12. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, vol. 26, part 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880), 783.
13. Peter G. Tsouras, Britannia's Fist: From Civil War to World War (Washington: Potomac Books, 2008), 43.
14. Ian Sumner, British Colours & Standards 1847-1881 (2) (London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2001), 3, 10-11. The royal colors were not called the queen's (or later the king's) colors until 1892.
15. Philip Katcher, American Civil War Armies 2: Union Troops (London: Osprey Publishing, 1986) plates C & D, 45-46. Russ A. Pritchard, Jr. The Irish Brigade: A Pictorial History of the Famed Civil War Fighters (Philadelphia: Courage Books, 2004), 36-39.
16. "National Character of the Scottish Regiments," originally published in 1862, cited in http://www.htinternet.com/-james.mckay/account7htm
17. "The Gun: Rifled Ordnance -Armstrong," Royal New Zealand Artillery Old Comrades' Association, http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/rifled3.htm.
18. Directorate of History, Canadian Forces Headquarters, Report No. 6, 30 June 1966,147-48.
19. Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada: From Champlain to Kosovo (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Publishers, 1999), 88.
20. Register and Numeric Index of the Regiments and Corps of Canada and British North America since 1783, http://www.regiments.org.
21. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, vol. 26, part 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1888), 334.
22. Mark A. Snell, From First to Last: The Life of Major General William B. Franklin (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 109.
23. Mac Wyckoff, ed., In Defense of Gen. William B. Franklin at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia (Fredericksburg, VA: Sergeant Kirkland's Museum and Historical Society, 1995), 47-48.
24. Michael Barthorp, Queen Victoria's Commanders (London: Osprey Publishing, 2000), 23.
25. George MacDonald Fraser, Flashman and the Dragon (New York: Plume, 1987).
CHAPTER THREE: NITER AND A ONE-EYED LAKE
1. Helen Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln: From the Notes of John Nieolay, Lincoln's Private Secretary (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006), 248-49.
2. Harold Holzer, ed., Lincoln as I Knew Him: Gossip, Tributes and Revelations from His Best Friends and Worst Enemies (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 1999), 98.
3. Abraham Lincoln, "Second Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions," February 11, 1859, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 3 (Rutgers University Press, 1953, 1990), 357.
4. Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Indianapolis: Bohbs-Merrill Company, 1956), 270. The U.S. was now buying most of its niter from Chile instead of Great Britain's Indian sources.
5. "Report of the Royal Commission upon the Volunteer Force," ([3053] HC (1862) xxvii), 89.
6. Richard Aldous, The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone and Disraeli (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2007),132.
7. Wilfrid Meynell, Benjamin Disraeli: An Unconventional Biography (New York: D. Appleton, 1903), 146.
8. George Macaulay Trevelyan, The Life of John Bright (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913), 245.
9. Aldous, The Lion and the Unicorn, 127.
10. Hesketh Pearson, Dizzy: A Life of Benjamin Disraeli (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), 161.
11. Trevelyan, The Life (f John Bright, 207.
12. Aldous, The Lion and the Unicorn, 138.
13. G. W. E. Russell, Collections and Recollections (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1898) 224.
14. J. J. Colledge, Ships of the Royal Navy (London: Greenhill Books, 2003), 257. HMS Prince Albert, 3,687 tons, 240' x 48', four 9' MLR, 11.26 knots.
15. Meynell, Benjamin Disraeli, 405.
16. Richard Cobden (1804-1865), member for Rochdale in Parliament and one of the great economists of the era.
17. *Lord Rowton, Disraeli: Recollections of a Private Secretary (London: Blackpool & Sons, 1888), 402-404. *Edward Bulwer-Lytton, A Friendship in Letters: The Correspondence of John Bright and Richard Cobden (London: Wynslow Publishers, 1890), 216-17. Although written from two very different perspectives, these two accounts agree in the essentials of this historic conversation at Hughenden.
18. Clair Hoy, Canadians in the Civil War (Toronto: MacArthur & Company, 2004), 190-91.
19. *Arthur W. Williams, The Life of Sir Charles Hastings Doyle (Montreal: Mount Royal Press, 1922), 199.
20. Ellis Spear, With Chamberlain in the Portland Campaign (New York: D. Appleton, 1885), 172-74.
21. *Nigel Wilkerson, The Siege of Portland (London: Blaekbriar & Sons, 1879),188-190.
