Art of Betrayal

by Gordon Corera

  Kandahar, 290

  Kandolo, Damian, 119–20, 121, 129, 131

  Kappes, Steve, 384

  Karachi, 295, 352

  Karzai, Hamid, 338, 399

  Kasavubu, Joseph, 105, 106, 107, 119, 120

  Kashmir, 311

  Katanga, 98, 112, 113, 114, 116, 129, 130

  Kaunda, Kenneth, 131

  Kay, David, 380, 387, 388, 390

  Keeler, Christine, 239

  Kelly, David, 385

  Kennedy, President John F., 128–9, 140, 147, 153, 157, 158–9, 172, 202, 223

  Kennedy, Robert, 187

  Kenneth Proud Translation Service, 11

  KGB: in Vienna, 40, 41–4, 49; and Blake, 47–8, 143; and Baltic operations, 53, 54–5; and Young’s post – mortems on Iron Curtain operations, 62; runs émigré operations, 65; and Philby, 67, 73, 189, 242–3, 244–5, 246; recuritment of idealistic agents, 71; and Nasser, 80; Golitsyn defects from 86; in Africa, 114, 115; difficulties of operating on home ground of, 136; reservations about Penkovsky, 146; Penkovsky identifies officers of, 148; Park at Kalinin HQ of, 154–5; investigations into Penkovsky, 167, 172–3; Montgomery followed by, 168; Wynne taken to headquarters in the Lubyanka, 174; and Beneficiary, 180 Golitsyn works as officer at, 184–6; Goltisyn’s information about, 187, 192, 198, 199, 201, 208; Angleton’s views on, 189, 200; Golitsyn on target list of, 190; White’s views about, 200; Nosenko as officer at, 200–1; and Lee Harvey Oswald, 202; and Harold Wilson, 209; CIA fears penetration by, 209–10; suspicions about Golitsyn’s relationship with, 210; subversive operations against Britain, 219–42; Gordievsky as officer of, 248–58, 259–64, 267, 268, 269, 270–4, 287; Gordievsky passes information about, 261–2, 263; and Operation Ryan, 267–8; and Soviet fears, 269; Gordievsky unmasked as spy by, 274; surveillance of Gordievsky, 275; Gordievsky’s escape is humiliation for, 280; penetrates CIA, 211, 285–6; attempts to assassinate Hafizullah Amin, 291; and chauffeur of British Ambassador in Moscow, 317–18; meeting with MI5 officers, 318; Mitrokhin betrays details of operational history of, 318–19; brief references, 2, 6, 52, 137, 159, 165, 176, 183, 195, 281

  Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, 341, 347

  Khan, A. Q., 311, 327, 356, 384, 385, 386

  Khan, Mohammed Siddique, 346–7

  Khost, 351

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 49, 76, 98, 114, 147–8, 157, 158, 159, 169, 170, 186

  Khyber Pass, 293

  King, Andrew, 46–7, 76, 82, 206

  Kipling, Rudyard, 33, 72, 73, 290, 323; Kim, 94–5

  Kisevalter, George, 40, 135, 140–1, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148–9, 150, 153, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162–3, 165, 166, 187, 200, 201, 202, 203

  Kissinger, Henry, 210

  Klose, Helmut, 51–2, 53, 55

  Kollek, Ted, 64

  Konstantin (chauffeur and spy), 317–18

  Korda, Alexander, 14, 46

  Korea, 47, 48; North, 359

  Kroča, Miloslav see Freed

  Kroger, Helen (Lona Cohen), 236–7

  Kroger, Peter (Morris Cohen), 236

  Kupi, Abas, 61

  Kusa, Musa, 384, 385

  Kuwait, 321

  Labour Party, 221, 272, 382

  Lander, Stephen, 265, 330, 331

  Langley, 285, 309, 332, 354, 372, 375

  Latvia, 53–4

  Leeds, 148, 149

  le Carré, John (David Cornwell), 1, 3–4, 5, 21–2, 92, 100, 142, 162, 189, 208, 214, 215, 243, 247, 323–4; A Perfect Spy, 21; The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, 58, 215; Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, 92, 184, 214

  Leconfield House, 216, 265

  Lenin, 252

  Leningrad, 276, 277

  Leopold II, King of Belgium, 104–5, 106

  Leopoldville, 97, 105, 107, 110, 112, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128

