Churchill, Hitler, and The Unnecessary War

by Patrick J. Buchanan

  21. B. H. Liddell Hart, The Other Side of the Hill (London: Papermac, 1970), pp. 200–201; Captain Russell Grenfell, R.N., Unconditional Hatred: German War Guilt and the Future of Europe (New York: Devin-Adair, 1953), pp. 165–66; Francis Neilson, The Churchill Legend (Brooklyn, N.Y.: 29 Books, 2004), p. 397; Hughes, pp. 187–88.

  22. Denman, p. 130.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Paul Kennedy, “Die Kriegsmarine—The Neglected Service,” Hitler’s War Machine, Robert Cecil, ed. cons. (London: Salamander, 1996), p. 160.

  25. F. H. Hinsley, Hitler’s Strategy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), pp. 1, 3.

  26. Hart, History, p. 7.

  27. A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 504.

  28. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), pp. 413, 425.

  29. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p. 165.

  30. Ian Kershaw, Fateful Choices: The Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941 (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), p. 22.

  31. Ibid.; Nicholas Bethell, The War Hitler Won: The Fall of Poland, September, 1939 (New York: Holt Rinehart Winston, 1973), p. 291.

  32. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 202.

  33. Hillgruber, p. 69; Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), pp. 361–62; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, p. 63.

  34. John Lukacs, June 1941: Hitler and Stalin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 22–23 (fn).

  35. Henry A. Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 346.

  36. Chamberlin, pp. 51, 49.

  37. Taylor, English History, pp. 94–95, 108.

  38. David Dutton, Neville Chamberlain (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 58; Taylor, Origins, p. 205; Graham Stewart, Burying Caesar: The Churchill-Chamberlain Rivalry (New York: Overlook Press, 2001), p. 355; Gene Smith, The Dark Summer: An Intimate History of the Events That Led to World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1987), p. 133.

  39. Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979), p. 970.

  40. Sir Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1940), p. 226.

  41. Robert K. Massie, Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War (New York: Ballantine, 1991), p. 901; Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Macmillan, 1962), p. 53.

  42. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (New York: Basic, 1999), p. xxxvii.

  43. Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), p. 38.

  44. Ibid., p. 262; Francis Neilson, The Makers of War (Appleton, Wisc.: C. C. Nelson, 1950), p. 100; Hughes, p. 141.

  45. Neilson, Makers of War, p. 109.

  46. Ibid.; Hughes, p. 145.

  47. Neilson, The Churchill Legend, p. 284.

  48. Patrick J. Buchanan, A Republic, Not an Empire (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1999), pp. 277–78.

  49. Jeffrey Herf, “Fact Free: Buchanan’s Hitler Problem, Part II,” The New Republic, October 18, 1999, p. 16.

  50. Ibid., p. 17.

  51. Roger Chesneau, Aircraft Carriers of the World: 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (London: Arms & Armor Press, 1992), p. 76.

  52. Denman, p. 129.

  53. Chesneau, p. 76.

  54. Ibid., p. 77.

  55. Michael Kelly, “Republican Stunts,” Washington Post, October 6, 1999, p. A33.

  56. Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany, Hitler & World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 196–97.

  57. Bernard C. Nalty, The Air War (New York: MetroBooks, 1999), pp. 24–27.

  58. Taylor, English History, p. 410.

  59. Matthew Cooper, “Die Luftwaffe—Strategically a Failure,” in Hitler’s War Machine, p. 110.

  60. Hughes, p. 189.

  61. Charles Callan Tansill, Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy 1933–41 (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952), p. 551.

  62. Niall Ferguson, The War for the World: Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), pp. 393–95.

  63. James S. Corum, The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940 (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 7.

  64. Ibid., p. 281.

  65. Richard Bernstein, “We’re Coming Over, and We Won’t Come Back Till It’s Over, Over There,” New York Times, July 4, 2001, p. B12.

  66. David Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War 1943–1945 (New York: Random House, 1986), p. 72.

  67. Chamberlin, p. 50.

  68. John Lukacs, Five Days in London: May 1940 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 217.

  69. Ibid., p. 206.

  70. Bruce M. Russett, No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War II (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press [HarperCollins], 1997), pp. 42–43.

