Pearl Harbour and Days of Infamy

by Newt Gingrich

  Formation was excellent, perfect after the relentless drilling of the last two months.

  He did not need to give the command; it was instinct now. The first torpedo dropped away, two seconds later the next, then the third, fourth, and fifth.

  He held his breath, waiting.

  Yes!

  He could not contain a shout of triumph, radio switched on, all hearing it, both crews on the planes and on the deck of the Akagi!

  It had worked. One after another the five torpedoes surfaced in the shallow thirty-five feet of water, high-pressure oxygen-powered turbine engines running true, foaming wake visible ... and at each point of impact a spreading wake with four simple slabs of wood bobbing on the gentle waves of the harbor.

  It had been so simple, the British having invented it a year ago for their raid against the Italian fleet at Taranto. Strap breakaway wooden paddles fore and aft on each torpedo. Upon impact, the light wooden strips of bent laminated wood holding the paddles to the sides of the torpedoes would shear off, having served their purpose, absorbing a fair part of the energy of the drop, acting as brake, thus slowing the descent of the torpedoes as they then dived under the water, but now they would be going down only twenty-five to thirty feet before leveling out and then rising back up to the predetermined depth for their run into the target.

  It meant they could launch torpedoes in the confines of a shallow bay ... such as Pearl Harbor. The target ship, an old destroyer, was steaming at ten knots, its starboard side draped with heavy matted padding. The ship steamed on, the crew aboard standing on deck, watching, the captain most likely more than a bit nervous, not sure of the promise of Genda and others as to what would happen next.

  Four of the five torpedoes were running true, racing forward at nearly forty knots, the fifth one, apparently with rudder jammed, was sheering off into a left-turning circle. Troublesome, but still 80 percent were on target.

  They closed in, the planes having dropped their loads, following proper evasion tactics, racing straight at the target destroyer, pulling up to barely clear the deck, roaring over the ship, dropping back down to near surface level then kicking into evasive turns to throw off antiaircraft fire. The Zeroes, assigned as escorts to keep off enemy fighters, flew higher and astern; mission done, they too broke away, swinging wide to avoid the destroyer but then ready to drop in behind the Kates they were assigned to protect.

  The four wakes closed in on the target ship. The first one passed just astern, continuing on. The second ... a hit! Followed two seconds later by the third torpedo . . . another hit!

  There was no explosion of course, just the bubbling wake converging on the destroyer slamming into the side.

  For the men aboard the ship, it would be something of a shock. Half a ton of metal racing at forty knots, even without an explosive warhead, could punch through the thin skin of a destroyer, but the heavy padding slung over the side took most of the blow, the torpedo shattering on impact.

  Expensive, damn expensive; they could not be retrieved like standard training torpedoes but the test had to be done under real conditions and not just at a static target. The fourth torpedo passed fifty meters in front of the bow. Actually not a wasted shot, for in a real situation the target would have been maneuvering violently, in the thirty-second interval between drop at six hundred meters and impact, enough time for a ship to start to turn, to speed up. Bracketing fore and aft ensured it would not escape unscathed.

  The old ship would most likely have to go back to drydock after this, have plates below the waterline repaired, but it was worth it.

  They had done it!

  He could not resist the joy of throwing in a touch of reverse rudder and then stick hard over into a victory roll, excited voices on the radio breaking silence, exclaiming over the triumph until Fuchida ordered them to silence.

  Granted the radios were short-range plane-to-plane, but still, stranger things had happened with atmospheric skips, or perhaps an observer on land, listening in.

  Akagi loomed straight ahead, several miles farther out to sea, steaming leisurely at fifteen knots, the Kates turning wide to go into landing formation. Fuchida announced he was taking the lead, feeding in throttle, swinging out wide to the port side of the carrier steaming south, tip of his wing just barely obscuring the view of the ship as he raced down her length, three hundred meters above the ocean, clearing the aft end of the ship, counting to five, then banking over sharply. It was a little too sharply, but he could not resist showing off a bit.