  Libya, 328, 331, 356, 359, 383–6

  Lithuania, 53

  Litvinenko, Alexander, 395

  Llandudno, 221

  Lockerbie, 327

  Logar, 302

  London: Philby is recruited as spy in, 18; Philby and Smollet work in, 19; MI6 priorities are agreed in, 31; tapes from Vienna are processed in, 47; planning meeting for Albanian operation, 59; Philby navigates disputes between Washington and, 64–5; telegram about escape of Burgess and Maclean, 68–9; Philby summoned to, 69; Philby’s press conference in, 75; Cooper attends meeting in, 80–1; reactions to Hungarian uprising in, 83; confidence about Philby case in, 88; Wisner sent as CIA station chief in, 90; ideas about the Congo in, 121, 125; Soviet delegation including Penkovsky is invited to, 139; Wynne takes Penkovsky’s letter to, 140; Blake arrested in, 143; first round of

  London–contd meetings between Penkovsky and officers of MI6 and CIA, 135, 140, 144–8, 152–4; Penkovsky’s second visit to, 157–8, 159–60;. Red List and Amber List, 164; Golitsyn travels to US via, 186–7; informed about Golitsyn’s defection, 189; Soviet subversive operations based in, 219–23, 225, 230–1, 232, 233, 234–7, 242, 261, 262, 263; Courtney speaks out in parliament about Soviet operations in, 224–5; defection of Lyalin and expulsion of Soviet diplomats, 241–2, 251–2; Gordievsky based in, 256–7, 258–64, 267, 269, 272, 285; Gorbachev visits, 272; Gordievsky’s arrival after escape from Moscow, 280; response to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 291; discussions about Afghanistan between CIA and MI6 officers, 295–6; satellite phone communication between Afghanistan and, 298; decision to use advanced weaponry in Afghanistan reached in, 305; New Labour government comes to power in, 312; and radical Islam, 328; airspace closed and security tightened on 9/11, 331; and detainees held in Afghanistan, 339; resists CIA unilateral operations in UK, 343; terrorist attacks on, 346–7; and Iraq, 354, 356, 377, 379, 382, 384–5, 388; Russian dissidents in, 396; brief references, 6, 36, 62, 95, 134, 190, 205, 208, 209, 224, 283, 293, 319, 320, 340, 354, 355, 358

  London Film Productions, 14, 46

  London Underground, 241, 261

  Lonsdale, Gordon (Konon Molody), 195, 232–3, 234–6, 237–8, 244, 246

  Lubyanka, the, 174, 318

  Lukasevics, Janis, 54–5, 261

  Lumumba, Patrice, 96–7, 102, 105–6, 106–7, 112–14, 115, 116–17, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 123–5, 127–30, 131

  Lunn, Sir Arnold, 44

  Lunn, Peter, 44–5, 86, 88–9, 90, 143, 194, 228

  Lusaka, 131

  Luton, 346

  Lyalin, Oleg, 241–2, 252

  Lyubimov, Mikhail, 219–23, 225, 239, 240–1, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 255–6, 262, 274, 276, 280, 286–7; ‘Special Traits of the British National Character and their Use in Operational Work’, 241

  McCargar, James, 57, 59, 64, 67, 74, 83

  McColl, Colin, 178, 179, 182, 281, 304, 315–16, 321, 322–3, 324, 327, 402

  McCone, John, 170, 215

  McLean, Billy, 60

  Maclean, Donald, 68, 69, 74, 88, 191, 226, 230, 244, 285

  Macmillan, Harold, 75, 112, 115, 121, 125, 189, 237, 239

  Major, John, 333

  Malta, 59, 61, 62

  Manning, David, 332, 354, 358, 362, 367, 383

  Manningham-Buller, Dame Eliza, 237, 264, 265–6, 267, 321, 330, 331, 341, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348, 386, 402

  Manningham-Buller, Reginald, 237, 264

  Marshall Plan, 39, 56, 58

  Martin, Arthur, 70, 86, 90, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 204, 205, 208, 217, 236, 266

  Marx, Karl, 158

  Mašek, Jan, 9–11

  Mass Appeal, Operation, 357

  Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 296, 297–8, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 335 336, 338

  Maugham, Somerset: ‘Mr Harrington’s Washing’, 276

  Mediterranean, 115

  Melk, 26

  Menzies, Sir Stewart, 91

  Mexico City, 202

  Middle East, 76, 78–9, 81, 100, 114, 133, 254, 323, 329, 333, 355, 356, 358, 397 see also names of countries

