Opium Nation
Page 33
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Therolf, Garrett. “Heroin from Afghanistan Is Cutting a Deadly Path.” Los Angeles Times, December 26, 2006. Viewed online at articles.latimes.com/2006/dec/26/local/me-heroin26?pg=2.
Townsend, Mark, Anushka Asthana, and Denis Campbell. “Heroin UK,” The Guardian, December 24, 2006. Viewed online at www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/dec/24/drugsandalcohol.drugs.
“Transforming Opium Poppies into Heroin,” Frontline, PBS TV. Viewed online at www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/transform/.
Voice of America. “Afghanistan Battles Insecurity, Joblessness.” December 23, 2010. Viewed online at www.payvand.com/news/10/dec/1219.html.
“Warlord or Druglord,” Time, February 8, 2007. Viewed at www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587252–1,00.html.
Watson, Paul. “The Lure of Opium Wealth Is a Potent Force in Afghanistan.” Los Angeles Times, May 29, 2005. Viewed online at articles.latimes.com/2005/may/29/world/fg-drugs29.
Zafarzaoi, Niamatullah. “Number of Drug Addicts on the Rise in Kabul.” Pajhwok Afghan News Service, June 1, 2010. Viewed online at www.eariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allDocs/A40BFD1CEF0A580B87257735005FBF64?OpenDocument.
Zakhilwal, Omar, and Adeena Niazi. “The Warlords Win in Kabul.” New York Times, June 21, 2002. Viewed online at www.nytimes.com/2002/06/21/opinion/21NIAZ.html.
REPORTS
Afghanistan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, provincial profile reports, Takhar [n.d.]. Viewed online at www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Takhar%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf.
Caulkins, Jonathan, P. Mark, A. R. Kleiman, and Jonathan D. Kulick. Drug Production and Trafficking, Counterdrug Policies, and Security and Governance in Afghanistan. New York: Center on International Cooperation, New York University, June 2010. Viewed at www.cic.nyu.edu/Lead%20Page%20PDF/sherman_drug_trafficking.pdf.
Mansfield, David. Afghanistan: Strategy Study #9: Opium Poppy Cultivation in a Changing Policy Environment: Farmers’ Intentions for the 2002/03 Growing Seasons. Kabul: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. May 2003, 1–28. Viewed online at www.davidmansfield.org/all.php.
Mansfield, David, and Adam Pain. Alternative Livelihoods: Substance or Slogan? Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. October 2005, 1. Viewed online at ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/14650/1/bp05ma01.pdf.
———. Counter-Narcotics in Afghanistan: The Failure of Success? Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. December 2008, 8. Viewed online at www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/822E-Counter-Narcotics%20in%20Afghanistan%20BP%202008.pdf.
Pain, Adam. Afghanistan Livelihood Trajectories: Evidence from Badakhshan. , Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. February 2010, 12. Viewed online at www.areu.org.af-EditionDetails.aspx?EditionId=310&ContentId=7&ParentId=7.
Perl, Raphael F. Taliban and the Drug Trade. U.S. Congressional Research Service Report. October 5, 2001, 2. Viewed online at fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/6210.pdf.
Political Freedom Research Institute country profile Web site. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Viewed online at www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/Afghanistan.pdf.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Survey on Drug Use and Health (for 2008). September 2009. Viewed online at www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k8nsduh/2k8Results.cfm.
United Nations Development Fund for Women. Women in Afghanistan Fact Sheet 2010. Viewed online at www.unifem.org/afghanistan/media/pubs/factsheet/10/index.html.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs—Integrated Regional Information Network. “Afghanistan: Interview with Female Opium Farmer.” Bitter-Sweet Harvest: Afghanistan’s New War. August 2004.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Addiction, Crime and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium. New York: United Nations Publications, 2009, 1. Viewed online at www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Afghanistan/Executive_Summary_english.pdf.
———. Afghanistan Annual Opium Poppy Survey. August 2007. Viewed online at www.unodc.org/pdf/research/AFG07_ExSum_web.pdf.
