brigade (attached from 1st Division, Cavalry Corps) (1,200)
8th Illinois
12th Illinois
3rd Indiana
8th New York
Artillery (1,400)
Massachusetts Light, 1st Battery (A)
New York Light, 1st Battery
New York Light, 3rd Battery
1st Rhode Island Light, Battery C
1st Rhode Island Light, Battery G
5th United States, Battery F
5th United States, Battery M
Trains (1,200)
Total: 19,520
Guns: 56
Order of Battle at the Battle of Claverack
October 28th, 1863
Hudson Field Force (British)
Commander: Maj. Gen. Frederick Lord Paulet
Headquarters and Staff (100)
The Royal Guides or the Governor General's Bodyguard (55)
1st Division (8,000)
1st Montreal Brigade
1/Rifle Brigade
1st Battalion Prince of Wales Regt.
2nd Battalion Queen's Own Rifles
3rd Battalion Victoria Volunteers Rifles of Montreal
G Battery, 4th Brigade (Field)
2nd Montreal Brigade
1/16th Foot
4th Battalion Cliasseurs Canadiens
5th Battalion Royal Lieutenant Infantry Of Montreal
6th Battalion Hochlega Lieutenant Infantry
E Battery, 4th Brigade (Field)
3rd Niagara Brigade
1/25th Foot (King's Own Scottish Borderers)
10th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
18th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
19th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
H Battery, 4th Brigade (Field)
2nd Division (8,000)
1st Kingston Brigade
1/15 Foot
14th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
15th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
16th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
F Battery, 4th Brigade (Field)
2nd St. John's Brigade
1/30th Foot
17th Levis Battalion Volunteers Infantry
20th Battalion of Volunteers Infantry
21st Battalion Richlieu Lieutenant Infantry
D Battery, 4th Brigade (Field)
3rd Hamilton Brigade
1/47th Foot
11th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
12th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
13th Battalion Volunteers Infantry
8th Battery, 10th Brigade (Garrison)
Guards Brigade (2,125)
1/Grenadier Guards
2/Scots Fusilier Guards
2nd Battery, 10th Brigade
Canadian Cavalry Brigade (600)
1st Squadron (Upper Canada)
1st Volunteer Militia Troop of the County of Wentworth
2nd Volunteer Militia Troop of the County of Wentworth
The Essex Volunteer Militia Troop of Cavalry
1st Volunteer Militia Troop of Cavalry of Williamsburg
1st Troop of Volunteer Militia Cavalry of the County of Leeds
1st Volunteer Militia Troop of Cavalry of Guelph
2nd Troop of Volunteer Militia Cavalry of the County of
Northumberland
2nd Squadron (Lower Canada)
3rd Troop of Volunteer Militia Cavalry of Quebec
2nd Troop of Volunteer Cavalry of the County of Argeneuil
1st Troop of Volunteer Cavalry of the County of Laval
1st Troop of Volunteer Militia Cavalry of Laval
The St. Johns Volunteer Militia Troop of Cavalry
Artillery Brigade (1,125)
1st Battalion
3rd, 4th, Batteries, 7th Brigade (Heavy)
3rd Battery, 10th Brigade
1st, 2nd, Batteries, Battalion of Montreal Artillery
2nd Battalion
5th, 6th Batteries, 7th Brigade (Heavy)
3rd, 4th Batteries, Battalion of Montreal Artillery
Engineer Battalion (500)
4th Company, Royal Engineers
15th Company, Royal Engineers
Company of Canadian Volunteer Militia Engineers
Company of Canadian Volunteer Militia Engineers
Trains (1,315)
1st Battalion, Military Train (315)
Canadian Military Train (500)
Canadian Train Guards (500)
10 Companies Canadian Militia Infantry
Total: 21,821
British: 47%