  MI5: Soviets evade surveillance of, 47–8; Philby critiques papers from, 66; and escape of Burgess and M
aclean, 69; and the investigation into Philby, 69, 70, 75, 90; relations with MI6, 5, 70–1, 265, 343–4, 348; concerns about a tip-off to Philby, 89, 194–5; molehunts, 5, 190–7, 204–5, 206, 208, 212, 213, 214, 263–4, 265–7; A4 surveillance branch, 222, 230; struggles to contain espionage operation run out of Soviet Embassy, 222; surveillance of Vassall, 230; blackmail attempt by, 231; receives information about Houghton, 234; surveillance of Houghton, 235; surveillance of Lonsdale, 235, 236; officers confront Lyubimov, 240; Operation Foot, 241–2; information from Gordievsky leads to discovery of traitor in, 263–4, 265–7; Eliza Manningham-Buller joins, 264; old-fashioned approach of, 264–5; attitudes to women, 265; talk of merger between MI6 and, 316; delegation meets KGB in Moscow, 318; blocks visa for Russian intelligence officer, 319; helps to reorganise intelligence services in Eastern Europe, 320; avowed in 1989 321; and concerns about mistreatment of prisoners, 339, 340, 341; and terrorism, 343–4, 345, 346–50, 351; fictional portrayal in Spooks, 344–5; has fewer resources to deal with Russian spies, 396; brief references, 2, 18, 19, 20, 74, 78, 102, 148, 226, 239

  Miliband, Ralph, 221

  ‘Military Thought’ (Soviet document), 159

  Milmo, H.J., 70

  Milošević Slobodan, 325

  Ministry of Defence, 293, 295 Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS), 369, 370

  Ministry of Information, 20

  MI6: secrecy, 1–2; and morality, 3; fictional portrayal of, 3–4, 5, 215, 323–4 see also Fleming, Ian; Greene, Graham; le Carré, John; tension between covert action and intelligence gathering, 4, 6, 60, 133–4, 329; relationship with MI5, 5, 70–1, 265, 343–4, 348; relationship with CIA, 5, 271; perceived as means of preserving British influence, 5; mystique surrounding, 6; during First World War, 27–8; during Second World War, 28–9; and Field Security Service, 9–10, 31–2; work in post-war Vienna, 10–11, 22–3, 23–4, 24–8, 29–30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 43, 44–6, 47, 49; and Greene, 15–16, 20, 247; and Jewish refugees, 32–3; secrets betrayed by Blake, 48; Baltic operations, 51–5, 67; Albanian operations, 55–6, 57, 58, 59–63, 64, 66, 67; problems affecting, 66–7; attitudes to Philby in, 71, 75, 89–90; lax vetting and security, 71–2; Philby perceived as possible chief of, 74; aggressive covert operations, 76–9; and Suez Crisis, 79–81, 84; and assassination, 79–80, 303–4, 325–6; assessment of damage caused by

  MI6–contd Philby’s betrayal, 91; new recruits shown film of Philby, 93; officer reports on situation in Africa, 98; active in the Congo, through work of Park, 94, 95–7, 99–104, 108–10, 111–12, 114, 116–17, 119–20, 121, 122, 125–7, 131; and women, 101–2, 133; Africa remains important for, 131–2; and Asia, 132–3; and use of businessmen, 138, 238; Penkovsky works for CIA and, 135, 140–1, 143–70, 176–7; arguments with CIA after arrest of Penkovsky, 174–5; growth of professionalism in, 4, 78, 141–2, 177; Blake is questioned, and confesses to treachery, 142–3; fails to provide advance warning about building of Berlin Wall, 162; and advent of satellite spying, 170–1; staff recruited by Shergy, 177–8; and Beneficiary (Kaczmarzyk), 178–80; and Freed (Kroča), 180 molehunts, 5, 185, 192–3, 196–7, 199, 204, 205–8, 211–12, 213, 215–16, 217–18; Golitsyn is permitted to see Penkovsky file of, 197; and Courtney, 223, 224; and blackmail, 232; sceptical about Gorbachev, 283–4; and Afghanistan, after Soviet invasion, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295–300, 301–2, 33–4, 308, 309, 310, 312, 314; and bin Laden, 313–14; questions about role of, 6–7, 315–16; faces change, 315–17; and post-Soviet Russia, 318, 319; and Mitrokhin, 319; and Eastern Europe, 320; ceases to be secret, 321, 322–3; new office constructed at Vauxhall Cross, 321; placed on statutory footing, 322; staff not permitted to write memoirs, 324; Tomlinson writes book about his time in, 324–5; new agenda, 326–8; Dearlove becomes chief of, 328; and 9/11, 330–4; and Afghanistan, after 9/11, 335 337, 339; and treatment of detainees, 339–40, 342; counter-terrorism work, 7, 348, 351–2, 395; and Iraq, 353, 354–5. 357, 358–9, 360, 362–8, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377–8, 380–1, 382, 387–8, 388–9, 389–93; and Libya, 383–4; Scarlett as chief of, 393–5; and post-Soviet Russia, 395, 396; Sawers as chief of, 397; Afghanistan becomes a dominant focus for, 398; and authorisations, 399; continues to aspire to global reach, 400; see also names of officers

