The Secret History of Wonder Woman
Page 43
34. Schang, “Gloria Steinem’s CIA Connection,” Berkeley Barb, May 30, 1975, and “Gloria Steinem’s CIA Connection,” Women’s Week, undated feminist newsletter clippings, Ms. Magazine Papers, uncataloged. There was much bad blood in the backstory. In 1973, one Redstockings founder, Kathie Sarachild, had sent a résumé to Ms., looking for an editorial position; she was not hired. Kathie Sarachild to Ms., March 23, 1973, Steinem Papers, box 55, folder 10.
35. “Redstockings’ Statement,” Off Our Backs 5 (July 1975): 8–9, 28–33; quotations are from p. 29. A photocopy of the original press release can be found in the Ms. Magazine Papers, uncataloged but in a box provisionally numbered 21b and in a folder titled “Redstockings allegations, May–August 1975.”
36. Gloria Steinem, “Statement from Steinem,” Off Our Backs 5 (September–October 1975): 6, 22–23. Ms. also distributed the statement by mail, to notable feminists and to feminist publications, including Lavender Woman, Majority Report, and Big Mama Rag. See, e.g., Mary Daly to JE, September 17, 1975, thanking Edgar for sending Steinem’s statement, Ms. Magazine Papers, uncataloged but provisionally in Box 21b, in a folder titled “Redstockings allegations, Sept–December 1975”; and Gloria Steinem to Sisters of Hera, August 14, 1975, same box, folder titled “Redstockings Allegations, May–August 1975.”
37. JE to William Sarnoff, May 9, 1975, uncataloged but in a box provisionally numbered 90A and in a folder titled “Warner Communications, 1972–1977.”
38. The charges continued to resurface, leaving Steinem more than exasperated; she wrote, in 1979, about “the sense of weariness and frustration I feel at having to deal over and over again with hackneyed and un-newsworthy charges” (Steinem to Victor Kovner, April 9, 1979). When Random House published an anthology of Redstockings’ writings, it left out the allegations about Ms., fearing legal action. The Village Voice planned a story about the allegations in 1979, but after attorneys for Steinem and Ms. wrote to the Voice, the story was killed.
39. Faludi, “Death of a Revolutionary.”
40. Cott, Grounding of Modern Feminism, 181.
41. EHM to JE, November 16, 1983, in the possession of JE. “1915 Reviews,” unpublished Mount Holyoke College alumni newsletter, May 30, 1975, n.p., entry for EHM.
42. EHM to Karen M. Walowit, May 4, 1974, quoted in Walowit, “Wonder Woman,” 84–85.
43. When Ellen Chesler interviewed Olive Byrne in 1985, Byrne made discretion about the Marston family a precondition of the interview. “I promised not to write about Olive’s own sensitive personal story as a condition of her agreeing to talk openly to me about Margaret and her mother,” Chesler told me. “I am not sure how much of the detail I wrote down, given her concerns.” Ellen Chesler, e-mail to the author, February 4, 2014. Byrne might have made a similar stipulation a condition of other interviews, including a lengthy one conducted by Jacqueline Van Voris in 1977.
44. EHM to JE, January 11, 1973, in the possession of JE.
45. Mary Frain, “93 Years Old,” Clinton Item, October 15, 1982; MWH to BHRM, undated but October 1982. MWH, Funeral and Internment Instructions, Novem-ber 6, 1974, in the possession of BHRM. The poem Huntley wished to be read is titled, “Only Time Can Die.” All U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935–Current (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com, 2011); original data: Social Security Administration, Social Security Death Index, Master File, Social Security Administration. Huntley was born on December 29, 1889, and died on December 30, 1986. Massachusetts Death Index, 1970–2003 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com, 2005); original data: State of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Death Index, 1970–2003 (Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Health Services, 2005). These two accounts conflict: the SSDI says she died in Clinton (which is where the nursing home was); the MDI says she died in Marlborough (which probably means O.A.’s house). Donn Marston died in 1988. His obituary noted that he was survived by his wife and children; by his mother, “Olive Richard”; and by “an aunt, Elizabeth H. Marston.” Donn Richard Marston, obituary, Washington Post, April 2, 1988.
