Colonial America

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Colonial America Page 92

by Richard Middleton, Anne Lombard


  Chapter 19 Britain, France, and Spain: The Imperial Contest, 1739–1763

  General and the War of Jenkins' Ear

  Fred Anderson and Andrew Cayton, The Dominion of War: Empire and Liberty in North America, 1500–2000 (New York, 2005).

  Guy Chet, Conquering the American Wilderness: The Triumph of European Warfare in the Colonial Northeast (Amherst, 2003).

  Lawrence Delbert Cress, Citizens in Arms: The Army and the Militia in American Society to the War of 1812 (Chapel Hill, 1982).

  W. J. Eccles, The Canadian Frontier, 1534–1760 (New York, 1969; rev. edn, Albuquerque, 1983).

  W. J. Eccles, Essays on New France (Toronto, 1987).

  W. J. Eccles, “ The Fur Trade and Eighteenth-Century Imperialism,” William and Mary Quarterly, 40 (1983), 341–62.

  John Mack Faragher, A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland (New York, 2005).

  John Ferling, Struggle for a Continent: The Wars of Early America (Arlington Heights, 1993).

  John E. Ferling, A Wilderness of Miseries: War and Warriors in Early America (Westport, 1980).

  Sylvia R. Frey, The British Soldier in America: A Social History of Military Life in the Colonial Period (Austin, 1981).

  Don Higginbotham, “ The Early American Way of War: Reconnaissance and Appraisal,” William and Mary Quarterly, 44 (1987), 230–73.

  Cornelius J. Jaenen, The French Relationship with the Native Peoples of New France and Acadia (Ottawa, 1984).

  Douglas Edward Leach, Arms for Empire: A Military History of the British Colonies in North America, 1607–1763 (New York, 1973).

  Douglas Edward Leach, Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677–1763 (Chapel Hill, 1986).

  Paul Mapp, The Elusive West and the Contest for Empire, 1713–1763 (Chapel Hill, 2011).

  George F. G. Stanley, New France: The Last Phase, 1744–1760 (Toronto, 1968).

  Thomas Truxes, Defying Empire: Trading with the Enemy in Colonial New York (New Haven, 2008).

  The Struggle for the Ohio

  John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge, 1984).

  Daniel J. Beattie, The Adaptation of the British Army to Wilderness Warfare, 1755–1763, in Maarten Ultee, ed., Adapting to Conditions: War and Society in the Eighteenth Century (University, Ala., 1986).

  Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, Contact Points: The American Frontier from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750–1830 (Chapel Hill, 1998).

  Milton W. Hamilton, Sir William Johnson: Colonial American, 1715–1763 (Port Washington, 1976).

  Eric Hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673–1800 (New York, 1997).

  Eric Hinderaker and Peter Mancall, At the Edge of Empire: The Backcountry in British North America (Baltimore, 2003).

  Alfred P. James, The Ohio Company: Its Inner History (Pittsburgh, 1959).

  Francis Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years' War in America (New York, 1988).

  P. E. Kopperman, Braddock at the Monongahela (Pittsburgh, 1977).

  Lee S. McCardell, Ill-Starred General: Braddock of the Coldstream Guards (Pittsburgh, 1986).

  Michael N. McConnell, A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774 (Lincoln, Nebr., 1992).

  James Merrell, Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier (New York, 1999).

  Peter E. Russell, “ Redcoats in the Wilderness: British Officers and Irregular Warfare in Europe and America, 1740–1760,” William and Mary Quarterly, 35 (1978), 629–52.

  Timothy J. Shannon, Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire: The Albany Congress of 1754 (Ithaca, 2000).

  James Titus, The Old Dominion at War: Society, Politics, and Warfare in Late Colonial Virginia (Columbia, 1991).

  Anthony F. C. Wallace, King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, 1700–1763 (Syracuse, 1990).

  The Conquest of Canada

  F. W. Anderson, “ Why did Colonial New Englanders Make Bad Soldiers? Contractual Principles and Military Conduct during the Seven Years' War,” William and Mary Quarterly, 38 (1981), 395–417.

  Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (New York, 2000).

  Fred Anderson, A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War (Chapel Hill, 1984).

  Fred Anderson, “ A People's Army: Provincial Military Service in Massachusetts during the Seven Years' War,” William and Mary Quarterly, 40 (1983), 499–527.

  Fred Anderson, The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (New York, 2005).

  Colin Calloway, The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (New York, 2006).

  James T. Flexner, Mohawk Baronet: A Biography of Sir William Johnson (Syracuse, 1990).

  J. Fortier, Fortress of Louisburg (Toronto, 1979).

  Guy Fregault, Canada: The War of the Conquest (Toronto, 1969).

  Sylvia R. Frey, The British Soldier in America: A Social History of Military Life in the Colonial Period (Austin, 1981).

  Richard Middleton, The Bells of Victory: The Pitt–Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War, 1757–1762 (Cambridge, 1985).

