This Nonviolent Stuff'll Get You Killed
Page 37
Cunningham, Frank, 165, 166
Cure Violence, 243
Cutrer Jr., Jesse H., 209, 212
Dahmer, Vernon, 96, 185
Dallas County (Alabama), 147
Daniels, Jonathan, 182–183
Daniels, Rufe, 74–75
Danville (Virginia), 161
Darien (Georgia)
Darien Insurrection in, 71
Davis, Leonard, 20
Dawson, William, 131
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 12–13, 15–16, 126, 187, 192–194, 204, 229
in Bogalusa, LA, 207–213, 241
disbanding of, 17
formation of, 201–202, 205–206
spread of, 207–208, 225–226
Decatur (Mississippi), 83–84, 92
Declaration of Independence, 33
and slavery, 35
Delta Democratic Times, 126
Democratic Party, 44, 68, 230
black participation in, 60
National Convention (1936) of, 60
National Convention (1948) of, 60
National Convention (1964) of, 230–232
in the South, 17, 79, 98, 100, 103
Denegale, Henry, 71
Dennis, David “Dave,” 175, 178, 187–190, 192, 202, 206, 213, 227
Detroit (Michigan), 67, 228
Dickson, “Father” Moses (Manual of the Knights of Tabor and Daughters of the Tabernacle), 39, 40
Dillon, Willie and Matti, 143
Dittmer, John (Local People), 248
Dixiecrats, 17, 60–61, 97, 230
domestic servants
as “Eleanorites,” 66
Donaldson, Ivanhoe, 161–162, 183, 243–244, 245
Dorrough, Charles, 22–25, 116, 118, 123, 125–126, 129, 141
Douglass, Frederick (My Bondage and My Freedom), 27, 41, 47, 99, 145, 249
Dream Defenders, 245
Drew, Charles R., 64
Du Bois, W. E. B., 3–4, 41, 42, 55, 101
on black soldiers, 76, 77
guns of, 70
and Niagara Movement, 72
on Reconstruction, 54
and talented tenth, 163, 165–166
on Woodrow Wilson, 68
Dunbar, Paul Lawrence, 120
Durham (North Carolina), 148, 203
Earl of Dunmore, 36, 37
East St. Louis (Illinois)
terrorism in, 78
Eastland, James O., 62, 97, 105
Ebony magazine, 132, 137, 215
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 224, 241
Edwards, Alonzo, 74–75
Eleanor Clubs, 66
Evers, Charles, 91–93, 95, 96, 98, 137
early years of, 83–86
Evers, Darrell Kenyatta, 137
Evers, James “Crazy Jim,” 84, 93, 94–95, 137
Evers, Jessie, 137
Evers, Medgar, 91–96, 97–98, 129, 146, 163
death of, 142, 176, 216
early years of, 83–86
and Kenyatta, Jomo, 136–137
and NAACP, 172, 185
Evers-Williams, Myrlie, 92, 96, 137
Fanon, Frantz, 11
Farmer, James, 4, 150, 151, 192, 203–204, 224, 228
in Bogalusa, LA, 212–213
Fayette (Mississippi), 98
Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), 7, 150, 189
Fenton, Charlie, 200–202
First African Baptist Church (Tuscaloosa), 216, 217–219
Fisher, Earl, 126
Fisk University, 170
Fleming, John Calhoun, 56, 57
Fleming, William “Billy,” 56–57, 63
Forman, James “Jim,” 141, 213, 243
Forman Jr, James, 243
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 41
Fort Benning (Georgia), 214
Fort Deposit (Alabama), 183
Fort Hood (Texas), 91
Fort Pillow (Tennessee), 41
Fortune, T. Thomas, 70
Fourteenth Amendment, 45, 48
France, 73
black soldiers in, 67, 77
Franklin, John Hope, 42
fraternal associations
and Freemasonry, 39
among Haitians, 39
and Knights of Tabor, 40
and Prince Hall Masons, 90, 194
and Twelve Knights of Liberty/Order of Twelve, 39–40
Freedom Movement, 97, 112, 129, 149, 166, 227, 236, 240
and armed defense, 6, 9–10, 138, 144–145, 187–188
in canon, 249
and community organizing, 13
definition of, 2, 246–248
and miscegenation, 62
nonviolence of, 4–5, 115, 242
veterans role in, 82, 87, 91–92