  71. Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens, Translators, Hitler’s Table Talk: 1941–1944: His Private Conversations, Introduced and with a New Preface by H. R. Trevor-Roper (New York: Enigma, 2000), p. 490.

  72. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 14; John Meacham, “Bush, Yalta and the Blur of Hindsight,” Washington Post, Sunday, May 15, 2005, p. B1.

  73. Taylor, Sarajevo to Potsdam, pp. 136–38.

  74. Arnold Beichman, “The Surprising Roots of Fascism,” Policy Review, Hoover Institution. http://www.policyreview.org/aug00/beichman.

  75. Ibid.

  76. Robert Nisbet, Roosevelt and Stalin: The Failed Courtship (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1988), p. 24.

  77. Cameron and Stevens, p. xxx.

  78. Taylor, Origins, p. xxi.

  79. David Calleo, The German Problem Reconsidered: Germany and the World Order, 1870 to the Present (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 103.

  80. Hillgruber, p. 95.

  81. Cameron and Stevens, p. 199.

  82. Hillgruber, p. 96.

  83. Ibid.

  CHAPTER 14: MAN OF THE CENTURY

  1. Ralph Raico, “Rethinking Churchill,” in The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, Second Expanded Edition, John Denson, ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1999), p. 321 (fn).

  2. Emrys Hughes, Winston Churchill: British Bulldog (New York: Exposition Press, 1955), p. 35.

  3. Robert Payne, The Great Man: A Portrait of Winston Churchill (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1974), p. 216.

  4. Raico, p. 321.

  5. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1991), p. 274; Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (London: Plume, 2001), p. 240.

  6. Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War (New York: Random House, 1979), p. 177.

  7. Ibid., pp. 177, 222.

  8. Ibid., p. 178.

  9. Ibid., pp. 290–91.

  10. George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England (New York: Capricorn, 1961), p. 89.

  11. Lynne Olson, Troublesome Young Men: The Rebels Who Brought Churchill to Power and Helped Save England (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 45.

  12. Ibid., p. 46.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Richard Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness (London: Macmillan, 2007), p. 162.

  15. Ibid., p. 163.

  16. Olson, p. 75.

  17. Ibid., p. 76.

  18. Toye, p. 282.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Olson, p. 76.

  21. Ibid., p. 81.

  22. Ibid., p. 82.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Ernest R. May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000), p. 173.

  25. Andrew Roberts, “Blood, Toil, Tears, etc.: Is There Anything New to Be Said About Winston Churchill?” Weekly Standard, September 26, 2005. http//www.weeklystandard.com.

  26. May, p. 173.
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  27. Gilbert, p. 604; Graham Stewart, Burying Caesar: The Churchill-Chamberlain Rivalry (New York: Overlook Press, 2001), p. 341.

  28. John Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1993), p. 356.

  29. Lord Blake, “Winston Churchill, the Historian,” Speech to the Winston S. Churchill Societies of Edmonton, Calgary and Vancouver, May 1988, p. 6. Published by the Churchill Centre, Washington, D.C., info@winstonchurchill.org.

  30. John Lukacs, Five Days in London: May 1940 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 113.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Ibid.

  33. Ibid., p. 120; Ian Kershaw, Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941 (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), pp. 11, 35.

  34. Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), p. 381.

  35. Ibid.

  36. F. H. Hinsley, Hitler’s Strategy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), pp. 34–35.

  37. Ibid., p. 79.

  38. Ibid.

  39. Alan Clark, “A Reputation Ripe for Revision,” London Times, January 2, 1993.

  40. Hinsley, p. 82.

  41. Ibid., p. 81.

  42. Ibid.

  43. Ibid., p. 130.

  44. John Lukacs, June 1941: Hitler and Stalin (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 27.

  45. Kershaw, p. 54.

  46. Ibid., p. 66.

  47. Ibid., p. 68.

  48. Michael Bloch, Ribbentrop, Foreword by Hugh Trevor-Roper (London: Abacus, 2003), pp. 311–12.

  49. Kershaw, p. 54.

  50. Hinsley, p. 131.

  51. Kershaw, p. 70.

  52. Hinsley, p. 131.

  53. Lukacs, June 1941, p. 92.

  54. Ibid.

  55. Ibid.

  56. Ibid.

  57. Hinsley, p. 131.

  58. Lukacs, June 1941, p. 137.

  59. Ibid.

  60. Ibid.

  61. Charmley, p. 453; Lukacs, June 1941, p. 104.

  62. Robert Nisbet, Roosevelt and Stalin: The Failed Courtship (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1988), p. 9.

