Russia's War

by Richard Overy

  London, 12, 89

  Lopatin, General Alexander, 172

  losses, Soviet in 1941, 117

  in Finnish war, 56

  in Kursk battle, 212

  in Leningrad siege, 112

  of officers, 214

  over whole war, 287–9

  in Stalingrad battle, 185

  Lozgachev, Peter, 320

  Lublin, 66, 68, 239, 244, 247

  Lubyanka, 22, 29, 32, 43, 69, 137, 300, 311, 319

  Ludwig, Emil, 15, 292

  Lutze, Viktor, 151

  Lvov, 239, 244

  Magdeburg, 278

  Magnuszew, 244

  Maidenek extermination camp, 260

  Main Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps (Gulag), 228

  Main Headquarters – see Stavka

  Main Military Council (formerly Revolutionary Military Council), 54, 57, 188, 305

  Maisky, Ivan, 40, 167, 168

  Malenkov, Georgi, 81, 307, 317, 320, 321

  Malinovsky, Marshal Roman, 185

  Malta, 252

  Mamayev Kurgan, 171, 172, 173, 178

  Manchuria, 136, 286, 287

  Manhattan Project, 313

  Mannerheim Line, 56

  Manstein, Field Marshal Erich von, 10, 156, 179, 181, 185, 198, 206, 219

  Mayakovsky Square, 114

  McCarthy, Joseph, 309

  Mein Kampf, 34, 35

  Meir, Golda, 310

  Mekhlis, Lev, 32, 81, 187

  Memel, 47

  Meretskov, General Kirill, 58, 59, 67, 69, 81, 100, 110

  Merkulov, Nikolai, 300

  Mikhoels, Solomon, 138, 310

  Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 247, 248

  Mikoyan, Anastas, 79

  military commissars, 8, 158, 160, 188

  Military Council – see Revolutionary Military Council

  militia units, 80, 92

  Miller, General Eugene, 38

  Minsk, 73, 76, 78, 86, 125, 151, 237, 239, 243, 248, 260, 310

  Model, Field Marshal Walther, 10, 203, 204, 205, 206, 243

  Mogilev, 125

  Moldova, 286

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47–9, 51, 54, 63–4, 74, 78, 96, 136, 219, 220, 283, 285, 287, 297, 308, 313, 318

  Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact – see German-Soviet Pact

  Mongolia, 286

  Moscow, 1, 6, 10, 12, 25, 27, 35, 39, 54, 62, 108, 154, 158, 177, 212, 213, 226, 248, 265, 277, 305, 306, 307, 308, 312, 314and 1941 panic, 97

  in 1942, 156–8, 163, 168

  in 1943, 198

  and civil war, 1, 5

  and evacuation, 96–7

  and German attack, 76, 80, 85, 89, 91, 92, 95–7, 112–14, 115–18, 120, 129, 214

  and Stalin/Churchill meeting, 251–2

  Moscow-Volga Canal, 115, 119

  Mozhaisk Line, 113

  Mukden, 286

  Munich Conference, 40, 41, 274

  Murmansk, 53, 197

  Museum of the Defence of Leningrad, 308

  Mussolini, Benito, 40

  Nagasaki, 316

  Napoleon Bonaparte, 88, 115, 143, 239, 256

  Nazi-Soviet Pact – see German-Soviet Pact

  Nebe, Artur, 125

  Neisse River, 267, 271

  Nekrasov, Viktor, 176

  Netherlands, 59

  Nevsky, Prince Aleksandr, 115, 162

  New Economic Policy, (NEP), 13

  New Zealand, 111

  NKGB (KGB), 304, 305, 307, 318, 320

  NKVD (Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 17, 22, 24, 44, 80, 81, 82, 104, 110, 138, 158, 160, 202, 225, 228, 229, 253, 285, 300, 303, 308, 329and 1930s terror, 24

