Once Upon a Revolution
Page 32
crime, 79, 113
dams, 15, 224
Daniel, Mina, 57, 133, 146, 149, 155
Maspero massacre and, 133–46, 154
Day of Rage, 45–47, 49–54
deep state, 25
Defense Ministry, 110, 133, 182, 183
democracy, 25, 27, 68, 83, 89–91, 97, 101, 147, 149, 162, 218, 224, 227, 229, 232, 243, 245, 251, 255
Democratic Front, 25, 69
Dokki, 121, 122
dress, 31, 59, 188
Muslim Brotherhood, 31
revolution and, 59
veil, 69, 151
drugs, 79, 106
economy, 6, 14–15, 18, 23, 62, 63, 117, 248, 257
capitalist, 18, 19, 62
failing, 112, 167, 206, 213, 252
reforms, 23
unemployment, 26, 167, 197
education, 13, 16, 21, 32, 37–40, 99, 156, 250
Brotherhood, 37–40, 197
democratization of, 16
teachers strike, 120
university demonstrations, 78–79
Egypt, 1–7
British Rule, 4, 13–15, 31–32
Camp David Accords, 34
future of, 247–58
growth of dissident movement, 24–47
independence of, 13, 14
military rule, 73–75, 78, 80–85, 89, 101–30, 145–46, 159, 162–64, 169, 178–79, 187, 195–96, 206, 222, 240, 248
Morsi as president of, 190–98, 204–31
Mubarak as president of, 19–30, 35–47, 73–74
Nasser as president of, 14–17, 19, 32–33
1948 war against Israel, 14
1967 war against Israel, 16, 33
1973 war against Israel, 19
post-Mubarak, 77–100, 101–30
revolution, see Egyptian Revolution
Sadat as president of, 17–19, 33–35, 120
-U.S. relations, 18, 20, 25, 34, 87, 113, 125–26, 146, 179, 209–10, 234
Egyptian Bloc, 150–52, 153, 155
Egyptian Current Party, 109, 204
Egyptian Museum, 28, 65
Egyptian Revolution, 1–7
Abbasiya March, 110–11
anti-Morsi campaign, 211–31
army and, 52, 55–56, 65–67, 73–75, 81–85, 101–30, 145–46, 159–64, 204
Battle of Mohamed Mahmoud, 155–60
casualties, 57, 66, 135, 138–44, 155, 158–59, 163, 234, 235
Christians and, 131–46
cleanup, 76
constitutional referendums, 82–93, 212–13
crime, 79
El Hayiss Pastries, 47, 49, 50–51, 63, 66–67
el-Sisi and, 228–43, 255–57
el-Sisi constitution, 239–42
end of utopian stage, 111
Facebook and, 29, 45, 54, 61, 70–71, 83–84, 98, 103, 105–6, 124, 139–40, 142, 201, 241, 244
failure of, 248–53
fall of Mubarak, 2, 68–76, 77, 113–14
February 2 (Battle of the Camel), 56–57, 65, 76, 137, 140
Final Friday march, 182–83
first anniversary of, 166, 167, 169–72
Friday of the Second Revolution, 102–3
future of, 247–58
internal bickering, 60–62, 93–100, 101–30, 158–60, 172, 176–78, 197–202
Ittihadiya protests, 211–12, 227
January 25 (Day of Rage), 45–47, 49–54
January 28 (Friday of Rage), 53–56
July 8 (Friday of Determination), 105–8
July 26 “Mandate Day” demonstrations, 234
June 30 Revolution, 222–31
lack of coherent ideas, 251–53
legacy of, 193–94, 241–45, 247–58
Maspero massacre, 131–46, 154
media and, 45, 52–53, 58–61, 70–71, 77, 78, 82–85, 101, 112–14, 139–42, 163–66, 173, 229
military coup against Morsi, 228–39, 247
military rule, 73–75, 78, 80–85, 89, 101–30, 145–46, 159, 162–64, 169, 178–79, 187, 195–96, 206, 222, 240, 248
Morsi and, 195–98, 204–31
Morsi constitution, 196–97, 207–13
Muslim Brotherhood and, 46–47, 54–56, 62–65, 76, 93–100, 107, 169–72
parliamentary elections and, 122–30, 147–69
planning of, 45–47
police and, 51–65, 77–81, 104, 110, 118
Port Said massacre, 173–76
post-Mubarak, 77–100, 101–30
Rabaa Square protests, 228–39
Revolutionary Youth Coalition and, 67–71, 75, 77, 84–90, 101–30, 190, 197–202
salasel, 165–66
second anniversary of, 216–17
sexual harassment and rape, 57, 191