  Mitchell, Graham, 195, 196–7, 204, 210, 218

  Mitrokhin, Vasili, 318–19

  MKULTRA programme, 123

  MNC (National Congolese Movement), 97

  Mobutu, 113, 120, 121, 122, 125, 128, 130–1

  Mohammed, Binyam, 342, 344

  Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 341, 347

  molehunts, 5–6, 184–218, 263–4, 265–7

  Molody, Konon see Lonsdale, Gordon

  Montgomery, Hugh, 168, 169, 171, 172

  Morocco, 342

  Moscow: and Philby, 18, 66, 89, 242–7, 291; Courtney in, 52; Park stationed in, 81, 95, 154–5, 402; establishes university named after Lumumba, 130; Penkovsky tries to make contact with westerners in, 136, 137, 138; CIA has no operational presence in, 137; Compass in, 137; Penkovsky meets Wynne in, 139–40; Penkovsky’s scheme to plant bombs in, 149–50; plans for passing secrets in, 154, 155, 164, 165; Penkovsky based in, 155–6, 159, 166, 167, 168, 169; Montgomery in, 168, 169, 171; Jacob’s assignment in, 171–2; surveillance and arrest on Penkovsky in, 172–3; Wynne taken to, 174; trial of Wynne and Penkovsky in, 175–6; Freed (Miloslav Kroča) in, 180 Nosenko’s work for KGB in, 200–1, 202; operations against the British in, 224, 227, 228–9; Lyubimov works on KGB’s British desk in, 240–1; Gordievsky returns from Denmark to, 255–6; Scarlett in, 258–9, 267; Gordievsky tells western intelligence about policies and concerns in, 261, 262, 268, 269; Gordievsky returns for holiday to, 264; fears about US intentions in, 268–9; discussions about London residency, 272; Gordievsky’s appointment as resident-designate, 272–3; Gordievsky in danger in, 248–9, 273–4; Gordievsky’s escape from, 6, 274–80; response to news about Gordievsky, 283; recall of agents working for CIA, 284; and war in Afghanistan, 308–9; British Ambassador’s chauffeur works as spy in, 317; meeting of MI5 officers and KGB in, 318; Scarlett expelled from, 319–20; Blake lives in, 396; brief references, 41, 190, 195, 197, 285, 288, 302

  Moscow Institute for International Relations, 219, 251

  ‘Moscow Men’, 6, 329

  Moscow Rules, 136, 256, 258, 398

  Mossad, 33, 81

  Mossadegh, Mohammad, 78–9

  Mountbatten, Lord, 61, 153, 209, 239

  Mount Royal Hotel, London, 135, 140

  mujahedeen, 6, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 299–300, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307

  Mukhabarat, 372

  Munich, 373

  Murmansk, 52

  Musharraf, President Pervez, 337, 386

  Musketeers, the, 59, 60, 67

  Muslims, 349–50 see also Islam

  Nagy, Imre, 83

  Nairobi, 258

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 79, 80, 81, 115, 126, 326

  National Congolese Movement (MNC), 97

  National Intelligence Estimate (US), 371

  National Security Council (US), 122

  NATO, 115, 190, 269

  Naval Intelligence, 52, 53, 223

  Naval Mission in Moscow, 52

  Nazis/Nazism, 12, 14, 21, 32, 33, 34, 37, 73

  Nendaka, Victor, 122, 128, 129

  New College, Oxford, 192, 212

  New Scotland Yard, 230

  New Statesman, 46

  New York, 63, 187, 205, 330, 380

  New York Times, 84

  Niger, 376, 380, 386–7

  Nkrumah, Kwame, 96, 98, 114

  NKVD, 249–50

  Northern Alliance, 312, 314, 335 336, 337–8, 339

  Northern Ireland, 340

  North Korea, 359

  Northrop, Tony, 62

  North Vietnam, 132

  Norway, 190, 255, 280

  Nosenko, Yuri, 200–4, 230

  NSA, 270

  NTS (Russian émigré grouping), 42

  Nuremberg, 34

  Observer,
76

  Office of Policy Co-ordination (OPC), 57

  Oldfield, Maurice, 24, 132, 159, 188–9, 190, 199, 206, 211, 213, 214–15, 217, 247

