Art of Betrayal
Page 51
7 Suzanne St Albans, Mango and Mimosa, Virago, London, 2001, p. 318
8Martin Herz, Understanding Austria, Wolfgang Neugebauer, Salzburg, 1984, p. 42
9 John Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1946, p. 291
10 MI6 officers had called for caution before taking the side of the locals straight away, reminding others that the Russians had been allies and had made great sacrifices. National Archives FO 1020/1272, Note from H. B. Hitchens
11 National Archives FO 1007/306, Secret Field Security Report for 17–23 August 1945
12 National Archives FO 1007/309, Field Security Reports for Vienna for the first months of 1948
13 Ian Fleming, Thrilling Cities, Jonathan Cape, London, 1963
14 Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, Jonathan Cape, London, 1994, p. 252
15 Ibid., p. 250
16 Ibid., p. 84
17 Graham Greene, Ways of Escape, Penguin, Middlesex, 1982, p. 227; Sherry, Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, p. 127
18 Smollett may have been the source for this part of the story as well as others, but his full role may have been masked by Greene and the film-makers in a deal
19 Reference to Philby’s visit is made in passing on a tape by John Bruce Lockhart who was very briefly based in Vienna after the war. The tape has since been withdrawn from the Imperial War Museum
20 Barbara Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben, Hanser, Munich, 2004, p. 59
21 E. H. Cookridge, The Third Man, Arthur Barker, London, 1968, p. 21
22 Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1973, p. 64; Cookridge, Third Man, p. 28
23 National Archives KV 2/1012–4, Edith Tudor-Hart’s MI5 file; KV2/1604–5, Alex Tudor-Hart’s file
24 John Bruce Lockhart in Nigel West (ed.), The Faber Book of Espionage, Faber & Faber, London, 1993, p. 238
25 Quoted in Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 153
26 Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, pp. 55 and 38–9
27 Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben, p. 62
28 Borovik, Philby Files, pp. 55 and 137
29 Borovik in ibid., p. 251, claims that Philby saw Litzi in Vienna. Other accounts talk of Paris or say the end of the marriage was agreed through letters. Litzi at the time was living in Berlin
30 Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben
31 Marie-Françoise Allain, The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene, The Bodley Head, London, 1983, pp. 18–19
32 Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, p. 174
33 The similarities have been commented on, for instance, in Michael Shelden, Graham Greene: The Man Within, Heinemann, London, 1994, pp. 322–3; Siegfried Beer, ‘The Third Man’, History Today, 1 May 2001, vol. 51, p. 45
34 John H. Richardson, My Father the Spy, Harper Perennial, New York, 2005, p. 92
35 John le Carré, ‘We still need spies’, Guardian, 2 March 1999
36 John le Carré, A Perfect Spy, Coronet, London, 1987, p. 447
37 John le Carré, ‘The Madness of Spies’, New Yorker, 29 September 2008; John le Carré, ‘A service known only by its failures’, Toronto Star, 3 May 1986
38 Le Carré, ‘Madness of Spies’
39 Le Carré, ‘A service known only by its failures’; Graham Greene, Our Man in Havana, Vintage, London, 2001, p. 79
40 Peer de Silva, Sub Rosa, Times Books, New York, 1978, pp. 42–52
41 Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, HarperCollins, London, 1997, p. 64. This may also be the incident referred to in Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 206
42 Interview with Anthony Cavendish
43 National Archives FO 1007/309
44 National Archives FO 1020/1272, Secret Field Security Report
45 National Archives FO 1020/8 (72), Importance of Vienna for the exploitation of intelligence regarding the countries adjacent to Austria and especially the Russians, Top Secret, 10 November 1945
46 John Whitwell, British Agent, John Kimber, London, 1966, p. 26
47 Interview with Anthony Cavendish
48 Bob Steers, ‘There were Two in this Squad’, Intelligence Corps Journal, February 2007
49 Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, pp. 670–3
50 Percy Cradock, Know your Enemy, John Murray, 2002, London, p. 50
51 Peter Hennessy, The Secret State, Penguin, 2002, London, p. 13
52 Jeffery, MI6, pp. 705–6
53 Cradock, Know your Enemy, p. 52
54 The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985
55 Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 189
56 George Kennedy Young, Who is my Liege? Gentry Books, London, 1972, p. 31
57 George Kennedy Young, Masters of Indecision, Methuen, London, 1962, p. 26
58 National Archives FO 1007/327, Allied Control Commission Austria – Joint Intelligence Committee Report, 18 April 1946, Russia’s Intentions in Austria
59 Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 98
60 National Archives FO 1020/3464, Top Secret memo 23 March 1950
61 National Archives DEFE 28/31
62 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 186; Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 188
63 Jeffery, MI6, p. 671
64 Ibid., pp. 669–71
65 National Archives DEFE 21/33 contains the list of JIC priorities for Austria and also reflects frustrations in London in some areas. The extra resources are mentioned in Jeffery, MI6, pp. 669–71
66 National Archives DEFE 21/33
67 James Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 64
68 James V. Milano and Patrick Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, Brassey’s, Washington DC, 1995, pp. 1–2 and 46
69 Ibid., p. 201
70 Asher Ben Natan, The Audacity to Live, Mazo Publishers, Jerusalem, 2007, p. 34
71 National Archives FO 1007/309