  As he came out of his 180-degree turn, the deck was lined up straight ahead.

  He ran through the final checklist, switching to main fuel tank, checking oil pressure, temperature, air speed, throttling back, nose high to bleed off speed, leaning to one side of the cockpit for a better view past the engine cowling. Air speed dropping, plane sinking, no challenge bringing a fighter in to land on a carrier in the calm seas of Hiroshima Bay.

  He cleared the threshold, ready to slam the throttle up if something went wrong at the last second, felt the arresting gear snag a cable--a point of pride that it was almost always the first one--and then lurching to a stop. The deck crew chief was standing to one side, arms raised and crossed as others pulled the cable free of the tail hook, signaling now to throttle up, taxi forward, and to the starboard side, clearing the path for the first of the Kates coming in. The safety barrier net was dropped to let him pass, raised up again, and then the signal to throttle down, cut magnetos, shut down.

  The propellor whirled down to a stop, noise and vibration stopping, that strange instant of silence until one of the deck crew was up on the wing, helping to slide the canopy back.

  The boy looked down at him, excited, helping him to unsnap his shoulder harness, offering a hand to stand up.

  “Congratulations, sir!” the boy gasped, and Fuchida smiled, slapping him on the shoulder, and then stepped out of the cockpit, springing down to the deck, all around him gazing with admiration, stiffly saluting, then closing in with shouts of laughter. Because of the highest level of security, only half a dozen men on the entire ship knew the truth of the mission they were training for, though speculation was rife and more than one, he had heard, had correctly guessed the target. To try and stop the rumors was impossible, to come down hard on those who had guessed right would draw attention, but the order was strict in one sense: not a word of anything they did or saw to be spoken while ashore. Secret military police would indeed trail some of them, and if they spilled anything, anywhere, it would be transfer to a discipline battalion in Manchukuo, or worse. Several had already suffered that fate, including one pilot who got drunk at a geisha house and boasted how he would sink an American carrier at Pearl Harbor. That man was going to spend the war, or at least until after the attack, in an isolation cell.

  He stepped back around his Zero to watch the first of the Kates come in, less than a minute behind him. If this were a full combat rehearsal, it would be one plane every thirty seconds, but then again Akagi would be cruising at flank speed to ensure slow landing speeds for the planes. The cost in fuel even for half an hour was a major concern and thus this more leisurely approach.

  The landing was perfect, as he expected.

  “Congratulations!”

  He looked over to the entry to the conning bridge. It was Genda!

  He had no idea that his friend was aboard Akagi, and the two raced toward each other, both stopped for a second to go through the ritual of saluting, before embracing and slapping each other on the back.

  “You did it!” Genda cried excitedly. “Two hits it’s reported. The captain of that poor old tub already complaining he has to go back into port for repairs.”

  Fuchida grinned.

  “Imagine what they would have done if loaded with explosives rather than sand.”

  Genda smiled and made a motion with his hands like a ship sinking.

  “Even a battleship,” Fuchida said quietly.

  Genda’s features stiffened for a mo
ment then relaxed.

  “Come below where we can talk more freely. I have some things to show you.”

  They entered the doorway onto the bridge, and Fuchida followed Genda down a flight of stairs, which emptied out into the vast cavernous hangar deck. Dozens of aircraft were lined up, Vals, Kates, Zeroes, still a few of the older M96s, more than one with mechanics and crews laboring over them, cowlings pulled off, inspection plates removed from wing and fuselage surfaces, every plane constantly being inspected and reinspected.

  Everyone knew something was building, and the mere sight of the legendary Fuchida walking with Genda over to a side room guarded by marine sentries would of course set the whole deck to buzzing with speculation.