women in, 12, 94
Freedom Rides (1961), 3, 88, 151, 155, 174
and Freedom Riders, 128, 163, 170, 175, 241
Freedom School, 249–250
Freedom Summer (1964), 183, 195, 204, 250
Freeman’s Standard, 47–48
Freemasons. See fraternal associations
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 51
F. W. Woolworth, 154–155
Gandhi, Mohandas, 8, 149–150, 191, 242
Garrison, William Lloyd, 249
Garvey, Marcus, 72, 79, 80, 90
Gathering for Justice, 244
Geltson, George C., 215
George III, 35
Georgia
black majority in, 43
and county unit system, 103–104
Georgia Voters League, 103
Germany, 62, 80–81
Glendora (Mississippi), 181
Goldwater, Barry, 232
Gone with the Wind, 42
Goodman, Andrew, 142, 176, 184–185, 198, 214
Graham, Frank Porter, 104
Granger, Lester B., 79
Grant Parish (Louisiana), 50–52
Grant, Ulysses S., 50, 51, 53
Great Migration, 67
Green, George, 184
Greensboro (North Carolina), 115
and sit-ins, 154, 160, 164, 166
Greenville (Mississippi), 126, 176
Greenwood (Mississippi), 142, 146, 176, 177–179
Gregory, James, 29
Griffin, Walter, 57, 58–59
Gross, Teny, 244
Gruening, Martha, 76
gun control laws, 9, 45, 48
and slave revolts, 14, 29
Guyot, Lawrence, 21, 121, 146, 179
Haiti
and Battle of Vertières, 37–38
and Freemasonry, 39
Haley, Richard, 202
Hall, Prathia, 178
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 17, 93–94, 121, 123, 128, 146, 178, 236
and Democratic National Convention (1964), 232
and voter registration, 19–20, 21–22, 122
Hamer, Perry “Pap,” 22
Hamlin, François, 249
Hancock County (Georgia), 47
Harding, Vincent G. (There Is a River), 4, 14, 248–249
Hardy, John, 170, 173
Harlan, Henry Clay, 63–64
Harlem (New York), 144
Harlem Renaissance, 77
Harris, Don, 179
Harris, Jessie, 21
Harrison, Hubert, 78
Harrison, William, 47
Hastie, William H., 83
Hayling, Robert, 215–216
Hays, Brooks, 208–209
Henry, Aaron, 98–100, 134, 136, 175, 178, 231–232
Herzfeld, Willie, 217, 221
Hicks, Robert, 209–211
Hicks, Valeria “Jackie,” 210
Highlander Folk School, 167–168
Hill, Lance, 205–206
Hillet, Vivian, 22
Hinds, James M., 49
Hinton, James M., 98
historically black college and university (HBCU) campuses, 166
Hitler, Adolf, 81, 98
Hogan, Wesley, 249
Holloway’s Prairie (Louisiana), 50
Holmes County (Mississippi), 7, 124, 138, 140, 142
Holsaert, Faith S., 93
Horton, Jotham W., 46
Houston (Texas)
black troops in, 73–77, 112
Camp Logan in, 75
Houston, Charles Hamilton, 79, 150
Howard, Dave, 140
Howard, Nathaniel, 216
Howard, Theodore Roosevelt Mason “T. R. M.,” 130–133, 136, 137
Howard University, 4, 20, 79, 162
and Rankin Chapel, 150
Hulett, John, 233, 234
Humphrey, Hubert, 60, 231–232
Humphreys County (Mississippi), 135
Hurst, Eugene, 96
Hurst, Rodney, 156
Iberville Parish (Louisiana), 192
Illinois Central Railroad, 143
Illinois National Guard, 76
indentured servitude, 29–30
Indianola (Mississippi), 19, 21, 121
and Citizens’ Council, 134
Institute for the Study and Practice of Nonviolence, 244
Interdenominational Theological Center (ITC), 165
International Pulp, Sulfite, and Paper Union, 209
Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 135
Jackson, David, 132
Jackson, Mahalia, 131
Jackson (Mississippi), 131, 241
and sit-ins, 6, 20
Jackson Parish (Louisiana), 194, 198–200, 206
Citizens’ Council of, 195
Jackson Parish Progressive Voters League, 195