46. Alder, Lie Detectors, chapter 19.
47. BHRM, interview with the author, July 14, 2013.
48. Ibid. OBR died in Tampa, Florida, on May 19, 1990, at the age of eighty-six. Florida Death Index, 1877–1998 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com, 2004); original data: State of Florida, Florida Death Index, 1877–1998 (Jacksonville: Florida Department of Health, Office of Vital Records, 1998).
49. Sue Grupposo, interview with the author, July 15, 2013.
50. EHM died on April 2, 1993, in Bethel, Connecticut. “Elizabeth H. Marston, 100, Inspiration for Wonder Woman.” New York Times, April 3, 1993. The Hartford Courant ran an editorial: “Wonder Woman’s Mom,” April 5, 1993.
COMICS INDEX
1. EHM to Jack Goodwin, Librarian, National Museum of American History, June 6, 1970, and Russell Shank, Director of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, to EHM, June 18, 1970, Smithsonian.
2. EHM to Jerry Bails, August 12, 1968, in the possession of Jean Bails, and EHM to Jerry and Jean Bails, April 28, 1969, in the possession of Roy Thomas.
3. EHM to Karen M. Walowit, May 4, 1974; JHMK to Walowit, March 8 and April 26, 1974; and in Walowit, “Wonder Woman,” 39–40.
4. EHM to JE, April 2, 1976, in the possession of JE.
5. Entry for July 30, 1943, diary of WMM, in the possession of BHRM.
INDEX
Page references in italic refer to illustrations.
ABC-TV
abolitionism
abortion, 11.1, 30.1, 30.2
fatalities in self-
feminism and
Abzug, Bella, 30.1, 30.2
academic freedom
Action Comics
Action Stories, 19.1, nts.1
Adams, Abigail
Adams, Harry C.
Addams, Jane, 14.1, nts.1
Adler, Alfred
“Adventures of Bobby Doone” (Byrne Marston)
Albany, N.Y., 11.1, 11.2
Alcoholics Anonymous
All-American Comics, 21.1, 26.1
All Quiet on the Western Front (film)
All-Star Comics, 26.1, 28.1, 30.1
Justice Society of America in, 24.1, 24.2
Wonder Woman’s debut in, 23.1, 27.1
Alpha Omicron Pi, 13.1, il13.1, 14.1
“Amazona, the Mighty Woman,”, il21.4
“Amazon Bride, The,”, il26.6, 26.1
Amazons, 2.1, 10.1, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1, 25.1, 26.1, 27.1, 28.1, 29.1, nts.1
American Academy of Medicine
American Birth Control League
see also Planned Parenthood Federation of America
American Medical Association
American Psycho-Legal Society
American Psychological Association, 3.1, 6.1, 16.1
American Scholar, 28.1, 28.2
American University, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 14.1, 16.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4, nts.5, nts.6
psycho-legal research laboratory at, 8.1, 9.1, nts.1
American Women’s Association
“America’s Wonder Women of Tomorrow,”, il26.4
Amerika Institut
Angel Island (Gillmore), 10.1, il10.6, 21.1, 28.1
Angels and Amazons (Gillmore)
Anthony, Susan B.
anti-Semitism
Aphrodite (char.)
Aquarians, 15.1, 21.1
Aristotle
Arizona Quarterly
Army School of Military Psychology, U.S.
Art of Sound Pictures, The (Marston and Pitkin), 17.1, nts.1
Asherman, Allan
Associated Press, 21.1
Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
Athena (char.)
Atlanta Constitution
Atom (char.)
Baby Party, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1
Bails, Jerry
Barnard College, 15.1, 16.1
Barton, Clara, 26.1, 26.2
Batman, 21.1, 22.1, 24.1, 25.1, 26.1, 27.1
guns
hated by, 22.1, 22.2
and Justice Society of America
origins of, xi
secret identity of
Wertham’s critique of
Batman (comic)
Batman TV series
“Battle for Womanhood,”, il26.4
“Battle of Desires,”, il28.4
behavioralism
Behn, Harry
Bellevue Hospital, 24.1, 24.2, 27.1, 28.1, 29.1, nts.1, nts.2
Mental Hygiene Clinic of
Bender, Lauretta, 24.1, il24.2, 26.1, 26.2, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1, 29.1, 29.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4, nts.5, nts.6, nts.7, nts.8
Wertham’s attacks on, 29.1, nts.1
Bentley, Elizabeth Burnley
Berkeley, Calif.