  Omand, Sir David, 361, 365, 377, 387, 391

  Omar, Mullah, 337

  OPC (Office of Policy Co-ordination), 57

  Operation Barracuda, 127

  Operation Claptrap, 44

  Operation Embarrass, 33

  Operation Foot, 241

  Operation Gladio, 49

  Operation Mass Appeal, 357

  Operation Proba, 226

  Operation Ryan, 267–8

  Ordzhonikidze (cruiser), 76

  Orwell, George: Nineteen Eighty-Four, 250

  Oslo, 280

  OSS, 307

  Oswald, Lee Harvey, 202

  Oxford, 204, 206, 213, 258, 264; New College, 192, 212; St Peter’s College, 132; Somerville, 133

  Pakistan, 160, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310–11, 312, 327, 337, 339, 342, 345, 346, 348, 351–2, 356 see also ISI

  Palestine, 32, 33

  Palestinian hijackings, 327

  pan-African nationalism, 96, 98, 99

  Panjshir Valley, 296–7, 298, 299, 301, 312, 313, 335

  Paris, 210, 283, 324; Penkovsky in, 160–6

  Park, Daphne: childhood, 94–5; early career, 33, 34, 35, 36, 95; in Moscow, 81, 95, 154–5, 402; in the Congo, 94, 95–7, 99–104, 108–10, 111–12, 114, 116–17, 119–20, 121, 122, 125–7, 131; subsequent career, 132, 133; memorial service, 402–3; brief references, 3, 4, 73, 141, 324

  Park, David, 95

  Park, Doreen, 94, 95

  Park, Jack, 94

  Park Hotel, Vienna, 32

  Pasechnik, Vladimir, 284

  Pashtuns, 294 336, 337, 338

  Passport Office, 301

  Penkovsky, Oleg, 4, 6, 135–6, 137–8, 139–40, 143, 144–70, 171, 172, 173, 174–7, 181 182, 187, 197–8, 199, 224, 256, 259, 286

  Pentagon, 56, 115–16

  Pershing missiles, 268

  Peshawar, 290, 294, 295, 297, 302, 303, 312, 338, 399

  Peshawar seven, 294, 310, 311

  Philby, Aileen, 19, 84

  Philby (formerly Brewer), Eleanor, 84–5, 86, 88–9, 243, 244

  Philby, Kim: in Vienna, 16–17; commitment to Communism, 16–17, 66, 73, 75, 243, 247; marries Litzi, 17; returns to London, 18; recruited as spy, 18; and Smollet, 19; recruited to MI6, 19, 72; end of relationship with Litzi, 19–20; marries Aileen, 19; and Greene, 20, 245–7; holds position of British liaison to American intelligence, 63–5; as head of Section IX, 66; betrayal of Albanian operations, 66; and visit of Burgess, 68; and escape of Burgess and Maclean, 69; questioned in London, 69–70; investigation into, 70, 71; nickname, 72–3; not always trusted by KGB mentors, 73; perceives himself as a ‘Soviet intelligence officer’, 73–4; perceived as possible candidate to become chief of MI6, 74; suspected of being ‘third man’, 74–5; faces further questioning, 75; press conference, 75; in Beirut, 76, 84–8; death of second wife, 84; marries Eleanor, 84–5; confronted by Elliott, 86–8; confesses, 88; disappearance from Beirut, 88–9; escapes to Moscow, 89; impact of betrayal, 65–6, 67–8, 89–93, 189; possibility of a tip – off to, 194–5; in Moscow, 242–7, 291; marries Rufina, 244; memoir, My Silent War, 245; compared with Gordievsky, 286–7; brief references, 4, 7, 24, 95, 153, 177, 182, 188, 191, 206, 210, 215, 216, 223, 226, 228, 236, 239, 252, 266, 267, 271, 273, 285, 288, 328