Jackson State College/University, 166
assault at, 16
Jackson, Wharlest, 96
Jackson, Y. D., 200
Jacksonville (Florida), 155–156
ax-handle Sunday in, 156
James Meredith March against Fear in Mississippi (1966), 12–13, 223–226, 229, 242
Jamestown (Virginia), 30
Jefferson County (Mississippi), 98
Jefferson, Thomas, 31, 229
as slave owner, 33–34
Jeffersonian Democrats, 62
Jeffries, Hasan Kwame, 2–3, 249
Jenkins, Ira, 171
Jet magazine, 132
Jim Crow, 82, 101, 247
in Mississippi, 99
and streetcars, 72, 78
Johnson, Andrew, 45
Johnson, Bernice, 163, 167
Johnson C. Smith College, 164
Johnson, Charles, 158–159
Johnson, James Weldon, 72
Johnson, Lyndon, 208, 231
Johnson, T. V., 135
Jones, Charles, 164
Jonesboro (Louisiana), 15, 133, 194–196, 198–201
and Deacons for Defense and Justice, 201–202, 205–207, 210
Justice Department. See U.S. Department of Justice
Kellogg, William Pitt, 52–53
Kennedy, John F., 88
administration of, 97
Kennedy, Robert, 88, 203
Kenya
and Mau Mau insurgency, 136–137
Kenyatta, Jomo, 136–137
Khazan, Jibreel. See Blair, Ezell
King, Coretta, 214
King, Edwin, 232
King, Lonnie C., 157–159, 160, 163, 165–166
King Jr., Martin Luther, 16, 87, 111, 147, 151, 165, 191, 218, 223, 224, 235, 240, 242
on Albany Movement, 247–248
and armed defense, 8–9, 112
on Deacons for Defense and Justice, 213–214, 225
and Democratic National Convention (1964), 232
and demonstrations, 154, 227–228
education of, 150
and Malcolm X, 4
nonviolence of, 8, 152, 155, 158, 161, 213–214, 216
weapons of, 7
King, Yolanda, 214
King Charles, 30
Kirkpatrick, Frederick Douglass, 195, 198–201, 205–206, 211
and “The Deacons” song, 206
Kluger, Richard (Simple Justice), 248
Knight, Claxton, 209–210
Knights of Tabor. See fraternal associations
Knights of the White Camellia, 52
Knoxville (Tennessee), 167
Korean War, 96, 156, 158, 159, 182, 195, 219–220
Ku Klux Klan, 8, 12, 15, 45, 47, 49, 65, 80, 85, 117, 127, 142, 154, 176, 192, 231, 242
in Amite County, MS, 171–172
in Baker County, GA, 180
in Bogalusa, LA, 208–209, 212
and federal law, 51–52
founding of, 58
in Glendora, MS, 181
in Greenville, MS, 126
in Jackson Parish, LA, 194–195, 196, 198–199
and law enforcement, 9, 19
leadership of, 41
in Madison County, GA, 214
in McComb, MS, 143
in Monroe, NC, 108–111, 152
and Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, 197
in Plaquemine, LA, 192, 205
in popular culture, 42
in St. Augustine, FL, 215
in Tuscaloosa, AL, 216, 221–222
and White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, 197
Ladner, Dorie, 163, 184, 185–186
Ladner, Joyce, 163, 185
Lafayette, Bernard, 182, 244
LaPointe, LaVal, 56
Latino Dream Act, 244
Lawson, James M., 8, 150, 156, 227
League for Democracy, 79
Lee County (Georgia), 168
Lee, George W., 96, 135, 137
Lee, Herbert, 21, 24, 96, 117, 172, 176, 177
Lee, Ulysses, 105
Lesser, Mike, 195, 198–199
Lewis, John, 8, 169, 204, 224
Liberation magazine, 111
Liberty (Mississippi), 172
Liberty League, 78
Liddell, Colia, 163
Lighthouse and Informer newspaper, 98
Linton, T. W., 216–217, 221
Little Rock (Arkansas), 8, 99
Central High School of, 8
Little Rock Nine (1957), 8
Lockridge, Raymond, 59
Loe, Newt, 199
Logan, Rayford, 42
Long, Huey, 193
Long, Jefferson, 47
Long, Worth, 114, 148, 154
Los Angeles (California), 228
Los Barrios Unidos, 244
Louisiana, 9, 16, 192
CORE organizers in, 191, 193, 195
culture of, 193