72 National Archives FO 1020/99; Robin Steers, FSS: Field Security Section, published by Robin Steers, 1996, p. 23
73 The Soviet intelligence services used a number of different names until being reorganised as the KGB in 1953. For ease of understanding, the KGB is used for the organisation throughout this period
74 Jeffery, MI6, pp. 690–3
75 Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, p. 69; Ben Natan, Audacity to Live, pp. 37 and 55
76 Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, p. 69; Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, pp. 1–2 and 73
77 Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1991, p. 188
78 All material about Daphne Park from an interview conducted by the author unless otherwise noted
79 National Archives ADM 223/500
80 National Archives FO 1020/1272 and FO 1020/14
81 National Archives FO 1007/307
82 National Archives FO 1032/1459
83 National Archives WO 232/92; Tony Geraghty, Brixmis, HarperCollins, London, 1997; Iain Cobain, ‘How the T-Force abducted Germany’s best brains for Britain’, Guardian, 29 August 2007
84 National Archives DEFE 21/33
85 Interview with Daphne Park
86 Daphne Park, ‘Licensed to Kill?’, Ian Fleming Centenary Lecture, Royal Society of Literature, London, 12 May 2009
87 Tom Bower, The Paperclip Conspiracy, Michael Joseph, London 1987
88 Daphne Park, ‘Licensed to Kill?’
89 Details of kidnapping are scattered through Martin Herz, Understanding Austria
90 National Archives FO 1020/99 34
91 Herz, Understanding Austria, pp. 401–3
92 Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, p. 173
93 De Silva, Sub Rosa, pp. 4–5
94 Allen Dulles, The Cr
aft of Intelligence, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1963, p. 213
95 Pontecorvo fled Britain to the USSR. In 1953, when he was supposed to attend a scientific congress there was an attempt to lure him back, offering forgiveness in return for information about the Soviet programme. A meeting was offered in Vienna with Field Security men waiting, guns at the ready, in the British district, but he never showed up. Steers, FSS: Field Security Section, pp. 157–8
96 Caroline Alexander, ‘Vital Powers’, New Yorker, 30 January 1989
97 Interview with Daphne Park
98 National Archives FO 945/376
99 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999, pp. 177–9
100 This account taken from Paul Gorka, Budapest Betrayed, Oak Tree Books, Wembley, 1986, p. 78
101 Márta Pellérdi, ‘Their Man in Budapest: James McCargar and the 1947 Road to Freedom’, Hungarian Quarterly, vol. XLII, no. 161, Spring 2001
102 William Hood, Mole, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1982, p. 115
103 Jeffery, MI6, p. 671
104 Christopher Felix, The Spy and his Masters, Secker & Warburg, London, 1963, p. 132
105 Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, pp. 9, 17
106 Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 106
107 Hood, Mole, p. 28
108 Clarence Ashley, CIA Spymaster, Pelican, Gretna, 2004, p. 82
109 John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 178; David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev and George Bailey, Battleground Berlin, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1997, p. 268
110 Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 38
111 Hood, Mole, p. 74
112 Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 111
113 All details of Golitsyn taken from Volume One of his unpublished memoir, a copy of which was provided to the author. A further copy is lodged with the Library of Congress, Washington DC.
114 Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, p. 25
115 Peter Deriabin and Frank Gibney, The Secret World, Ballantine Books, New York, 1982, pp. 286–9
116 Reference to the kidnap plan is also made in Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 346
117 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 102
118 Ibid., p. 103; Hood, Mole, p. 152. Deriabin’s intelligence was also passed on to the British and is referred to in National Archives KV 5/107
119 National Archives KV 5/107, Effects of recent Soviet defections and desertions, 8 May 1954. The Chief of MI6 asked for the memo to be shown to the head of MI5
120 Hood, Mole, p. 73
121 National Archives FO 1020/99
122 Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, pp. 101–3
123 Ibid., pp. 111–12
124 Nicholas Elliott, With my Little Eye, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1993, p. 49
125 David Stafford, Spies beneath Berlin, Overlook Press, New York, 2003, p. 16
126 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 180
127 Tape recording provided by Bob Steers
128 Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite
129 Stafford, Spies beneath Berlin, p. 23; interview with Anthony Cavendish
130 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 84
131 George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, pp. 17–18; Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 84; Blake – the Confession, BBC Radio 4, 1 August 2009; private information from a CIA officer serving with Blake and from British sources
132 Golitsyn memoir
133 De Silva, Sub Rosa, p. 93
134 Hood, Mole, p. 116
135 National Archives KV 5/107 includes Kholkov’s intelligence on these networks in Austria
136 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Mitrokhin Archive, p. 467
137 Michael Smith, The Spying Game, Politico’s, London, 2003, p. 192
CHAPTER 2: THE COST OF BETRAYAL
1 Interview with Anthony Cavendish; Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, HarperCollins, London, 1997, pp. 54–9
