Real War
Page 37
The nineteenth-century writer quoted is Tibor Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (London: Secker and Warburg, 1974), p. 25.
The description of the Novgorod attack taken from Szamuely, The Russian Tradition, p. 33.
“virtually a Soviet colony”: see Harry Schwartz, Tsars, Mandarins, and Commissars (Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1964) p. 118.
“long-mute Russia”: see Bertram D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution, 4th ed. (New York: Dell Publishing, 1978), pp. 17, 24.
Robert Conquest, “The Human Cost of Soviet Communism” (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, Document 92-36, July 16, 1971), p. 23.
The statistics on deaths in the forced-labor camps and during the famine taken from Harris L. Coulter and Nataly Martin, trans., Warning to the West by Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, Alexis Klimoff, ed. (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1976), p. 19; and Thomas P. Whitney, trans., The Gulag Archipelago, Vols. I and II, by Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), pp. 432-435 and 438-439.
The quote from Molotov is from Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1946), p. 87.
Winston Churchill, The Unknown War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931), pp. 1-2.
“An inordinate . . ambition . . . ”: see Phyllis Penn Kohler, trans. and ed., Journey for Our Time by Marquis de Custine (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1951), p. 363.
“The Russian people will . . . ”: see Szamuely, The Russian Tradition, p. 133.
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), p. 132.
“the United States was not merely . . . ”: see John Spanier, American Foreign Policy Since World War II, 6th ed. (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1973), p. 8.
Hajo Holborn, The Political Collapse of Europe, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), pp. ix-x.
Charles E. Bohlen, The Transformation of American Foreign Policy (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1969), pp. 14-15.
Chapter Four
Wilson quoted in Dale R. Tahtinen, National Security Challenges to Saudi Arabia (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1978), p. 1.
Molotov quoted in Foy Kohler, Understanding the Russians (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), p. 398.
Guy V. Daniels, trans., My Country and the World by Andrei D. Sakharov (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), p.81.
Harry S. Truman, “Truman Charges Inaction on Syria,” New York Times, August 25, 1957, p. 23.
“highly strategic and political . . . ”: see Anthony Sampson, The Seven Sisters (New York: The Viking Press, 1975), p. 128.
Edward Luttwak, “Cubans in Arabia?” Commentary, December 1979, p. 65.
Chaim Herzog, “Why Was the West Unprepared?”, Wall Street Journal, December 24, 1979.
Chapter Five
B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, p. 17.
Sir Robert Thompson, Revolutionary War in World Strategy, 1945-1970 (New York: Taplinger, 1970), p. 117.
George McGovern quoted in The Congressional Record, June 22, 1970, p.20737.
Thompson, Revolutionary War in World Strategy, pp. 31, 32.
“Only the American press . . . ”: see Thompson, Peace Is Not at Hand, (London: Chatto and Windus, 1974), p. 32.
“The camera . . . ”: see ibid., p. 38.
Sihanouk quoted in Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979), pp. 250, 251,459.
L. Shelton Clarke, Jr., New York Times, Letters to the Editor, October 4, 1979, p. A-30.
Kissinger quoted in The Economist, September 8, 1979, p. 7.
Thompson, Peace Is Not at Hand, p. 101.
Thompson, Peace Is Not at Hand, p. 137.
Dung quoted in Guenther Lewy, America in Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 208.
Crozier, Strategy of Survival, p. 62.
Quotes on Cambodian genocide taken from John Barron and Anthony Paul, Murder of a Gentle Land (New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1977), pp. 134-136, 206; and A Report to the Division of Human Rights of the United Nations, the Subcomission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the Human Rights Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 1978 Session (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State, July 6, 1978), refugee interviews.
William E. Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), p. 286.
Chapter Six
O. Edmund Clubb, Twentieth Century China (New York: Columbia University Press, Columbia Paperback ed., 1965), p. 4.
Chapter Seven
Robert Rhodes James, ed., Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897-1963, Vol. VII (New York and London: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974), p. 7287.
Victor Utgoff, remarks at a National Security Conference, February 1, 1978, Monterey, California, sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Paul Nitze, “Is SALT II a Fair Deal for the United States?” (Washington, D.C.: Committee on the Present Danger) May 16, 1979, pp. 8-9.
Richard Pipes, “Why the Soviet Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War,” Commentary, July 1977, pp. 21, 34.
The Economist, December 30, 1978, p. 8.
Thompson, Peace Is Not at Hand, p. 175.
Nitze, “Is SALT II a Fair Deal?”, p. 6.
Nitze, “Is SALT II a Fair Deal?”, p. 13.
Helmut Schmidt, Remarks at the Harvard University Commencement, June 1979.
Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, “The Theater Nuclear Force Posture in Europe, A Report to Congress,” April 1, 1975, p. 10.
Holloway and Gorshkov quoted in Understanding Soviet Naval Developments, 3rd. ed. (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 1978), pp. 3, 61.
Chapter Eight
George Marshall quoted in The Marshall Plan, 1947-1951, The Foreign Policy Association Headline Series No. 236, June 1977.