Betty Boop (char.)
Bilbrey, Joseph H., 8.1, 9.1, nts.1
Bingham, Harold C.
birth control, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 18.1, 21.1, 30.1
Birth Control (film)
Birth Control Federation of America, 25.1, 30.1
see also Planned Parenthood Federation of America
Birth Control League, of Rochester
Birth Control Review, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1, nts.1
Blackwell’s Island
“Bog Trap,” 258, il28.5
Boissevain, Inez Milholland, il25.2
Bolger, Ray
Bolivar, Simón
Boring, Edwin G., 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3
Boston, Mass., 9.1, 28.1, nts.1
Boston Elevated Railway Company
Boston Evening Record, nts.1
Boston Globe, nts.1
Boston Legal Aid Society
Boston University Law School, 5.1, 6.1, 29.1
Bowie, William N., 8.1, nts.1
Brancatelli, Joe
Brandeis, Louis
branding
Brenda Starr
Brooklyn, N.Y., Sanger and Byrne’s birth control clinic in, 11.1, 11.2, 30.1
Brooks, Cleanth
Brown, Robert Wade, 8.1, nts.1
Brown, Slater
Brown v. Board of Education
Bryn Mawr College
Buffalo, N.Y.
Bureau of Investigation, 6.1, 6.2
see also Federal Bureau of Investigation
Bureau of Vocational Information
Burke, Francis J.
Burns, Lucy, 6.1, 11.1
Burtt, Harold
By Jupiter
Byrne, Billie
Byrne, Charlie
Byrne, Ethel, il10.1, 11.1, 11.2, il14.4, 19.1, 25.1, 28.1, 30.1, nts.1, nts.2
Brooklyn birth control clinic of, 11.1, il11.1, 30.1, nts.1
death of
in Greenwich Village
hunger strike of, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 30.1, 30.2, nts.1
Olive abandoned by, 10.1, nts.1
Olive born to, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1
Olive’s relationship with, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 19.1, 30.1, 30.2, nts.1
pardon of
Sanger’s children cared for by, 11.1, nts.1
Sanger’s distancing from, 11.1, 30.1, nts.1
trial and imprisonment of, 11.1, il11.2, 11.2, 12.1
Byrne, Helen
Byrne, Jack, Jr., 10.1, 10.2, 19.1, 19.2, 30.1
comics published by, 21.1, nts.1
Byrne, Jack, Sr., 10.1, nts.1
Byrne, Olive, il10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, il19.2, 19.1, 19.2, 21.1, 21.2, 28.1, 28.2, il28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 28.5, 29.1, 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4
abandonment of
appearance and personality of, 13.1, 19.1
birth of, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1
bracelets of, 18.1, il18.2, 18.2, il18.2, il18.4, il19.1, 23.1, 30.1
children raised by, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, il16.1, 17.1, il18.2, 18.1, 19.1, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4
collaborations with Marston by
at Columbia, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, il17.1, 17.1, nts.1, nts.2
on comics
death of, 30.1, nts.1
Embassy Theatre experiment and
Ethel’s relationship with, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 19.1, 30.1, 30.2, nts.1
fake wedding of, 18.1, 18.2, 21.1, nts.1
as Family Circle writer, 19.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 22.2, 28.1
on free love
Holloway’s relationship with, 14.1, 15.1, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4
at Keatley’s Aquarian gatherings
letter to Douglas by
Marston’s relationship with, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 28.1, 30.1, 30.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3
at Maternal Health Center clinic
pregnancies and childbirth of, 18.1, 19.1, il19.1
Sanger and, 11.1, 13.1, 19.1, 19.2, 28.1, 30.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4
as Sanger’s caretaker, 30.1, nts.1
as Sanger’s personal secretary
sons adopted by Marston and Holloway, 19.1, 21.1
in Truro
at Tufts, 13.1, il13.2, 13.2, 14.1, il14.4, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 19.1, 19.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3
on vaudeville circuit
and Wonder Woman, 12.1, 22.1, 23.1
Byrne & Byrne
California
California, University of
Cambridge, Mass., 4.1, 6.1, 7.1
Camp Greenleaf, Ga., 6.1, 6.2, il6.3
Camp Po-Ne-Mah
Camp Upton, N.Y.