  63. George Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), p. 133.

  64. Nisbet, p. 19.

  65. Hughes, p. 178.

  66. Gilbert, p. 632; Charmley, p. 472.

  67. Nisbet, p. 30; Gilbert, p. 728.

  68. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York: Vintage, 2003), p. 420.

  69. Charmley, p. 508.

  70. Hughes, pp. 217–18.

  71. Raico, p. 324.

  72. Ibid.

  73. Charmley, p. 560.

  74. Gregor Dallas, 1945: The War That Never Ended (New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 274.

  75. William Henry Chamberlin, America’s Second Crusade (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1950), p. 306; F.J.P. Veale, Advance to Barbarism: How the Reversion to Barbarism in Warfare and War-Trials Menaces Our Future, Foreword by the The Very Rev. William Ralph Inge, Dean of St. Paul’s (Appleton, Wisc.: C. C. Nelson, 1953), p. 153.

  76. Dallas, p. 272.

  77. Ibid., p. 273.

  78. Ibid., p. 274.

  79. Ibid., p. 275.

  80. Montefiore, p. 476.

  81. Ibid.

  82. Nisbet, p. 71.

  83. Charmley, p. 617; John Meacham, “Bush, Yalta and the Blur of Hindsight,” Washington Post, May 15, 2005, p. B1; Gilbert, p. 821.

  84. Nisbet, p. 78.

  85. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), p. 322.

  86. Ibid., p. 323.

  87. Robert Holmes, In the Footsteps of Churchill: A Study in Character (New York: Basic, 2005), p. 188.

  88. Andrew Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900 (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 360.

  89. Hughes, p. 94.

  90. Gilbert, pp. 411–12; Hughes, p. 92.

  91. Toye, p. 200.

  92. Ibid.

  93. John Lewis Gaddis, Now We Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 8.

  94. Hughes, p. 109; Charmley, p. 556; Raico, “Rethinking Churchill,” p. 345.

  95. Hughes, p. 240.

  96. Raico, p. 345.

  97. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), p. 361; Jenkins, p. 781.

  98. Charmley, p. 619; Meacham, op. cit.

  99. Ibidem; Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 401.

  100. Captain Russell Grenfell, R.N., Unconditional Hatred: German War Guilt and the Future of Europe (New York: Devin-Adair, 1953), pp. 152–53.

  101. Luigi Villari, Italian Foreign Policy Under Mussolini (New York: Devin-Adair, 1956), p. 377; Hughes, p. 202.

  102. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 368.

  103. Nikolai Tolstoy, Victims of Yalta (London: Corgi, 1986), p. 128.

  104. A. N. Wilson, After the Victorians: The Decline of Britain in the World (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), p. 350.

  105. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation II, Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), pp. 259–60.

  106. Ibid., p. 259.

  107. Alfred M. de Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdam: The Expulsion of the Germans from the East, Third Edition Revised (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 38.

  108. Winston Churchill, Closing the Ring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), p. 362; de Zayas, p. 38.

  109. de Zayas, pp. 46–47.

  110. Dallas, p. 292.

  111. Ibid., p. 294.

  112. Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, The German Expellees: Victims in War and Peace (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p. 84.

  113. de Zayas, The Expellees, pp. 79–80.

  114. Ibid., p. 80.

  115. Ibid.

  116. Ibid., p. 77.

  117. de Zayas, Nemesis, p. 89.

  118. Ibid.

  119. de Zayas, Expellees, p. 81.

  120. Ibid., p. 84.

  121. Charmley, p. 645.

  122. Ibid.

  123. de Zayas, Nemesis, p. 108.