Michael Scammell, trans., To Build a Castle—My Life as a Dissenter, by Vladimir Bukovsky (New York: Viking Press, 1979), p. 141.
Soviet economic dependence on the West: see Carl Gershman, “Selling Them the Rope,” Commentary, April 1979.
Richard T. McCormack, “The Twilight War,” Army, January 1979, pp. 13, 18.
Irving Kristol, “The Worst Is Yet to Come,” Wall Street Journal, November 26, 1979.
William E. Simon, A Time for Truth (New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1978), p. 67.
Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962) p. 9.
Herman Kahn quoted in the Los Angeles Herald Examiner, May 29, 1979.
Robert Nisbet, “The Rape of Progress,” Public Opinion, June/July 1979, p. 4.
Thompson, Peace Is Not at Hand, pp. 172-173.
McCormack, “The Twilight War,” p. 18.
Chapter Nine
Hugh Seton-Watson, “How Right the Old Kennan Was,” in The Decline of the West?, ed. Martin F. Herz (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, Georgetown University, 1978), p. 48.
Paul Johnson, “Is the American Century Ending?”, an interview in Public Opinion, March/May 1979, pp. 6-7, 59.
Edith Hamilton, The Echo of Greece (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1957), pp. 16, 17.
Andrei Amalrik, Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984? (Evanston and New York: Harper and Row, 1970), pp. 33-34.
Foy Kohler, Understanding the Russians (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), p. 117.
Mussolini quoted in An Ideology in Power by Bertram D. Wolfe (New York: Stein and Day, 1969), p. 162.
Harry R. Davis and Robert C. Good, eds., Rdnhold Niebuhr on Politics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960), p. 34.
Harry M. Geduld, ed., The Rationalization of Russia by George Bernard Shaw (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964), pp. 30, 31.
Malcolm Muggeridge, Wall Street Journal, December 31, 1979.
William Pfaff, “On the Passin
g of a Grand Illusion,” Los Angeles Times, March 25, 1979.
Eric Hoffer, Before the Sabbath (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), pp. 3-4.
Hugh Seton-Watson, “How Right the Old Kennan Was,” p. 43.
Norman Podhoretz from an interview with Edmund Fuller, Wall Street Journal, October 31, 1979.
Nisbet, “The Rape of Progress,” p. 55.
Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, “A World Split Apart,” remarks at the Harvard University Commencement, June 1978.
Chapter Ten
James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), p. 388.
Hugh Sidey, “We Argue about Courage Again,” Time, March 5, 1979, p. 13.
Liddell Hart, Strategy, p. 371.
Sir Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy (New York: Oxford University Press, Galaxy Books ed., 1964), p. 43.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, Vol. II, Waging Peace (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, 1965), p. 97.
Nicolson, Diplomacy, p. 52.
Hoover Institution Study: see George Lenczowski, ed., Iran Under the Pahlavis (Stanford, Cal: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), p. xv.
Chapter Eleven
Winston Churchill quoted in C. L. Sulzberger, Seven Continents and Forty Years (New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Company, 1977), p. 125.
B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, pp. 366, 370.
George F. Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” American Diplomacy 1900-1950 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1951), pp. 126-127.
Walter Laqueur, “The Psychology of Appeasement,” Commentary, October 1978, p. 49.
B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, p. 372.
Joseph Galloway, Remarks to the UPI Advisory Board, reprinted by San Diego Union, December 26, 1979.
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., “Is This Journey Necessary?”, Wall street Journal, January 18, 1980.
Dean Acheson, Power and Diplomacy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), pp. 26-27.
Henry Kissinger, interviewed in Wall Street Journal, January 21, 1980.
Chapter Twelve
Malcolm Muggeridge, “Muggeridge Sees Deliverance Despite West’s Despair,” Los Angeles Times, June 17, 1979.
Author’s Note
This book is the final product of my time in San Clemente, California, where I bought a home and established the Western White House in 1969, and where I later lived for exactly five and a half years after resigning the Presidency—from August 9, 1974 until February 9, 1980. During those five and a half years I wrote two books, my Memoirs and this volume. It was a time of intensive reflection on the lessons of a third of a century in public life, and of attempting to apply those lessons to the challenges facing the West in the years ahead. Essentially, the Memoirs were a look back, whereas this is a look ahead.
In the process, I found that no longer being either a public official or a candidate for office has certain advantages, not least of which is that it allows greater directness and candor. Former British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who also served as Foreign Secretary, once said that a Foreign Secretary is “forever poised between a cliche and an indiscretion.” Being out of power and thus unable to shape events directly is often frustrating, particularly after having been at the center of events, but not having to be so discreet is one of its compensations. If I have stated my views more bluntly in this volume than people were accustomed to when I was Vice President or President, the bluntness reflects that freedom.