Tahrir sit-in, 107–11
third anniversary of, 242
women and, 57, 69–70, 84–85, 95, 129, 133, 136, 146, 159, 162, 212, 228, 241
youth groups, 45–47, 49–56, 66–76, 170, 190, 197–202, 239
Eid al-Adha, 75
Eissa, Ibrahim, 27
el-Adly, Habib, 30, 36, 43, 80, 113–14
ElBaradei, Mohamed, 11, 28–29, 43–44, 46, 51, 64, 67, 71, 82, 85–86, 89, 92, 101, 108, 159, 196, 212, 218–19, 229, 234, 238
political failure of, 218–19, 236–37
el-Bawwab, Iman, 127, 129
el-Beltagy, Mohamed, 233
El Bernameg (TV show), 215
el-Din, Ziad Bahaa, 237
election fraud, 24, 26, 30, 44, 83, 119, 179, 186, 190, 217–18
“Elections first” slogan, 99
el-Elaimy, Zyad, 46, 50, 68, 75, 80, 86–90, 101, 103, 107–10, 116, 150, 152, 155–62, 168, 170, 174–77, 188, 189, 197–200, 240–41
January 25 (Day of Rage), 50–54
January 28 (Friday of Rage), 53–56
el-Fengary, Mohsen, 80, 108
el-Hamalawy, Hossam, 116
El Hayiss Pastries, 47, 49, 50–51, 63, 66–67
El Masry, 173–75
el-Naggar, Mostafa, 165
el-Sayyed, Khaled, 155, 160
el-Shater, Khairat, 41, 71, 93–99, 180, 182
el-Sheini, Hisham, 125, 127, 128, 130
el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 205, 225, 228–43, 254
becomes president, 242, 248, 255–57
constitution of, 239–42
cult of personality, 239–40
government of, 230–43, 255–57
June 30 Revolution, 222–31
media and, 229, 231, 239–41, 248
military coup against Morsi, 228–39, 247
Emara, Adel, 145
Enan, Sami, 195, 205
Essam, Ramy, 84–85, 102
Ethiopia, 36, 170, 224
European Union, 234
Ezz, Ahmed, 80
Facebook, 11, 28, 29, 31, 44, 98, 124, 167, 241
fake youth groups, 105–6
internal bickering on, 105–6
Khaled Said page, 29, 46, 69
role in revolution, 29, 45, 54, 61, 70–71, 83–84, 98, 103, 105–6, 124, 139–40, 142, 201, 241, 244
RSD page, 70–71
SCAF page, 83–84, 103
Fares, Abdelrahman, 67, 109
Farouk I, King of Egypt, 13–14
Fattah, Alaa Abdel, 72, 101, 110, 112, 154, 178–79, 239, 240, 241, 251–52
Fayoum, 28
felool, 150, 184, 210, 211–12, 221, 222, 226, 248, 249, 252, 256
feudal families, 125–30
Filopatir, Father, 139, 141, 142
Final Friday march, 182–83
food, 36, 46, 54, 111, 128, 251
Bread Riots, 46, 50
prices, 167
revolution and, 56, 58, 60, 111
France, 5, 110
invasion of Egypt, 110
Revolution, 5, 62
Freedom and Justice Party, 99–100
Freedom House, 119
Free Egyptians Party, 150–52, 196, 222
Free Officers, 9, 14, 32, 112
F
riday of Determination, 105–8
Friday of Rage, 53–56
Friday of the Second Revolution, 102–3
fuel shortages, 219, 220, 222
Gamaa Islamiya, 35–36, 224, 228
gays, 85, 106
Gaza, 42, 71, 138
Operation Cast Lead, 42
war, 209–10
General Intelligence Directorate, 116–17
Germany, 103, 215
Gezira Club, 63
Ghad Party, 220, 223
Ghazala, Adel Halim Abu, 20
Ghonim, Wael, 69
Giza, 51–52
Golden Tulip Flamenco Hotel, 166
Great Britain, 4, 31
Egypt ruled by, 4, 13–14, 15, 31–32
Greece, 15, 253, 256
Gulf War, 20
Hamas, 209–10
Hamid, Nasser Abdel, 123
Hamzawy, Amr, 90, 91, 239, 252
Hanging Church, 21
Hazemoon, 121–22, 180, 182–83
health care, 99, 251
Hegazy, Mahmoud, 146
Helwan, 18, 19
hereditary rule, 23
Hezbollah, 220
Hilal, Hassan Mokhtar, 32
Hilal, Mona Hassan Mokhtar, 34
Hisham, General, 63–64
Hizb al-Kanaba, 60
Horreya Party, 124–30, 226
housing shortages, 167, 177, 197
Hussein, Saddam, 20, 27
iftars, 111, 115
illiteracy, 152
Imbaba, 132
infitah, 18
infrastructure, 15, 79
Interior Ministry, 77, 104, 136, 207
International Republican Institute, 119