  and ambassadors' trial, 136

  and army discipline, 81–3, 213

  and deportations, 51, 60, 232–4

  and Katyn, 296

  and Kuropaty, 296

  and military purges, 24–8

  and Moscow panic, 97

  and Order 227, 160

  and partisans, 146, 151

  in Poland, 51–3

  at Potsdam, 282–3, 285

  in Spain, 38

  Normandy invasion, 237, 240, 244

  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 316

  North Korea, 286

  North Star, The (film), 147

  Novikov, Marshal Aleksandr, 191–2, 305

  Nowogradek, 146

  nuclear bombs - see atomic bombs

  Nuremberg Trials, 294–7

  Oboyan, 206

  Oder River, 257, 260, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267

  Odessa, 1, 141, 306

  OGPU (State Political Directorate), 21

  Olkhovatka, 204

  Omsk, 303

  Operation Bagration, 239, 241–6, 249, 256

  Operation Blue, 157

  Operation Cottbus, 147

  Operation Koltso (Ring), 181, 183

  Operation Kutuzov, 211

  Operation Munich, 147

  Operation Myth, 277

  Operation Rumyantsev, 211

  Operation Saturn, 181

  Operation Torch, 168

  Operation Typhoon, 92, 93, 105

  Operation Uranus, 171, 177, 178–80

  Orbeli, Josef, 108

  Order Number 1, 8, 330

  Order Number 277, ‘Not a Step Back!’, 158, 160, 161

  Order Number 270, 80, 301

  Orel, 1, 93, 128, 199, 211, 212, 302

  Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 83–4

  Oshima, Hiroshi, 203

  Osinovets, 109

  Overlord, 231, 237, 240

  Pale of Settlement, 136

  Palestine, 147

  Panfilov men, 116, 117

  Panin, Dmitri, 228, 229, 230, 231–2

  partisans, 134, 142–50

  Pas de Calais, 238

  Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 165, 166, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180–83, 184, 185, 294

  Pavlov, General Dmitri, 66, 67, 81, 113

  Peggetz, 301

  penal battalions, 160, 215

  Persian Gulf, 63, 197

  Peter the Great, 292

  Petrograd (see Leningrad), 1, 2, 330

  Petrov, Konstantin, 18

  Pilsudski, Marshal Josef, 256

  Plevitskaya, Nadezhda, 38

  Ploesti oil fields, 60, 239, 249

  Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax, Admiral Sir Reginald, 46

  Podborove, 109

  Poland, 5, 59, 68, 135, 251, 257, 260, 266, 271, 311–12in 1920s, 5

  in 1939, 36, 41, 43–6, 50

  and Allies, 247–9, 251, 253, 254, 284

  under Soviet occupation, 51–5, 61, 82, 83, 137, 146

  Pole Star, 109

  Polish Committee for National Liberation, 247

  Polish Home Army, 246–7, 248, 249, 311

  Poltava, 128

  Ponomarenko, Panteleymon, 145

  Ponryi, 204

  Port Arthur, 286

  Poskrebyshev, Aleksandr, 318

  Potsdam Conference, 281–91, 293, 295, 314

  Poznan, 263, 264

  Prague, 131

  Pripet Marshes, 242

  prison camps origins, 21

  post-war, 297–8, 299, 301–2, 308

  in wartime, 227–33

  prisoners-of-war, 52–3, 127, 260, 297–9, 301, 309

  Prokhorovka, 206, 207, 208, 210

  Psel River, 206

  Pulawy, 244

  purges, 25–33, 37, 307–8

  Rail Campaign, 150

  rationing, 110, 224–6

  rearmament, 19

  reconstruction, 291–2

  Red Army in 1920s, 6, 11–12

  and 1941 war games, 66–7

  and Bagration, 242–6

  and Berlin, 262, 265–73

  in civil war, 1, 2, 3

  and co-operation with Germany, 10–11

  and counter-offensive at Moscow, 119–20, 129

  and early defeats, 90–91, 93

  at Kursk, 200–201, 203–10

  and
liberation of camps, 260–61

  and Manchuria, 285

  and partisans, 150

  preparedness in 1941, 64–9

  and siege of Leningrad, 111

  and Stalingrad, 171–7

  and Timoshenko reforms, 57–9

  and war in Poland, 51

  and Warsaw Rising, 247–8

  and wartime reforms, 187–9, 190–91

  Red Army Main Political Directorate, 32

  Red October Factory, 164

  Red Orchestra spy ring, 103

  Reichenau, Field Marshal Walther von, 84, 182

  Reichstag, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276

  Reichswehr, 9

  Reims, 278, 279

  reparations, 284

  repatriation, 298, 304

  Revolutionary Military Council, 6, 7, 11, 29

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 47, 48–50, 51, 53, 62–3

  Riga, 140, 163

  Riga, Treaty of, 5

  Road of Life – see Ice Road

  Rodimtsev, General Alexander, 173, 174

  Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin, 30, 82, 179, 184, 200, 201, 203, 206, 207, 242, 248, 263, 281, 306

  Romania, 5, 40, 43, 48, 60, 62, 63, 65, 239, 250, 286

  Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 156

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 194, 212, 220–22, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 267, 280, 282, 291, 327