It is much easier to pinpoint when the work on this book ended than when it began. I completed the basic manuscript in the summer of 1979, then continued editing and updating during the usual phases of a book’s production; as it worked out, the final page proofs arrived from the printer just before I left San Clemente to move to New York. I corrected page proofs during a brief stay in Florida en route from San Clemente, and delivered them back to the publisher on the same day that I arrived in New York to live—February 14, 1980. Several people who read the original draft in September 1979 commented that it was a mistake to feature the Soviets’ 1978 move into Afghanistan so prominently in Chapter 1; by early 1980, after the Red Army moved in, they no longer considered it a mistake.
In one sense, the work on this book began after I completed my Memoirs in April, 1978, when I turned to the writing of this volume as my principal activity. In another sense its roots go back thirteen years, to 1967, when I began work on a book on foreign policy prior to the 1968 presidential campaign. It soon became clear that the demands of the book conflicted too much with the demands of the campaign, so I laid the book on the shelf—though much of the work I had done on it found its way into speeches, and the ideas I was developing in it found their way into the policies of my administration.
In a more fundamental sense, however, this book’s origins go back more than thirty years, to my early days as a Congressman in the period immediately following World War II. It was then that I toured war-devastated Europe as a member of the Herter Committee, as we sought to chart what America’s role should be in helping its recovery. From then on, foreign policy was the chief focus of my concern in public life. In 1953, during my first year as Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Vice President, I made a seventy-day trip to twenty-one countries, the most extensive that had ever been undertaken by an American President or Vice President. On that trip I visited Hanoi, when it was still French; Mrs. Nixon and I were Japan’s first state visitors since World War II. The leaders I met ranged from the Shah of Iran to South Korea’s Syngman Rhee; many of the insights I picked up from them and from the trip itself have stayed with me ever since. I continued extensive foreign travels throughout the eight years of my Vice Presidency and the eight years as a private citizen that followed. By the time I took office as President, I had already visited seventy-three countries.
A book speaks with its author’s voice, but is the product of many hands. The views expressed on the complex and controversial issues discussed in this volume are my own and are not necessarily shared by those who assisted me in preparing the manuscript. But many did help, and any listing can only be partial.
For their help in producing and keeping track of the manuscript, I want to thank my long-time associates Rose Mary Woods and Loie Gaunt, and also Marnie Pavlick and Cathy Price.
Many friends and associates offered information, ideas and counsel; four whose help on the book was especially extensive were former ambassador to NATO Robert Ellsworth; Lt. Gen. Vernon G. Walters, formerly deputy director of the CIA; Dr. William L. Van Cleave, director of the University of Southern California’s Defense and Strategic Studies Program; and John Lehman, formerly a senior member of my National Security Council staff. Two recent graduates of Harvard College and the Harvard Business School, respectively, Hugh Hewitt and Todd Leventhal, worked with me for many months on the project, and provided enormously useful research and editorial assistance. Raymond Price, formerly chief of my White House speech staff, helped me throughout the project as my principal editorial coordinator. His encouragement and wise counsel were indispensable elements in enabling me to produce the final manuscript.
—R.N.
Also by Richard Nixon
Beyond Peace
Seize the Moment
In the Arena
1999: Victory Without War
Real Peace
No More Vietnams
Leaders
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
Six Crises
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Index
Acheson, Dean, 254, 296–97, 300
Aden, 75, 83
Adenauer, Konrad, 270
Afghanistan, 3, 12, 19, 34, 35, 45, 52, 58, 65, 83, 94, 1
20, 121, 124, 198, 208, 213
Soviet invasion of (1979), 9–12, 45, 72, 85, 89, 90, 147–48, 256, 280, 306
“Afghanistanism,” 9
Africa, 4, 33, 67, 152, 196, 239, 241
European colonialism in, 27–29
Soviet Union and, 4, 9, 19, 24–29, 32, 152, 198, 206, 207, 308
U.S. policy toward, 9, 122
“World War III” and, 23–25
See also Central Africa; East Africa; Southern Africa
Alaska, 52
Albania, 19
Alexander II, Tsar, 59
Alliance for Progress, 36
Amalrik, Andrei, 232
American Revolution, 42–43, 54
American Spectator, 27
Amin: see Hafizullah Amin; Idi Amin
Anderson, Jack, 259
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 78
Angola, 3, 12, 28, 29, 34, 82, 83, 120, 121, 124, 198, 208
Cuban troops in, 28–29, 82, 124
See also National Front for the Liberation of Angola; National Union of Angola; Popular Front for the Liberation of Angola
“Anti-intellectualism,” 5
Antilles: see Lesser Antilles Anti-Semitism, Soviet, 22
Arab-Israeli conflict, 80, 86–87, 91, 92–94, 256
See also Egyptian-Israeli accord
Arab oil embargo (1973), 75, 80–81, 83–84, 93, 276
Argentina, 34, 35
Armenia, 55
Arms control, Soviet vs. U.S. attitudes toward, 5
See also Nuclear weapons
Aron, Raymond, 177
ARVN: see South Vietnam
Asia, 4, 67, 122, 152, 196, 308
See also East Asia; Indochina; Persian Gulf
Australia, 75, 197, 271