  Alan Rogers, Empire and Liberty: American Resistance to British Authority, 1755–1763 (Berkeley, 1974).

  Harold E. Selesky, War and Society in Colonial Connecticut (New Haven, 1989).

  Ian K. Steele, Betrayals: Fort William Henry and the “Massacre” (New York, 1990).

  Matthew Ward, Breaking the Backcountry: The Seven Years' War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765 (Pittsburgh, 2003).

  The Cherokee War

  David H. Corkran, The Cherokee Frontier: Conflict and Survival, 1740–1762 (Norman, 1966).

  Tom Hatley, The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Revolutionary Era (New York, 1995).

  John Oliphant, Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier, 1756–1763 (Baton Rouge, 2001).

  Pontiac's War

  David Dixon, Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America (Norman, 2005).

  Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore, 1992).

  Gregory Evans Dowd, War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, and the British Empire (Baltimore, 2002).

  Richard Middleton, Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences (New York, 2007).

  Jon Parmenter, “ Pontiac's War: Forging New Links in the Anglo-Iroquois Covenant Chain, 1758–1766,” Ethnohistory, 44 (1997), 617–54.

  The Emergence of Racial Identities and the Paxton Riots

  Kevin Kenny, Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment (New York, 2009).

  Jane Merritt, At the Crossroads: Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier (Chapel Hill, 2003).

  William Pencak and Daniel Richter, eds, Friends and Enemies in Penn's Woods: Indians, Colonists, and the Racial Construction of Pennsylvania (University Park, 2004).

  Nancy Shoemaker, A Strange Likeness: Becoming Red and White in Eighteenth-Century North America (New York, 2004).

  Peter Silver, Our Savage Neighbors: How Indian War Transformed Early America (New York, 2008).

  Alden Vaughan, “ Frontier Banditti and the Indians: The Paxton Boys' Legacy, 1763–1775,” Pennsylvania History, 51 (1984), 1–29.

  Index

  Page numbers referring to maps and figures are in italics; subentries are listed chronologically and thematically rather than alphabetically.

  Abenakis: food sources

  early encounters with Europeans

  and fur trade

  location

  wars with Iroquois

  and King Philip's War

  Andros's attacks

  involvement in imperial
wars

  in New France

  war with Massachusetts

  Norridgewock destroyed

  overview of society and history

  warfare skills

  Abercromby, General

  abortion

  Acadia (later Nova Scotia)

  Acoma

  Act of Uniformity (1662)

  Adams, John

  Addison, Joseph

  Adena culture

  adoption: Native American attitude

  Africa: European exploration

  culture and society

  statistics and effects of export of slaves

  English trade with

  English trade rivalry with Dutch

  map of

  influence of African culture on that of African Americans

  see also slavery and slave trade; West Africa

  African Americans: free

  marriage with Native Americans

  and voting rights

  see also slavery and slave trade

  agents, assembly

  agriculture: beginnings

  precontact

  in western Europe

  Indian complementary planting techniques

  family farming model

  in New England

  in Maryland

  becomes more profitable in Massachusetts

  Pennsylvania's fertility

  overview of main southern cash crops

  subsistence farmers

  overview of northern

  proportion of tenant farmers

  social status of farmers

  European crop introductions

  Spanish changes to Native American style

  New France

  Louisiana

  German immigrants

  Scots-Irish immigrants

  Georgia

  see also individual crops; plantations

  Aguayo, Marquis de San Miguel de

  Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748)

  Albany

  Albany Congress (1754)

  Algonquians: precontact

  attitude to warfare

  political succession process

  relations with French traders

  relations with Iroquois

  in Manhattan area

  alliance with French in Nine Years War

  alliance with France in upper country

  Allegheny River

  Allerton, Colonel Isaac

  almanacs

  Altamaha River

  Amadas, Philip

  American Mercury

  American Philosophical Society (formerly Junto Club)

  American Revolution (1775–83): possible causes

  slaves' attitude

  development of republicanism

  Amherst, General Jeffrey

  Amish

  Anabaptists

  Anasazis

  ancestor worship

  Andover

  Andros, Major Edmund: as governor of New York

  negotiates Covenant Chain with Iroquois

  and King Philip's War

  as governor of Dominion of New England

  Anglicans: in England

  beliefs and practices

  first church in Boston

  and Restoration settlement

  in Virginia

  Randolph accuses Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts of persecuting

  rise in Massachusetts

  in Carolinas

  rise

  in the South

  and education

  and New Jersey politics

  animals: hunting prey

  domestication

  European introductions

  see also livestock farming

  Ann Arundal, Maryland

  Annapolis

  Annapolis Royal

  Anne, Queen

  L’Anse aux Meadows

  Anson, Commodore George

  Antigua

  antinomianism

  Apaches

  Apalachees: early encounters with Spanish

  Spanish missions among

  revolt against Spanish (1647)