Internet, 11, 39, 71–72, 207
Iraq, 22–23, 27, 50, 126, 138
Iraq War, 22–23, 50
irrigation, 15
Ishak, George, 92
Islam, 31, 32, 33, 35, 126, 132
attitudes toward women, 127, 153
law, 121–22, 126, 153, 209
radical, 34–36, 81, 100, 131, 184, 204–5, 209, 220, 224–25, 239
Islamic Group. See Gamaa Islamiya
Islamic Jihad, 34
Islamophobia, 71, 220
Ismailia, 31
Israel, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 33, 34, 74–75, 81, 113, 118, 205
Camp David Accords, 34
1948 war against Egypt, 14
1967 war against Egypt, 16, 33
1973 war against Egypt, 19
Operation Cast Lead, 42
-Palestinian conflict, 4, 16, 22, 34, 37, 42, 180, 209–10
Istanbul, 238, 244
Ittihadiya Palace, 182, 187, 203, 211
protests, 211–12, 227
January 25 Revolution. See Egyptian Revolution
Japan, 103
Jeddah, 17, 19, 35
Jews, 15, 122, 179
jihadists, 34, 81, 100, 117, 131, 204–5, 224–25, 239
Journalists Syndicate, 45, 89
judges’ movement, 24
June 30 Committee, 222–24
June 30 Revolution, 222–31
Justice Party, 165
Kafr el-Sheikh, 108
Kamal, Bothaina, 133, 136–37
Kamel, Basem, 2–3, 9–12, 13, 17–30, 45–47, 59, 61, 66–76, 84–90, 102–3, 107–8, 116, 170, 181, 183, 189, 196, 197, 202, 212–17, 227–34, 237, 242–44, 248, 252, 257
becomes a dissident, 28–30
childhood of, 17–21
constitutional referendum and, 84–90
January 25 (Day of Rage), 49–54
January 28 (Friday of Rage), 53–56
parliamentary campaign, 147–63, 167–69
Revolutionary Youth Coalition and, 67–71, 75, 84–90
Social Democratic Party and, 107–9, 147–69, 177, 230, 243
Kamel, Mohamed, 13–22, 28, 30
as political prisoner, 14–17, 19
Kamel, Rasha, 21
Kandahar Friday, 100, 152
Kasr el-Dobara Evangelical Church, 90–91
Kazeboon! movement, 164, 167, 190
Kennedy, John F., 195
Khalil, Kamal, 116, 120
Khalil, Mohamed, 148
Kifaya, 10, 24, 26, 29, 40, 44, 92, 221, 223
Koran, 31, 32, 35, 62, 99, 127, 209
koshari, 58, 60
Kuwait, 20, 32
labor, 46, 62, 69, 70, 119–20
revolution and, 49
strikes and demonstrations, 25, 43, 78–79, 116, 119–20, 129
unions, 70, 119, 178
wages, 119–20, 177
LaHood, Ray, 179
LaHood, Sam, 179
Lebanon, 138, 220, 244–45
Lenin, Nikolai, 50, 115
liberalism, 68, 83, 89, 90–91, 95, 100, 102, 109, 122, 148, 150, 178, 182, 198, 202–20, 239
Libya, 26, 27, 103, 127, 203
Louis XVI, King of France, 5
Lutfi, Islam, 97, 98
Luxor, 36, 126, 129
Mahalla labor strike, 25, 43, 120
Maher, Ahmed, 154, 236, 239, 240
Mahfouz, Asmaa, 112, 126, 140, 154
Mahmoud, Abdel, 120
Mahmoud, Moataz, 124–30
Makram, Omar, 110
Malek, Aly, 129–30
“Mandate Day” demonstrations, 234
Mandela, Nelson, 191
Manial, 92
Mansoura rally, 88–90
Mao Tse-tung, 115
Marinab, 132
Marsa Matrouh, 127, 129
Marx, Karl, 50, 115
Maspero, 61, 72, 78, 112, 131–46
massacre, 131–46, 147, 154
Maspero Youth Union, 132, 133, 136, 170
Mecca, 35
media, 27, 34, 81, 112–13, 131, 163
constitutional referendum and, 82–93
el-Sisi and, 229, 231, 239–41, 248
international, 61, 215
June 30 Revolution and, 222–31
Maspero massacre and, 131–46, 154
Morsi and, 206, 214–15, 217, 224, 229
Muslim Brotherhood, 34, 185, 217, 230
revolution and, 45, 52–53, 58–61, 70–71, 77, 78, 82–85, 101, 112–14, 139–42, 163–66, 173, 229
RSD, 70–71
SCAF censorship directive to, 118–19
strike, 78
See also social media; specific publications; television
middle class, 13, 19, 29, 54, 69
military, 2, 7, 25, 65–66, 110, 204, 249, 250, 252
Battle of Mohamed Mahmoud, 155–60