Canadian: 53%
Guns: 90
Army of the Hudson (American)
Commander: Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker
Staff: (7)
XI Corps (Maj. Gen. Thomas F. Meagher)'
Staff: (53)
Independent Co., 8th New York (50)
2nd Division (Maj. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr) (2,764)
1st Brigade (Col. Adolphus Buschbeck)
33rd New Jersey
134th New York
154th New York
27th Pennsylvania
73rd Pennsylvania
2nd Brigade (Col. Orlando Smith)
33rd Massachusetts
136th New York
55th Ohio
73rd Ohio
3rd Division (Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz) (3,326)
1st Brigade (Brig. Gen. Hector Tyndale)
101st Illinois
45th New York
143rd New York
61st Ohio
82nd Ohio
2nd Brigade (Col. Wladimir Krzysanowski)
58th New York
119th New York
141st New York
26th Wisconsin
3rd Brigade (Col. Frederick Hecker)
80th Illinois
82nd Illinois
68th New York
75th Pennsylvania
Corps Artillery (Maj. Thomas W. Osborn) (546)
1st New York Light, Battery I
New York Light, 13th Battery
1st Ohio Light, Battery I
1st Ohio Light, Battery K
4th United States, Battery G
XI Corps Total: 6,739
XII Corps (Maj. Gen. Henry Slocum)2
Staff: 159
1st Division (Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams) (4,565)
1st Brigade (Brig. Gen. Joseph F. Knipe)
5th Connecticut
20th Connecticut
3rd Maryland
123rd New York
145th New York
46th Pennsylvania
2nd Brigade (Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger)
27th Indiana
2nd Massachusetts
13th New Jersey
107th New York
150th New York
3rd Wisconsin
2nd Division (Brig. Gen. John W. Geary) (4,113)
1st Brigade (Col. Charles Candy)
&n
bsp; 5th Ohio
7th Ohio
29th Ohio
66th Ohio
28th Pennsylvania
147th Pennsylvania
2nd Brigade (Col. George A. Cobham, Jr.)
29th Pennsylvania
109th Pennsylvania
111th Pennsylvania
3rd Brigade (Col. David Ireland)
60th New York
78th New York
102nd New York
137th New York
149th New York
Corps Artilllery (Maj. John A. Reynolds) (354)
1st New York Light, Battery M
Pennsylvania Light, Battery E
4th United States, Battery F
5th United States, Battery K
XII Corps Total: 9,191
Reserves (600)
120th New York (350)
U.S. Military Academy Corps of Cadets (250)
3rd Cavalry Division (Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick) (3,000)3
1st Cavalry Brigade (Brig. Gen. Henry E. Davies, Jr.)
2nd New York
5th New York
18th Pennsylvania
1st West Virginia
2nd United States Battery M
2nd Cavalry Brigade "The Wolverines" (Brig. Gen. George A.
Custer)
1st Michigan
5th Michigan
6th Michigan
7th Michigan
1st Vermont
New York Light, 6th Battery
Artillery Reserve (1st Volunteer Brigade) (Lt. Col. Freeman
McGilvery) (430)4
Massachusetts Light, 9th Battery
New York Light, 4th Battery
Pennsylvania Light, Batteries C and F
INTRODUCTION
1. "History of Fort McNair," http://www.fmmc.army.mil/sites/about/ history-mcnair.asp. Fort McNair now occupies the site of the Washington Arsenal, built 1803.
CHAPTER ONE: HANGING BILLY
1. William Tecumseh Sherman, "The Liberation of Chicago," Combat and Commanders of the Civil War, vol. 3 (New York: The Century Company, 1885), 32-35.
2. Edwin C. Fishel, The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996), 84. These were men of the 3rd Indiana Cavalry, Cline's own regiment, known for their skill in intelligence special operations mission. In 1862 they had earned the nickname of Hooker's Horse Marines for capturing a Confederate sloop.