  124. Ibid., p. 59.

  125. Montefiore, p. 534.

  126. Hinsley, p. 51.

  127. Andrew Roberts, Hitler and Churchill: Secrets of Leadership (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), pp. 71–72.

  128. Winston S. Churchill, “House of Commons Speech, April 11, 1940,” Blood, Sweat and Tears (New York: Putnam, 1941), pp. 295–312.

  129. Ibid.

  130. Kershaw, p. 23.

  131. Francis Neilson, The Churchill Legend (Brooklyn, N.Y.: 29 Books, 2004), p. 323.

  132. Kennan, p. 123.

  133. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 (London: Odhams Press, 1947), p. 104.

  134. Ibid., pp. 120–21.

  135. Ibid., pp. 264, 265.

  136. Roberts, Hitler and Churchill, p. 71.

  137. Gilbert, pp. 99–100.

  138. Jenkins, p. 35.

  139. Robert K. Massie, Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War (New York: Ballantine, 1991), p. 895; Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Macmillan, 1962), p. 26.

  140. Charles Callan Tansill, America Goes to War (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1965), p. 148.

  141. Raico, p. 331.

  142. Ralph Raico, “World War I: The Turning Point,” in The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, Second Expanded Edition, John Denson, ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1999), p. 222.

  143. Toye, p. 193.

  144. Churchill, Step by Step, p. 155.

  145. Geoff Simons, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), pp. 147, 179–181; Jonathan Glancy, “Gas, Chemical Bombs: Britain Has Used Them All Before in Iraq,” Guardian, April 9, 2003; Michael Lind, “Churchill for Dummies,” The Spe
ctator, April 24, 2004; Ben Fenton, “Churchill Wanted to Use Gas on Enemies,” Daily Telegraph, January 3, 1997.

  146. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 370; Gilbert, p. 668; A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 518; Davis, p. 69.

  147. Johnson, Modern Times, p. 370.

  148. Ibid.

  149. Ibid.

  150. Ibid.

  151. Taylor, English History, p. 518.

  152. Veale, p. 122.

  153. Ibid., p. 128.

  154. Ibid.

  155. Ibid., p. 130.

  156. George N. Crocker, Roosevelt’s Road to Russia (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1986), p. 167.

  157. Gilbert, p. 727.

  158. Ibid., pp. 727–28.

  159. Mike Davis, Dead Cities (New York: New Press, 2002), p. 68.

  160. John W. Wheeler-Bennett & Anthony Nicholls, The Semblance of Peace: The Political Settlement After the Second World War (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 179.

  161. C. P. Snow, Science and Government: The Godkin Lectures at Harvard University (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 48.

  162. Ibid., p. 49.

  163. Veale, p. 121; Grenfell, p. 126.

  164. Ibid.

  165. Grenfell, p. 127.

  166. Hughes, p. 146.

  167. George Rosie, “UK Planned to Wipe Out Germany with Anthrax,” Glasgow Herald, September 14, 2001; Davis, p. 76.

  168. Prime Minister’s Personal Minute to General Ismay for COS Committee, “Winston Churchill’s Secret Poison Gas Memo.” http://globalresearch.ca/articles/CHU407A.htm.

  169. Davis, p. 76.

  170. Patrick J. Buchanan, Where the Right Went Wrong (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004), p. 119.

  171. Ibid., pp. 119–20.

  172. Davis, p. 78; Veale, p. 135.

  173. Raico, “Rethinking Churchill,” p. 353.

  174. Veale, p. 130.

  175. A.J.P. Taylor, From Sarajevo to Potsdam (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967), p. 178.

  176. Veale, p. 138.

  177. Roberts, Hitler and Churchill, p. xxv.

  178. Jonathan Yardley, “A Distinguished Philosopher Asks If Killing Innocents Is Ever Justifiable,” Washington Post, Book World, April 9, 2006, p. 2.

  179. Edward Short, “Winston Churchill and the Old Cause,” Crisis, December 2005, p. 27.

  180. Pakenham, p. 291.

  181. Short, p. 31.

  182. Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 211–12; Michael Lind, op. cit.