  English raid

  lifestyle

  alliance with Spain

  Apalachicolas (Lower Creeks): Spanish missions among

  and Yamasee War

  revolt against Spanish (1681)

  lifestyle

  alliance with Spain

  principal settlements

  applied arts and crafts: precontact

  Arabella

  architecture: precontact

  Argall, Captain Samuel

  Aristotle

  Arkansas Indians

  Arkansas Valley

  Arlington, Lord

  armed forces: volunteers

  see also British army; militias

  Arminius

  arts

  see also applied arts and crafts

  assemblies, provincial

  agents

  see also political organization

  astronomy: precontact

  Atherton Company

  Atlantic world history

  Augustus Adolphus, king of Sweden

  Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–8)

  Avalon

  Ayllón, Lucas de

  Azores

  Aztecs

  Bacon, Nathaniel

  Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

  Ballard, Joseph

  Ballard, Mary

  Baltimore

  Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, second Lord

  Baltimore, Charles Calvert, third Lord

  Baltimore, George Calvert, first Lord

  banks

  Baptists: beliefs

  Boston Baptists proclaim status as church

  exemption from payment of Congregational tithes

  in the South

  success in picking up converts

  New Lights join

  and Great Awakening

  and education

  spread among slaves

  and New Jersey politics

  Barbados

  Barlowe, Arthur

  Barnard, Reverend

  Barre, Governor

  Bartram, John

  Bayard, Nicholas

  Beauséjour

  Beaver Wars

  beer

  Belcher, Jonathan

  Bellingham, Massachusetts

  Bellomont, Richard Lord

  Bennett, Richard

  Berkeley, John Lord

  Berkeley, Sir William: receives Crown instructions as governor of Virginia

  expels Puritans from Virginia

  and Colleton

  seeks control in Carolinas

  returns as governor after Restoration

  troubles with Indians

  and Bacon's Rebellion

  paranoid rumors about

  attitude to education

  Berlin, Ira

  Bermuda

  Beverley, Robert

  Beverley, Robert, Jr.

  Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de

  bills of exchange

  bills of rights: New York

  Pennsylvania

  English

  Biloxi

  birth control

  Bishop, Bridget

  Blackbeard see Teach, William

  Blaikley, Catherine

  Blair, James

  Bland, Giles

  Bloody Swamp, Battle of the (1742)

  Blount, Tom

  Board of Trade: establishment

  and the Carolinas

  and New Jersey

  and paper money

  duties

  imposes stricter guidelines for governors

  flexibility of directives

  policies for the West

  urges colonies to renew alliances with Iroquois

  boats: precontact

  Book of General Laws

  books

  borderlands

  Boston

  foundation and early days

  first Angli
can church

  industry

  attitude to regicides

  emergence of market thinking

  growing religious dissent

  Dominion of New England overthrown

  and War of the Spanish Succession

  pre-eminence as trading center

  poverty

  equality

  businesswomen

  Thomas Hancock House

  religious changes in eighteenth century

  church buildings

  libraries

  printing and publishing

  newspapers

  interest in science

  music

  Pope's Day celebrations

  population

  sanitation

  Scots-Irish immigrants

  fires

  epidemics

  paved streets

  politics

  1747 riot

  and French and Indian War

  Boston Gazette

  Boston News-Letter

  botany

  Bowen, Ashley

  Boylston, Dr Zabdiel

  Braddock, General

  Bradford, William

  Bradstreet, Colonel John

  Bradstreet, Dudley

  Bradstreet, Simon

  Braintree (formerly Mount Wollaston)

  Bray, Dr Thomas

  Brazil

  Brent, John

  Brewer, Holly

  British army: use of regular soldiers in colonies

  quartering

  British navy see Royal Navy

  Brown

  Brown, Robert E.

  Bryan, Hugh

  Bryan, Jonathan

  bullionism

  Burnet, Governor

  Burnet, William

  Burroughs, George

  Byllinge, Edward

  Byrd, William

  Byrd, William, II

  Byrd, William, III

  cabinetmaking

  Cabot, John

  Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez

  Caddos

  Cahokia

  Cajuns

  calendars: precontact

  California: Spanish exploration

  Calusas

  Calvert, Benedict

  Calvert, Cecilius see Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, second Lord

  Calvert, Charles see Baltimore, Charles Calvert, third Lord

  Calvert, George see Baltimore, George Calvert, first Lord

  Calvert, Leonard

  Calvin, John

  Cambridge Platform

  Canada see New France; Nova Scotia

  Canso

  Cape Ann

  Cape Breton see Ile Royale

  Cape Cod region

  Cape of Good Hope

  Carey, Elizabeth

  Caribbean see West Indies

  Carlisle, earl of

  Carolinas: establishment

  map of

  antagonism with Spain

  and Glorious Revolution

  imperial wars and political change in

  pitch and tar industry

 

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