3. James W. Collier, The White Terror (Indianapolis: Hoosier Press, 1922), 202-10. Careful research by Collier showed that at least 8,200 men were summarily executed in the Loyalist reaction to Copperhead atrocities during the rising. Of these, over 2,500 were killed in Chicago and were not part of the military executions ordered by Sherman. The true number can never he known. Collier cites James Beard's study in The Atlantic Monthly, estimating the Copperheads had executed over 4,000 men in the few weeks of the uprising.
4. *Ulysses S. Grant, "Saving the Army of the Cumberland," Combat and Commanders of the Civil War, vol. 3 (New York: The Century Company, 1885), 293-95.
5. *Arthur Evans, With Grant at Chattanooga: An Aide-de-Camp's Memoir (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1880), 111.
6. Julia Keller, Mr. Gatling's Terrible Marvel: The Gun That Changed Everything and the Misunderstood Genius Who Invented It (New York: Viking, 2008), 95.
7. *Gatling's Guns and the Copperhead Mob," New York Tribune, October 25,1863.
8. *John A. Dahlgren, "Official Report of the Battle of Charleston," February 13, 1864, National Archives. British losses included Black Prince, St. George, Donegal, Shannon, Phaeton, Racoon, and Desperate, which were sunk. Sans Pareil, Melponeme, Ariadne, and Cadmus were struck. The surviving ships, most of which were badly damaged, escaped. Of the ships that escaped, Challenger could not be saved and sank halfway to Bermuda. The Royal Navy lost twelve of the nineteen ships Sir Michael Seymour had led into action. The senior officer of the surviving ships was so anxious to seek the safety of Bermuda's naval base that he failed to dispatch one of his ships to take word of the defeat directly to Milne. That oversight allowed the American ships to slip into Norfolk without significant opposition.
9. *Dahlgren, "Official Report." U.S. Navy casualties were 250 dead, 32 missing, and 310 wounded. All but three of the 110 men on Atlanta were lost.
10. Aaron C. Davis, Sinking the Black Prince: First Victory of the Submersible Service (New York: Webster, 2004), 211.
11. *Stephen Clegg Rowan, With Dahlgren at Charleston: The Memoirs of the Captain of the USS New Ironsides (New York: Webster, 1870), 276-77.
12. *Dahlgren, "Official Report." The British ships lost at the Battle of the Bar were crewed by over slightly over 5,000 men. Of these men, 3,870 were found alive with 1,397 wounded. HMS Shannon went down with almost her entire compliment of 560 men. The following are losses for each ship:
13. "Roger C. Atwith, The Fighting Dahlgrens: Father and Son in the Civil War and Great War (New York: Sheldon Publishers, 1899), 122-23.
14. Laird Brothers Shipbuilders were completing two double-turreted, armored ironclads, CSS North Carolina and CSS Mississippi for the Confederate agent in Britain, James Bulloch. They were the first turreted ironclads built in Britain, but their most notable feature was a steel ram, an odd mix of the ancient and modern.
15. George Macaulay Tevelyan, The Life of John Bright (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 309.
16. Steve Sherman, "Karl Marx, Journalist: An Interview with Jim Ledbetter," MSZine, November, 1, 2008. The People's Paper was a supporter of the Charterist Movement in Britain. However, Marx's chief source of income, aside from gifts from his friend Friedrich Engels, was the hundreds of articles he wrote as a foreign correspondent for the New York Herald. The editor of the Herald, Charles Dana, had met Marx in Germany and recruited him, and he had become one its most prolific contributors. Dana by this time had resigned from the paper and had become U.S. assistant secretary of war.
17. National Intelligencer, September 9, 1861; Albert A. Woldman, Lincoln and the Russians (Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1952), 129.
18. *Baron Edouard de Stoeckl, Memoirs of Baron Stoeckl (Boston: McNeal Publishers, 1893), 88-90.
19. *Woodrow Wilson, The Russo-American Alliance in the Great War (New York: D. Appleton, 1905) 115-118. Wilson relied heavily on notes of the meeting taken by John Hay, one of Lincoln's two secretaries. There were no substantial disagreements with the accounts of this meeting by Stoeckl and Hay.