2 Anthony Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, Johnson, London, 1968, pp. 1–55
3 Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney
4 Ibid.
5 Tom Bower, The Red Web, Aurum Press, London, 1989, p. 101
6 Ibid., p. 113
7 National Archives KV 5/106 includes detailed British intelligence reports on the Baltic coast and its security
8 Bower, Red Web, p. 115
9 Ibid., p. 2
10 Interview with former SIS officer
11 Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, pp. 705–6
12 Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 317; Bower, Red Web, p. 60
13 ‘Latvian former counter-intelligence officers recall interaction with Britain’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 11 March 1988
14 Bower, Red Web, pp. 131 and 139
15 David Smiley, Irregular Regular, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1994, p. 191
16 The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV 30 October 1984
17 National Archives HW 75/60–3 includes intercepted Albanian security communications discussing the arrival of British teams
18 David Smiley, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340
19 James McCargar interview, ‘Frontline Diplomacy’, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC; Peter Grose, Operation Rollback, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2000, p.159
20 Obituary of Johnnie Longrigg, The Times, 14 March 2007
21 Percy Cradock, Know your Enemy, John Murray, London, 2002, pp. 26–9
22 Grose, Operation Rollback, pp. 124–5
23 Anthony Verrier, Through the Looking Glass, Jonathan Cape, London, 1983, p. 67
24 Christopher Felix, The Spy and his Masters, Secker & Warburg, London, 1963, p. 140
25 Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 53
26 The Hoover Commission quoted in ibid., p. 252
27 Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 117
28 Ian Fleming, Casino Royale, Penguin, London, 2006, pp. 54 and 91–2; Simon Winder, The Man Who Saved Britain, Picador, London, 2006, p. 84
29 Kim Philby, My Silent War, MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1968, p. 117
30 Felix, The Spy and his Masters, p. 51
31 Quoted in Roderick Bailey, The Wildest Province, Jonathan Cape, London, 2008, p. 318
32 Ibid., p. 328
33 Jeffery, MI6, pp. 712–14; Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1973, p. 202
34 Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340; and Smiley, Irregular Regular, p. 4
35 David Smiley, The Albanian Assignment, Chatto & Windus, London, 1984
36 Obituary of Colonel David Smiley, Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2009
37 Eric Walton, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 13626
38 Ibid.
39 Obituary of Tony Northrop, ‘Covert Cold Warrior made it hot for Hoxha’, The Australian, 6 September 2000
40 The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984
41 Quoted in Stephen Dorril, MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations, Fourth Estate, London, 2000, p. 401
42 Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 191
43 Peer de Silva, Sub Rosa, Times Books, New York, 1978, p. 55
44 Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, p. 265
45 The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984
46 Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior, Simon & Schuster, London, 1991, p. 50; Philby, My Silent War, pp. 112–17
47 The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984
48 Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation, Sphere, London, 1977, p. 211
49 Yossi Melma
n and Dan Raviv, The Imperfect Spies, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1989, p. 82
50 Philby, My Silent War, p. 120
51 Bower, Red Web, p. 127
52 Verrier, Through the Looking Glass, p. 77
53 John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 6. Hart worked on the Albanian operation
54 David Smiley, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340
55 Miles Copeland to Bruce Page, quoted in Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, André Deutsch, London, 1988, p. 1
56 Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 6
57 National Archives KV 3/301
58 Borovik, Philby Files, p. 369
59 Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 128
60 The re-use of Albanian drop points from the war was also clearly madness since they were compromised: Bailey, Wildest Province, p. 328
61 Philby’s reluctance is recounted in Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 161
62 Philby, My Silent War, p. 131
63 Ibid., p. 138
64 Private information. Harvey’s memo has not been found in the CIA archives despite repeated attempts
65 Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, p. 504
66 A copy of an interview note written by Arthur Martin is located in National Archives KV 2/1014, which is Edith Tudor-Hart’s MI5 file
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid.; Chapman Pincher, Treachery, Random House, New York, 2009, p. 398
69 A spy talking to Phillip Knightley recounted in The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985
70 Page et al., Philby: The Spy who Betrayed a Generation, p. 148
71 Interview with a former SIS officer
72 Nicholas Elliott, With my Little Eye, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1993, p. 16
73 Seale and McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, p. 135
74 Ibid.
75 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999
76 Philby, My Silent War, p. xviii; Graham Greene, The Confidential Agent, Vintage, London, 2002, pp. 67–71
77 Philby, My Silent War, p. xvi
78 Quoted in Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 148
79 James McCargar interview, Foreign Affairs Oral History Program, Georgetown University
80 Philby, My Silent War, p. 148
81 Peter Wright, Spycatcher, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1987, p. 44