  Rostov-on-Don, 158, 164, 181

  Rotmistrov, General Pavel, 207, 208, 209, 210, 217, 239

  Rovno, 133

  Rudenko, Gen. Roman, 294

  Rudenko, Marshal Sergei, 325

  Russian liberation movement, 130

  Russian National Army of Liberation, 128–9, 130, 298

  Russian Orthodox Church, 162, 163

  Rybalko, Marshal P. S., 244, 271, 272

  ‘Sacred Cow’, 252

  Sakhalin, 253, 286, 287

  Schlieffen Plan, 35

  Schlüsselburg, 102

  Schnurre, Karl, 47

  Schulenburg, Friedrich von der, 48, 49, 74

  Schutzstaffel (SS), 83–4, 127, 131, 135, 139, 140, 144, 206

  Second front, 168, 221–2, 240, 243

  Seelöw heights, 265, 266, 268, 269

  self-propelled artillery, 193, 203–4, 207

  Semipalatinsk, 315

  Sergei, Metropolitan of Moscow, 162

  Serov, Ivan, 304

  Sevastopol, 73, 156

  Shaposhnikov, Marsal Boris, 11, 29, 54, 65, 93, 122, 166

  Shkuro, General Andrei, 300

  Shostakovich, Dmitri, 108, 220

  Shpigelglaz, Mikhail, 27

  Shpigelglaz, Sergei, 138

  Shtemenko, Marshal Sergei, 189, 199, 237, 241

  Shtern, Lina, 311

  Shvernik, N. M., 170

  Silesia, 66, 253, 257, 260, 263, 264, 267

  Simonov, Konstantin, 80, 163, 172, 176, 317, 324

  Siret River, 250

  Skoblin, Nikolai, 38

  Smersh, 261, 277, 278, 300, 301, 302, 304

  Smith, General Bedell, 278

  Smolensk, 53, 65, 86, 87, 91, 102, 130, 147, 217, 295

  Smolesnk Declaration, 130

  Sobibor extermination camp, 260

  Solovki, 21

  Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 229, 230, 262

  Sorge, Richard, 70, 118

  Sovetsky, 179

  Soviet-Finnish War, 55–7, 60, 241, 294, 295

  Soviet Information Bureau, 138

  Spaatz, General Carl, 279

  Spain, 100

  Spanish Civil War, 37, 55

  Special Committee for the Atom Bomb, 314

  Spittal, 300

  Spree River, 271

  Stakhanov, Alexander, 18

  Stalin, Josef in 1920s, 11

  and 1941 war games, 66–7

  and anti-Semitism, 135, 172, 309–11

  and attack on Moscow, 112–13, 117

  and Berlin, 255, 256, 262–3, 267

  in civil war, 2, 3

  and collectivization, 23

  and Czech crisis, 40, 42

  death of, 320–21

  and defeat of France, 59

  and Doctors' Plot, 319–20

  and fate of Warsaw, 243, 244, 247–9

  final years, 316–18

  as General Secretary, 6, 15

  as Generalissimus, 280, 281, 287

  and general staff, 187–9

  and German alliance, 37

  and German Pact, 48–50, 53–5

  and German surrender, 278–81

  and Kirov murder, 24

  and Kursk, 199–200, 202–3, 211–12

  meetings with Churchill, 167–8, 251–2

  and military expansion, 18–20

  and military purges, 26–30

  and Moscow counteroffensive, 120–22

  and nationalities, 232–3

  and negotiations with Britain and France, 40–43

  and Order Number 227, 158

  origins, 13–14

  and outbreak of war, 73–7

  and partisan war, 145, 147, 150

  personality, 13–14, 15–16, 23, 280–82, 290–93

  and post-war purges, 304–8

  at Potsdam, 281–5

  and pre-war intelligence, 69–72

  and religion, 162–3

  and Roosevelt's death, 267

  and Soviet atrocities, 261–2

  and Soviet-Finnish war, 57

  and Spanish Civil War, 38

  and Stalingrad, 166, 181, 185

  stays in Moscow, 97–8

  and Teheran Conference, 220–22

  and war preparations, 67–9

  and Yalta Conference, 252–6

  Stalin, Yakov, 81

  Stalingrad, 93, 128, 149, 158, 164, 165, 166, 167, 171–7, 179, 181, 182, 183–5, 213, 220, 294, 305, 324

  Stalin Line, 31, 59, 64–5

  Stamenov, Ivan, 96

  State Defence Committee, 79, 137

  Stavka, 77, 81, 90, 113, 236, 255

  Stamenov, Ivan, 96

  Stemmermann, General W., 235

  Stimson, Henry, 283, 327

  Stolypin, Petr, 24

  Stelovka, 123

  Sudentenland, 39

  Suez Canal, 156

  Susloparov, General Ivan, 278

  Suvorov, Aleksandr, 115

  Sverdlovsk, 108, 223

  Sweden, 63

  Switzerland, 202

  Taiwan, 312

  Tanks, 190–1, 193, 207–10, 286, 313IS-1, 193

  IS-2, 193

  KV-1, 87

  Panther, 193, 208, 209

  T-34, 67, 87, 114, 192–3, 206, 207, 208, 209, 219

  Tiger, 193, 206, 207, 208, 209

  Tannenberg, 256

  Tatars, 136, 233–4

  Tchaikovsky, Peter, 124

  Tedder, Air Marshal Arthur, 279

  Teheran, 220, 282, 291

  Teheran Conference, 220–22, 247, 291

  Thirty Years' War, 34

  Tiflis, 14

  Tikhvin, 109, 110

  Timashuk, Lidya, 318

  Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon, 2, 56, 57, 58, 59, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 86, 92, 165