coup against Morsi, 228–39, 247
crackdown on civil society groups, 179
el-Sisi and, 228–43, 256
June 30 Revolution, 222–31
legislative powers of, 187, 188, 195–98, 206
Maspero massacre, 131–46, 154
Morsi and, 195–98, 204–31
Morsi constitution and, 196–97, 207–13
people run over by, 145–46
Port Said massacre, 173–76
Rabaa Square protests, 228–39
revolution and, 52–56, 65–67, 73–75, 81–85, 101–30, 145–46, 159–64, 204
rule, 73–75, 78, 80–85, 89, 101–30, 145–46, 159, 162–64, 169, 178–79, 187, 195–96, 206, 222, 240, 248
special privileges, 208–9
2011 parliamentary elections and, 162–63
See also Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF)
Mogamma, 107, 109
Mohamed Mamoud, Battle of, 155–60
Mohammed, Abdelkarim Abdelfattah, 34, 39–40
Mohandiseen, 34, 54, 171
Moore, Sally, 69–76, 85, 89, 105, 106, 111, 114, 116, 117, 123, 133, 139, 149, 151, 156, 164, 168, 170, 183, 189–90, 200, 241
Moqattam, 92, 220
Morsi, Mohamed, 41, 99–100, 180–231, 252, 254
agenda of, 195–98, 204–11
campaign against, 211–31
constitution of, 196–97, 207–13
&nb
sp; June 30 Revolution and, 222–31
media and, 206, 214–15, 217, 224, 229
military coup against, 228–39, 247
Muslim Brotherhood and, 180–98, 204–31
parliamentary powers claimed by, 206–11
poor etiquette of, 214–15
2012 presidential campaign, 180–94
Mosireen, 250
Mossad, 113, 117
Mostafa, Hala, 196
Mostafa Mahmoud Mosque, 54–55, 171, 238
Mousa, Amr, 181, 183–84, 212, 239
Mubarak, Alaa, 114
Mubarak, Gamal (Jimmy), 23–24, 43, 114
Mubarak, Hosni, 2, 5, 6, 10–11, 19–21, 35–47, 59, 62, 68, 113, 115, 119, 126, 146, 152, 157, 173, 179, 185, 186, 188, 190, 201, 202, 218, 247, 249, 252, 254, 255
becomes president, 19–21
fall of, 2, 68–76, 77, 113–14, 176, 206
final address, 73
leadership style, 20–30, 36–37, 41
Muslim Brotherhood and, 35–44
police and 20, 24–30, 35–47, 77
resignation of, 74–75, 191
trial of, 84, 104, 106, 113–14, 167
Muhammad, Prophet, 31, 110, 126, 137
music, 84–85, 102
Muslim Brotherhood, 2, 7, 11, 15, 24, 25–26, 29–47, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72, 78, 83, 93–13, 108, 119, 121, 122, 140, 144, 155, 167–68, 244, 249
anti-Morsi campaign and, 211–31
constitutional referendum and, 83, 87–89, 92
dress, 31
early years, 31–34
el-Sisi and, 228–43
first anniversary of revolution, 169–72
Friday of Rage and, 54–56
Guidance Council, 93, 96
military coup against Morsi and, 228–39, 247
Morsi and, 180–98, 204–31
Morsi constitution and, 196–97, 207–13
Mubarak and, 35–44
Nasser and, 32–33
parliament dominated by, 169–72, 174, 176–78, 186–87
post-Mubarak schisms, 93–100
press, 34
Rabaa Square protests, 228–39
revolution and, 46–47, 54–56, 62–65, 76, 93–100, 107, 169–72
Sadat and, 33–35
society and, 214
2011 parliamentary elections, 149, 152–53, 160–63, 169–72
2012 presidential elections, 180–94
youth groups, 34–47, 54–56, 69, 95–99
Muslim Brotherhood Youth, 69, 70, 170, 216
Muwafi, Murad, 116–17
Nag Hammadi, 124, 126, 130
Nahda Square sit-in, 232, 235
Nasr City, 80, 94, 228
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 14–17, 32–33, 62, 131, 181, 182, 230
death of, 17
Muslim Brotherhood and, 32–33
Nasser, Maha Abdel, 148, 149
Nasserists, 62, 181, 196
National Conscience Front, 215
National Democratic Institute, 119
National Democratic Party, 123–26, 151, 176, 199
2012 presidential elections, 185–94
nationalism, 4, 14, 16, 24, 31–34, 87, 145, 181, 234, 252