  Genda pulled the door shut behind him and locked it. It was one of the briefing rooms, but the large table used for maps had been broken down and removed. An object a dozen feet square covered by canvas filled the middle of the room; another object, rounded, a couple of meters in length and as thick around as a barrel was to one side, the heavy dolly it was resting on barely concealed beneath. “I wanted you to see it first. Once our pilots start to study it, they will be confined to this ship until the operation ends. Just one look at it, and their liberty ashore is finished until the mission is completed.”

  “Including me?” Fuchida asked, with a grin. “I can already guess, at least, what is under one of those tarps.”

  Genda nodded and with no slight fanfare, gently started to roll the canvas cover back off the tablelike object filling the middle of the room. He motioned for Fuchida to help on the other side. One turn of the canvas back and he could see it was an exquisitely made scale model, hills painted green and water blue, a true work of craftsmanship.

  The canvas was rolled back to reveal a model of Pearl Harbor, exact, Fuchida could see, in every detail.

  Ever since Genda had let him in on the secret back in the spring, he had studied the photos and maps made available to him, but this was the first time he had seen it thus so perfectly displayed.

  There was Ford Island, the narrow sounds, miniature scale models of PBYs lining the tarmac of the naval air station on the island, and there, to the west of Ford Island, in what they were calling battleship row, the berths of the great battleships of the American Pacific Fleet, with three models representing the carriers Enterprise, Lexington, and Saratoga anchored to the north of the island.

  “It is exact to the scale of how you will see it at three thousand meters above the base when the model is resting on the floor. Shortly, squadron leaders will be introduced to it, and then we begin to plot out attack routes. I think, already, that the only way for the torpedoes you tested to be launched correctly will require some remarkable flying. You will have to approach here,” and he pointed out a narrow sound to the east of battleship row. “Your torpedo bombers dropping down to fifty feet above the water and throttling back, perhaps bracketed by antiaircraft fire from gun positions flanking that sound and the ships within them.

  “Clear into the main sound, align, and drop. They will have less than ten seconds to acquire target and release; it will be no open approach by sea.”

  “No chance then for their battleship gunners to fire back.”

  Genda nodded.

  “Let’s hope so.”

  “My men are like racehorses,” Fuchida announced. “They are training for a race, but they know not when or where. Delay too long, and they will be overtrained, anxious, and could make mistakes.”

  “We follow orders, remember?”

  Fuchida nodded reluctantly, then seeing the “package” sitting in the comer of the room he gestured to it.

  Genda grinned. “Thought you might want to see this, but before we do so, a question.”

  “Anything, sir.”

  “Your training of horizontal bombers. It is still not where I want it to be.”

  Fuchida nodded. “If I had limitless fuel and practice bombs, it would be where we both want it. Still, we are scoring 30 percent hits at 3,000 meters on targets 40 meters wide.”

  “I want 50 percent.”

  Fuchida nodded, taking it in, hesitated for a moment. “Can you release more fuel? If I could raise training flights from two to four a day, I think we could reach your goal in another month.”

  Genda nodded.

  “Done.”

  That was forty thousand gallons of aviation gas a day, he thought. Absolutely profligate for the Japanese navy. If Genda could pull that off, then indeed he was a miracle worker.

  “Deliver that, and I promise you the goal of 50 percent in thirty days.”

  “Fine, then,” and Genda walked over to the long, bulky object and pulled the tarp back. Fuchida could not help but whistle with amazement and then squatted down to look more

  closely. “As you know,” Genda said, “our current bombs are but 250 kilograms, a few 500 kilograms armor piercing. The decks of the battleships are all but proof against that. We could blow superstructure away, but to render a fatal blow . . “

  His voice trailed off.

  “You are looking at the fatal blow.”

  Fuchida ran his hand along the long, tapered object, taller than a man, machine-milled to perfection, stabilizing fins aft, obviously welded on after the fact, the welding then polished down to mirror smoothness.

  “You are looking at a sixteen-inch artillery shell. Weight, one thousand kilograms. Armor piercing.”