and Corps d’Afrique, 51
and Deacons for Defense and Justice, 15, 194, 201–202, 205–212
Red River Valley in, 50, 52
and State Militia’s Sixth Infantry Regiment, 51
Louisiana Summer Task Force, 195
Louisville Courier-Journal, 59–60
Lowndes County (Alabama), 47, 182–183
and Black Panther Party, 233–234
Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), 233–234
Loyal Leagues, 44
Lucy, Autherine, 216–217, 219, 221
Lumumba, Patrice, 236
Lynn, Conrad, 113
Lynd, Staughton, 249–250
Macon (Georgia), 47
Madison County (Georgia), 214
Madison County (Mississippi), 187–191
Malcolm X, 102, 126, 236
and Martin Luther King Jr., 4
Mallisham, Joseph, 15, 219, 220–222
Mangum, W. W., 108
Mankin, Helen Douglas, 103, 104
Marable, William, 218–219
Marcus, Sissy, 112
Marlow, William David “W. D.,” 22
Marshall, Thurgood, 113
Massachusetts
and slavery, 28
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 249
Maury County (Tennessee), 57, 58, 63
McCain, Franklin, 166
McComb (Mississippi), 123, 143–144, 146, 169–173
McCray, John Henry, 98
McDew, Charles
“Chuck,” 117, 157, 158, 163, 171, 184–185, 186
McDonald, Joe, 22, 24–25, 115–116, 120–122, 125, 128–129, 141, 146
McDonald, Rebecca, 22, 24–25, 121, 146
McEnery, John, 52
McGhee, Laura, 142–143, 146
McKaine, Osceola, 79, 98
McKenzie, Edna Chappell, 81–82
McKissick, Floyd, 224–225, 228
McLaurin, Charles “Mac,” 22, 23, 24, 118, 128, 141
on organizing, 120, 122–123
McMeans, Bessie, 183
McNair, Landy, 22, 23, 118, 128, 141
McNeil, Joseph, 155
Memphis (Tennessee), 223–224
sanitation workers strike (1968) in, 16
terrorism in, 46–47, 48
Tri-State Bank of, 131
Meredith, James, 21, 223
Meridian (Mississippi), 175
Messenger magazine, 73, 77, 78
and new crowd Negroes, 79
Middleton, Samuel, 37
Milam, S. D., 23
Mileston (Mississippi), 124–125
military veterans (black), 14–15, 44, 46–47, 50, 62
as civil rights leaders, 91–92
in Columbia (Tennessee), 58–60
and Red Ball Express, 105
skills of, 105–106
and state militias, 49
of World War I, 64, 80, 105
of World War II, 64, 99, 105, 123–124, 166, 195, 219–220
Miller, Hosie, 180
Miller, Steve, 211
Mississippi, 16
and Democratic National Convention (1964), 230–231
freedom riders in, 170
and sit-ins, 6
voting rights in, 19, 83–84, 89–91, 121–122
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 21, 79, 143, 196, 230–232, 234
Mississippi State Penitentiary. See Parchman Farm
Mitchell, Francis, 137
Mondale, Walter, 232
Monroe (Louisiana), 195, 198–200
Monroe (North Carolina), 12, 129–130, 152, 153, 164
armed defense in, 107–111, 114, 133
kissing case in, 112
Monroe Rifle Club, 110
Montgomery (Alabama)
bus boycott in (1955–1956), 3, 7, 115, 150, 152, 155, 240
Montgomery, Bennie, 108, 110, 152
Moody, Anne, 167
Moore, Amzie, 86, 136, 173, 174, 178
and NAACP, 87–88, 120–121
and voter registration, 89–91, 175
Moore, O’Neal, 212
Moore, Ronnie, 195, 198–199
Moral Mondays, 245
Morehouse College, 150, 160, 165
Morgan, Edmund S., 31
Morris Brown College, 165
Morrisroe, Richard, 183
Morton, James, 57, 58, 64
Moses, Robert P. “Bob,” 3, 23, 65, 97, 123, 178, 192, 232
on Cotton Curtain, 88
on nonviolence, 5–6, 141, 177
on organizing, 116–119, 120, 173–175
and SNCC, 87–88, 89–90, 169–172, 173, 175, 204
Mound Bayou (Mississippi), 130, 137
Murdock, Cloyte, 132
Murray, Alberta, 221
Murray, Pauli, 4, 151
nadir (of race relations), 70, 72