22. William H. Roberts, Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2002), 159.
23. William Marvel, ed., The Monitor Chronicles: One Sailor's Account & Today's Campaign to Recover the Civil War Wreck (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 22.
24. Ibid., 26-28. Roberts, 29.
25. Agnus Kostam, Duel of the Ironclads: USS Monitor and CSS Virginia at Hampton Roads 1862 (London: Osprey Publishing, 2003) 94-95. The Dictator and Puritan were designed to he the largest, most powerful armed and armored ships in the Navy and in the world. The Dictator was designed at 4,438 tons, to do nine knots, and he armed with two fifteeninch Dahlgren guns in a single turret with twelve-inch armor. The Puritan was even more ambitious with two twenty-inch Dahlgren guns.
26. Roberts, Civil War Ironclads,105.
27. *David D. Porter, The French Navy in the Great War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Academy Press, 1877), 142-45.
28. *Richard Taylor, The Louisiana Campaign (Baton Rouge, LA: Dubois & Sons, 1886), 176-78.
29. "Edmund Allen, Texas at the Gallop: The Brashear Raid, (Lexington, VA: Washington and Lee University Press, 1905), 92.
CHAPTER FOUR: "WELL, THEY MIGHT HAVE STAYED TO SEE THE SHOOTING"
1. "Red Leg" is an old U.S. Army nickname for an artilleryman.
2. Eleanor Ruggles, The Prince of Players: Edwin Booth (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1953), 93, 156.
3. Raymond Lamont Brown, Carnegie: The Richest Man in the World (London: Sutton Publishing, 2005) 35, 44.
4. Anthony Smith, Machine Gun: The Story of the Men and the Weapon That Changed the Face of War (Waterville, ME: Thorndyke Press, 2002), 119.
5. Ibid., 118.
6. Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Indianapolis: Bohhs-Merrill Company, 1956), 114.
7. Michael Burlingame, ed., Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln's Secretary (Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 2000), 21-23.
8. David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), 46-47.
CHAPTER FIVE: HONEY, VINEGAR, AND GUNCOTTON
1. Thomas Curson Hansard, Hansard's Parliamentary Debates by Great Britain. Parliament, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1863/ feb/ 23/ the-navy-estimates.
2. HMS Prince Albert, launched May 1864, 3,880 tons, 144' x 48' 1" x 20' 5", four 9" rifled muzzle-loaders (RML). HMS Royal Sovereign, launched April 1957, a wooden ship-of-the-line, converted into ironclad August 1864, 5,080 tons, 240' 6: x 62' x 25', five 10.5" MLR. HMS Wivern, launched August 1863 as CSS Mississippi, seized by British government after war is declared and commissioned in the Royal Navy, 2,750 tons, 244' 6" x 421 6" x 17", four 9 RML. The launched date was simply the date the ship was dropped into the water; months and often years were required to ready the ship for active service in peacetime.
3. The American Method was the combination of mass production, specialized labor, and interchangeable parts.
4. David Pam. The Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield and Its Workers (selfpublished, 1998), 50-58. Between 1859 and 1864, the factory produced 365,779 rifled muskets of the 1853 pattern. Private British arms manufacturers quickly followed the mass production model at Enfield.
5. Ibid., 58-59.
6. Thomas Boaz, Guns for Cotton: England Arms the Confederacy (Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 1996).
7. Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the
Tools of War (Indianapolis: The Bobhs- Merrill Company, 1956), 196.
CHAPTER SIX: "BECAUSE I CAN'T FLY!"
1. *John H. Robson, "The Great Sortie," Military Journal, vol. 20, no. 7, June 23,1912,32-33.
2. *Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, The Defense of Portland (New York: D. Appleton, 1880), 111-15.
3. *Edward Coddington-James, Capt. Cowper Coles and the Royal Navy (London: St. James Publishers, 1934), 83.
4. *"The Queen Asks Hard Questions of the Navy," London Times, October 25,1863,1.
5. *Fran(;ois Achille Bazaine, Le Victoire de Vermillionville (Paris: LeCroix et Fils, 1870), 299.
6. Peter F. Stevens, The Voyage of the Catalpa: A Perilous Journey and Six Irish Rebels' Escape to Freedom (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2002), 5.
7. Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, "Organization of the Army of the Potomac," vol. 29, part I, 226, October 10, 1863. Peter G. Tsouras, Britannia's Fist: Civil War to World War (Washington: Potomac Books, 2008). Sixth Corps was minus its original three Maine regiments (5th, 6th, 7th), which had been sent home on an ostensible recruiting mission.
8. *"Sedgwick Killed at Kennebunk," New York Herald, October 26,1863, 1.
9. William H. Collins, The Life of General Horatio Wright (Philadelphia: L. B. Lippincott, 1897), 183.
10. *William Norquist, Wisconsin in the Civil War and the Great War (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society, 1922), 119. Ulysses S. Grant once remarked that he would rather have one Wisconsin regiment than three from any other state.
11. J. J. Colledge, Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the Fifteenth Century to the Present (London: Greenhill Books, 2003), 48. HMS Bacchante was launched in 1859 and measured 235 by 50.5 feet. She carried thirty 8-inch rifles, one 68-pounder, and twenty 32-pounders.
12. *James Hope Grant, The Maine Campaign in the Great War (London: Blackstone, 1872), 188. The rescue of Hope Grant's army at Kennebunk by the daring of HMS Bacchante did much to restore the morale of the Royal Navy, badly shaken earlier that month by its disastrous defeat at the Third Battle of Charleston.
CHAPTER SEVEN: "LEE IS COMING!"
1. *Michael R. Hathaway, From San Francisco Bay to Mount Vernon: My War Years with General Washington (San Francisco: Knob Hill Publishing Company, 1905), 92.
2. Charles M. Evans, War of the Aeronauts: A History of Ballooning in the Civil War (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002), 299-303.
3. Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley, The American Civil War: An English View (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002), 35.
4. F. Stansbury Haydon, Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 238.
5. http://www.colonialwargames.org.uk/Miscenllany/Warships/Iron- clads/EIroncladsRN.htm. The draft of the Warrior-class ships (Warrior and Black Prince) was 26 feet and that of the Defence-class (Defence and Resistance) 25 feet.
6. "Chapter V: The Fortification System," Civil War Defenses of Washington: Historic Resource Study, National Park Service, http://www.cr.nps.gov/ history/online_hooks/ civilwar/ hrsl-5. htm.
7. Richard M. Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City: An Illustrated Guide to the Civil War Sites of Washington (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1981), 14. The Navy Yard still occupies the northern half of its original site; the southern half was turned over to the General Services Administration (GSA) and designated the Southeast Government Center.
8. The Eastern Branch was renamed the Anacostia River.
9. Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 14-16. Stephen M. Forman, A Guide to Civil War Washington (Washington: Elliott & Clark Publishing, 1995), 77-80. Foggy Bottom is now occupied by the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, The Watergate, George Washington University, and the State Department's Truman Building.
10. Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Indianapolis: The BohhsMerrill Company, Inc., 1956), 89-92.
11. Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: Harper Brothers, 1941),11.
12. Ibid., 10.
13. Peter R. Penzcer, Washington, DC: Past & Present (Arlington, VA: Oneonta Press, 1998), 24-28.
14. The National Park Service, The Civil War Defenses of Washington: Historic Resource Study, part I, chapter V: The Fortification System, http://www. cr.nps.gov-The Civil War Defenses of Washington.
15. *Frederick R. Priestly, To Assassinate the President (New York: St. John's Press, 1948), 82.
16. *Edwin McGregor, The Trial of John Wilkes Booth (Philadelphia: D. Appleton, 173), 277.
17. Thomas J. Carrier, Washington, D.C., A Historical Walking Tour (New York: Arcadia Publishing, 1999), 72. "In 1853, this became the first equestrian statute cast in the United States. The sculptor, Clark Mills, melted the British cannons captured by Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 for the statue."
18. Julia Taft Bayne, Tad Lincoln's Father (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 30.
19. *Michael D. Wilmoth, Memories of Lincoln (Indianapolis: Hoosier Press, 1888),130.
20. *Henry J. Hunt, The Artillery Revolution in the Great Wqr (D. Appleton, 1876), 312. Hunt's enthusiasm for balloon-observed indirect fire ensured the full cooperation of the artillery establishment in the U.S. Army.
21. Abraham Lincoln, "Speech at the Republican Banquet," Chicago, IL, December 10, 1860, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 3 (Rutgers University Press, 1953, 1990), 550.