Cape Cod, 13.1, 19.1, 28.1
Captain America (char.), il23.7
captivation, 14.1, 15.1
Carbine, Patricia, 30.1, 30.2
Carnegie Hall
Carter, Lynda
Cat
Catholic University
Catt, Carrie Chapman
CBS radio
censorship
of children’s reading
of comic books, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1, 29.1
film, 17.1, 17.2, 24.1
of Wonder Woman, 24.1, 27.1, 28.1, 28.2, nts.1
Chafee, Zechariah, 9.1, nts.1
Chaplin, Charlie, 4.1, 17.1
Charlatan, The (film), il17.3, 17.1, nts.1
Cheaper by the Dozen (film), nts.1
Cheetah (char.), il9.2
Cherry Orchard, 19.1, il19.4, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1, 28.1, 28.2, 30.1, nts.1
Chesler, Ellen
Chesterton, G. K.
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame
Chicago, Ill., 17.1, 17.2
Chicago Daily News, war on comic books by, 22.1
Chicago Tribune, 21.1, nts.1
“Child of the Amazons” (Eastman)
children, trauma in
Child Study, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 22.1, 27.1, nts.1
Child Study Association of America, 14.1, 22.1, 28.1
Children’s Book Committee of
Chisholm, Shirley
Churchill, Winston
Cliftondale, Mass., 2.1, 2.2, 19.1, 21.1
Clinical Research Bureau, Sanger’s
Collier, Virginia MacMakin
Columbia University, 6.1, 18.1, 22.1
Marston at, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, il17.1, nts.1
Olive at, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
School of Journalism at
comic books
adult readers of
aggression in, 24.1, 24.2
attacks on, 22.1, 23.1
Bender on, 24.1, 27.1
censorship of, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1, 29.1
female heroes in, 21.1, 24.1
as self-therapy
underground
women artists and, 21.1, 23.1, nts.1
women’s movement and
World War II and, 22.1, 23.1
Comic Cavalcade, 26.1, 26.2, 28.1
“Comics and the Super State” (Ong)
Comics Magazine Association of America, code of
comic strips, 21.1, 23.1
Comstock, Anthony
Concerning Women (La Follete)
Condon, John F.
Congress, U.S.
; juvenile delinquency hearings in
Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage
Corning, N.Y.
Cosmopolitan
Cott, Nancy
Cox, Marion
Crosby, Cathy Lee
Cross, Donna Woolfolk, nts.1, nts.2
Cummings, E. E.
Curtis, N. Pearl
Daniels, Les
Darien, Conn., 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1
Darrow, Clarence, 3.1, 29.1
Davis, Emily
Davis, Flora
D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, 9.1, 9.2
DC Comics, 2.1, 15.1, 22.1, 26.1, 28.1, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3
editorial advisory board of, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1, 29.1, 29.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4
Deaconess Hospital
Debs, Eugene, 2.1, 12.1
deception tests, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 9.1, 17.1
expert witness status denied for, 8.1, 9.1
systolic blood pressure, 9.1, 20.1, 28.1
see also lie detector
Delany, Samuel R., 288
democracy
Democratic National Convention, of 1972
Democratic Party, 2.1, 30.1
Dennehey, James B.
“Department Store Perfidy,”, il25.5
Detective Book Magazine
Detective Comics, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1
Detroit, Mich.
Detroit Police Department
Diana Prince (char.), see Wonder Woman
dime novels
Doctor Fate (char.)
Dorchester, Mass.
Douglas, William O.
Dowling, Levi H.
Dozier, William
Dracula (film)
Dreear, Horace
Dr. Hypno (char.)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (film), 17.1
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Stevenson), 1.1, nts.1
Dr. Mid-Night (char.)
Dr. Poison (char.), il1.8
Dr. Psycho (char.), 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 26.1
DuBois, W. E. B.
Dudding, E. E.
Duke of Deception (char.), 20.1, 26.1, 29.1
Eastern Color Printing Company
Eastman, Crystal, 10.1, 10.2, 15.1
Eastman, Max, 1.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, nts.1
EC Comics
Edgar, Joanne, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5, nts.1
education, women’s, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 24.1, nts.1
“Effect of Comic Books on the Ideology of Children” (Bender and Lourie)