  “Dropped from an altitude of 2,500 meters, it will achieve a velocity of over 700 kilometers per hour in its fall to the target, enough for it to penetrate the armor of any American battleship afloat. Armed with a delayed fuse it will detonate after penetrating halfway through the ship. The destruction wrought will be nearly total.”

  “The weight, though,” Fuchida interjected. “It exceeds by 250 kilograms the carrying capacity of the Kate.”

  “Every extra kilogram will be stripped out of the plane, armor, ammunition for the rear gunner will be minimal--we’ve already run some tests with dummy loads--and if our carriers are moving at flank speed into a 15-knot wind or higher, the plane should be able to get airborne. After thirty minutes of cruising with normal fuel consumption, the weight should balance out. It will require exceptional skill from our pilots, and they are to be trained for overweight takeoffs.”

  Fuchida nodded. It was a tough order, but could be done. “We will have sixty of them ready by the time the operation commences. Nearly all will be carried by the first strike wave. I want you to train and organize the horizontal bomber force from your best pilots and bombardiers. These are the only such weapons we will have. They must be used to maximum effect. If you can give me 50 percent hits, that means thirty will strike the six to eight battleships in port, two to three for each target. That combined with the torpedoes will complete the task.”

  “A carrier, though,” Fuchida replied. “It will pierce right through the unarmored deck.”

  “And most likely go clean through, but then detonate underneath the ship on the harbor floor, the explosion breaking the back of the carrier.”

  “But not at sea.”

  “No, not at sea, so let us pray that their three carriers are in port, for if so, one of these bombs will shatter each one.”

  “When?” Fuchida asked, running his hand along the flank of the one-ton artillery shell.

  Genda smiled.

  “When we are ordered to, but I think that it will be soon, very soon.”

  Fuchida again ran his hand along the artillery shell that was now a bomb, then looked back at the model of Pearl Harbor. He knew it was not his place to say anything, but the issue had been boiling inside him for weeks, ever since he had learned of the glory of Genda’s plan, the combining together of the smaller carrier units of two to each “fleet” into one combined fleet of six carriers for this mission. It was one crucial issue that had kept him up at nights thinking, but to dare to speak it?

  They had worked together for so long that Genda picked up on the cues, the look of hesi
tation, the way Fuchida’s eyebrows would furrow, head lowered slightly. They had been friends for well over a decade and a half; and bonded as they were, in the air, where one could easily spot the other by the way he handled his plane, and at staff meetings on the ground, the signals were clear.

  “Out with it,” Genda said.

  “What?”

  Genda put a reassuring hand on his shoulder.

  Fuchida hesitated. “It is inappropriate for me to raise it.”

  Genda gestured to the model of Pearl Harbor. “If it in any way might influence the chances of our success there, it is your duty to tell me.”

  Fuchida sighed and lowered his head.

  “Come on, my old friend.”

  He knew it was melodramatic, but he felt he had to. Leaving his friend’s side he went to the door and pushed on the handle. The door was still latched.

  Genda chuckled. “This must be serious.”

  “It is. And I have your promise that it is between us only. What I am to say could remove me from this mission if it is repeated.”

  Genda hesitated, his features now serious as well. “Out with it,” and it was more an order now than a friendly request.

  Fuchida walked back over to the table, hands resting on the edge of the model. “I have no confidence in our commander.”

  “What?” and there was a true note of shock in his voice. Fuchida hesitated, then looked straight back at him.

  “Out with it,” and this time it was snapped out as an order. Fuchida nodded and sighed. “When you first approached me for this mission to test out the tactics, to do the minute planning, never have I been so honored by you, my friend, and with that honor, there was a realization of the honor given to me by my nation, to trust me with such a task. It is not my place to question at all the reasons of our superiors and, forgive me, my Emperor, to reach this conclusion. But their reasoning must be sound, and I know that the survival of Japan rests upon our shoulders.”

  Genda nodded. “But?”