22. "Sharpe, Conversations with Abraham Lincoln, 216-18.
23. Walter H. Taylor, I Served With Lee (Lexington, VA: Washington and Lee University Press, 1880), 324.
24. `Hooker and Meagher Cheered in Wild Display," Kingston Gazette, October 12, 1863, 1. Two bronze statues face each other in the town square. One is of Hooker to commemorate his visit and role in the subsequent campaign. The other is of George H. Sharpe, famous son of Kingston.
25. *"Wild Parade of the Irish," New York Herald, October 12, 1863, 1. "Victory at Cold Spring: Redcoats down Wall Street," New York Tribune, October 12, 1863, 1.
26. *Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley, The Great War in North America (London: Longmans, Green, 1890), 97. Wolseley was at pains to describe his strategic appraisal of the situation in this opening stage of the war as it would have a critical effect on subsequent operations.
27. With normal dredging operations interrupted by the war, the depth over the bar was reduced to 16 feet. The French ironclads had a draft of 26 feet.
CHAPTER EIGHT: FATEFUL NIGHT
1. James I. Robertson, Jr., Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1997), 573.
2. The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, vol. 29, part 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899), 401.
3. Regis Courtemanche, No Need for Glory: The British Navy in American Waters 1860-1864 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1977), 203-204. Greyhound had been recently remodeled as a heavier armed corvette. The rest of the sloops had four to 11 guns. *Arthur Ramseur, "Preparations for the Raid on Washington," International Naval Journal, October 24,1997,142.
4. `The Meeting of Milne and Lee," Blackwood's Magazine, December 1863, 92. It was obvious by this meeting that the British government's policy of no cooperation with the Confederacy had gone by the wayside. Milne was acting on his own authority to support his military operations. The Government acquiesced as the no-cooperation policy was made obviously unrealistic by the exigencies of the expanding war.
5. "Civil War Defenses of Washington: Fort Foote," National Park Service, htLp://www.nps.gov/archive/fowa/foote.htm.
6. Milne to the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, October 10, 1863. Milne's private conversation with Lee is the only detailed record of the historic meeting as Lee never wrote his memoirs. His report to President Davis of the meeting was brief and essentially a summary, whereas Milne's letter included a deft character analysis of Lee as well a verbatim account of their conversation taken by his stenographer.
8. *Paulet to John C. Wilkinson, October 8, 1863, The Papers of Lord Frederick Paulet (London: Bartleby, 1882), 236. Paulet's letters and the recollections of his subordinates are the only source of his thinking that led to the battle of Hudson. Among his subordinates, the recollections of his aide, Captain Seymour, also a Coldstream Guardsman, were particularly revealing.
9. Mark Serrano, "Intelligence and Reconnaissance during the Hudson Valley Campaign," Army Review, vol. 87 (June 12, 1888):47.
10. Judson Knight, "Scouting for Hooker," National Tribune, July 12, 1890, 12. Knight's series of articles under the column "Fighting Them Over," are a major primary source for the more adventuresome details of the campaign.
11. F. Stansbury Haydon, Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 249-50.
12. Spencer Tucker, Arming the Fleet: U.S. Navy Ordnance in the Muzzle-Loading Era (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989), 244.
13. Robert J. Schneller, Jr., Cushing: Civil War SEAL (Washington: Potomac Books, 2004), 101.
14. Thomas S. Dickey and Peter C. George, Field Artillery Projectiles of the American Civil War (Atlanta: Arsenal Press, 1980), 440.
15. Lowe, The Battle of Washington from the Air, 42-43.
16. *John R. Tappen, The History of the 120th New York State Volunteer Regiment (New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1876), 236-38. Tappen and Sharpe were good friends, having served together as captains in the 20th New York State Militia Regiment when their unit was rushed to defend Washington in 1861 after the firing on Fort Sumter. They remained friends for life and to that association is due one of the finest prose portraits of Sharpe, much referred to by historians.
17. *Dwight D. Eisenhower, The Coffee Mill Gun and the Revolution It Caused (Washington: The Infantry Press, 1940), 121-23.
18. "George M. Miller, History of the 20th New York State Militia Regiment (Kingston, NY: Regimental Union, 1890), 187-88.
A Rainbow of Blood: The Union in Peril an Alternate History Page 34