  Todt, Fritz, 34

  Tokyo, 70

  Tolstoy, Leo, 124

  Tomka, 10

  Torgau, 276

  Treblinka extermination camp, 260

  Tripartite pact, 62

  Trotsky, Leon, 2, 6, 13, 23, 25, 103, 244

  Truman, Harold S., 267, 282, 283, 284, 283, 291, 294

  Tsanava, Lavrenti, 310

  Tsaritsa River, 172

  Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad), 16, 99, 164

  Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail in 1920s, 7, 9–10and arrest, 26

  trial and death, 26–9, 32, 36, 39

  army reforms, 10–12, 19–20, 30–31, 32, 33, 57, 211, 241

  as chief of armaments, 19–20

  in civil war, 5, 7

  Tula, 1, 116, 119

  Tunisia, 202

  Tupolev, Alexander, 224

  Turkestan, 1
27

  Turkey, 63, 287

  Tyumen, 96

  Ukraine, 51, 62, 66, 76, 80, 91, 92, 96, 122, 129, 136, 147, 154, 164, 166, 217, 224, 236, 266, 271, 272, 305, 309, 311in civil war, 5

  and collectivization, 23

  German invasion, 82–7, 114, 139

  and liberation, 217–19

  nationalism, 149–50, 311–12

  occupation, 126, 132–5

  and partisan war, 144, 149

  Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 150

  Ukrainian Nationalist Organization, 150

  Ultra intelligence, 202

  Uman, 151, 152

  United Nations, 253

  United States, 61, 94, 111, 120, 131, 147, 167, 193–4, 251–2, 254, 282, 285, 286, 313, 314, 316, 317

  Vaksberg, Arkady, 319

  Vasilevsky, Marshal Alexander, 63, 166, 168, 169, 177, 178, 189, 190, 201, 208, 209, 210, 237, 241

  Vatutin, General Nikolai, 72, 169, 179, 200, 203, 206, 209, 219, 236, 306

  Victory Day, 280–81

  Vienna, 263

  Vilnius, 163

  Vinnitsa, 130, 151

  Vinogradov, Vladimir, 319–20

  Vistula-Oder Operation, 257–9

  Vistula River, 243, 244, 245, 246, 256, 257

  Vladivostok, 197

  Vlasik, Nikolai, 319

  Vlasov, General Andrei, 125, 129–32, 301

  Volga Germans, 232–3

  Volga River, 165, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 248

  Volgograd, 324

  Volkogonov, Dmitri, 16, 282

  Volkssturm, 266

  Vorkuta mines, 230

  Voronezh, 158

  Voronov, Marshal N. N., 306

  Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 2, 8–9, 11, 19, 20, 26, 32, 45–6, 55, 56, 57, 103, 220

  Voskoboinikov, Col., 128

  Voskrensky, Metropolitan Sergei, 163

  Vovsi, Meer, 318, 319

  Voznesensky, Maria, 308

  Voznesensky, Nikolai, 307–8

  Vyazma, 92, 93

  Vyatka camp, 231

  Vyazma, 92

  Vyshinsky, Andrei, 25, 28, 279, 295, 305

  Waffen-SS, 246

  Wagner, Richard, 185

  war production, 170–71, 196–8, 231–2

  Warsaw, 5, 15, 27, 246–9, 256, 284, 305

  Warsaw ghetto, 246–7

  Warsaw Rising, 129, 246–9

  war trials – see Nuremberg Trials

  Washington DC, 42,194–5

  Weichs, General Maximilian von, 158

  Werth, Alexander, 111, 151, 152, 154, 176

  Wilno, 82

  Winter Palace, 104

  Winter War – see Soviet – Finnish War

  Women's Light Night Bomber Regiment, 241

  Württemberg, 129

  Yakir, General Jonah, 29

  Yalta Brigade, 146

  Yalta Conference, 252–6, 267, 281, 283, 284, 285, 299, 300

  Yasnaya Polyana, 124

  Yegerov, Marshal Aleksandr, 20, 29

  Yelchenko, Fyodor, 184

  Yelnya, 86, 102

  Yeremenko, Marshal Andrei, 91, 93, 173, 176