20. Edwin C. Fishel, The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996), 257-59,303-302,375-77.
21. *Alexander C. Rutledge, Spymaster of the Republic: The Life of George H. Sharpe (New York: Excelsior Press, 1934), 288.
22. *Thaddaeus Lowe, Army Aeronautics in the Great War (New York: The Century Company, 1878), 38. *Charles Dana, Present at the Creation: A Memoir of George H. Sharpe (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1892), 125.
23. Anthony Gross, ed., The Wit and Wisdom of Abraham Lincoln: The Best Stories by and about America's Most Beloved President (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1994), 220.
24. "The Manifest Destiny of America and Russia," New York Herald, August 31,1863.
25. *Sharpe, Conversations with Abraham Lincoln, 1863-1868 (Philadelphia: L. B. Lippincott, 1886), 203-206.
26. The three joined fingers are to remind the believer of the Holy Trinity and the two folded fingers of the human and divine natures of Christ. Orthodox Christians cross themselves from right to left, while Catholics cross themselves from left to right.
27. *Ivan Dolgoruky, The Great Tsar: Alexander II and the Great War (New York: Beale Publishing, 1882), 102. Present on this occasion were Alexander's three older sons, Nicholas (19), Alexander (18), and Vladimir (16). All three would see active service in World War I and each would later state that this scene was the defining moment of their lives.
CHAPTER TWO: LE BAL
1. Rene Chartr
and and Richard Hook, The Mexican Adventure 1861-67 (London: Osprey Publishing, 1994), 18-19.
2. Stephen Shann and Louis Delperier, French Army 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War (1) (London: Osprey Publishing, 1991), 13, 44-47. The Zouaves had been formed in 1830 from the Zougha tribe but by 1842 had been thoroughly Europeanized.
3. Bruce Bassett-Powell, Maurice Toussaints Imperial Guard of Napoleon 111 3 (Waterford, TX: Uniformology, 2006) 3.
4. Shann and Delperier, French Army, 38.
5. Steve Wilson, "We May Die, but Never Will Surrender" - The Battle of Cameron, htpp://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,Wilson_022805- P1.html.
6. Chartrand, The Mexican Adventure, 19. Shann, French Army, 13.
7. Richard L. Hill and Peter C. Hogg, A Black Corps d'Elite: An Egyptian Sudanese Conscript Battalion with the French Army in Mexico, 1863-1867, and Its Survivors in Subsequent African History (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995).
8. *Emile DuPont, The Prince de Polignac: Hero of Vermillionville (New Orleans: Crescent City Press, 1890), 32-33.
9. *Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences in the Civil War (New York: Da Capo,1995),154.
10. The battle of Galveston on October 4, 1862, was as uneven a naval engagement as history has shown. The French squadron consisted of several of the French broadside ironclads of the Gloire class as well as ships-of-the line and frigates. The ships of the Union West Gulf Blockading Squadron were all lightly armed converted merchantmen. Nevertheless, the victory allowed Paris the immense satisfaction of comparing their overwhelming naval victory over the American 'Anglo-Saxons" to the crushing British defeat at Charleston. The British did not know what stung worse-losing to the Americans or listening to the French cock crow over it. It put a great strain on the Anglo-French alliance of convenience. *Walter Davenport, The Anglo-French Alliance in the Great War (Boston: Brown & Brown Publishers, 1895), 43-47.
11. Bazaine had initially crossed into Texas at the beginning of the month at Brownsville as an immediate demonstration of French support to the Confederacy. The French naval victory in the Battle of Galveston had allowed his force to he quickly embarked and transported to Galveston, which was a short march of a little over a hundred miles to his rendezvous with Taylor. He had been advised that if you march through Texas, you simply never arrive, the distances were so great. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton, 1879), 14-144.
A Rainbow of Blood: The Union in Peril an Alternate History Page 33