———. Afghanistan Annual Opium Survey 2009, Kabul, September 2009, 9. Viewed online at viewer.zmags.com/publication/f1effeeb#/f1effeeb/1.
———. Afghanistan Annual Opium Survey 2010, Winter Rapid Assessment. February 2010. Viewed online at www.unodc.org/documents/research/Afghanistan_Opium_Survey_2010_Winter_Rapid_Assessment.pdf.
———. Illicit Drug Trends in Afghanistan. June 2008, 15. Viewed online at www.unodc.org/documents/regional/central-asia/Illicit%20Drug%20Trends%20Report_Afg%2013%20June%202008.pdf.
———. The Role of Women in Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan. Islamabad, June 2000.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs—Integrated Regional Information Network. “Afghanistan: Donor Supported Approaches to Eradication.” Bitter-Sweet Harvest: Afghanistan’s New War. August 2004. Viewed online at www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=21&ReportId=63019.
ONLINE ONLY
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Afghanistan Investment Support Agency. Provincial demographics chart. Viewed online at www.aisa.org.af/english/about.html.
Asa Hutchinson, Director of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Speech delivered at the Heritage Foundation. Washington, D.C. April 2, 2002. Viewed online at www.justice.gov/dea/speeches/s040202.html.
Curtis, Adam. “The Lost History of Helmand.” The Medium and the Message (blog). BBC, October 2009. Viewed online at www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/adamcurtis/2009/10/kabul_city_number_one_part_3.html.
Kolhatkar, Sonali, and James Ingalls. “America’s Viceroy.” ZNet, May 20, 2009. Viewed online at www.zcommunications.org/americas-viceroy-by-sonali-kolhatkar.
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Index
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acetic anhydride (AA), 237, 308
Achakzai, 84
Adeeb, Abdul (driver), 162–67, 168–69, 171–73, 178–79
Adiba (NIU agent), 203–4, 207
Afghan identity, 2, 62–66, 126–27, 178–79, 220–23, 312–13
Afghanistan. see also opium trade
author returns to (2000), 2, 5–9, 18–29, 86–89, 142–43, 186–87
author returns to (2002), 73–89, 277–85
author returns to (2003), 126–29
author’s family flees (1982), 7, 16–17, 43–44, 146–47, 184, 312–13
author’s father visits (2002), 73–77, 85–86
author’s mother visits, 183–90, 197–98
author works for Agence France Presse, 58, 66–68
Bonn Agreement (2001), 68, 79, 157, 225–26
border with Iran, 141–42, 145–47
Communist government, 12–17, 30, 32–33, 37–42, 52–53, 71–72, 84, 91, 99–100, 150, 203, 211, 243–44, 246–47, 251, 253, 256, 275, 281–82
constitution of 1964, 9, 35
history of, 11–12, 17–18, 25, 30–43, 303–4
influences on, 303–4
mujahideen assume control (1992), 17, 52–53, 67–68, 184<
br />
mujahideen rebels. see mujahideen rebels
origins of Taliban, 17–18, 280
Afghanistan (cont.)
reconstruction of, 185–86
refugees in the U.S., 58–66
romantic images of, 126–27, 303–4
socialist revolution in, 38–42
Soviet invasion (1979), 12, 25, 33–34, 41–43, 48–49, 51, 109, 179, 189–90, 211, 283
Soviet withdrawal from (1989), 17, 30–31, 34, 52–53
Taliban ouster (2001), 68, 73, 156, 185–86, 225
U.S. invades, 66–68
U.S. sends additional troops to, 315–16
in U.S.-Soviet proxy conflict, 31–33, 179–80
U.S. withdrawal from, 175, 305–6, 308
war as addiction for victims, 15–16
water shortage in, 9, 17–18, 101, 153, 155, 158, 165, 248, 267–68
Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, 250
Afridis, 136, 236
Agence France Presse, 58, 66–68
Agha, Haji, 228
Agha, Sattar, 124–26, 147
Agha, Siar, 103
Agha, Zamir, 93–96, 98
Ahmed (maternal great-uncle), 20–29, 66–67, 76
Ahrary, Abdul Karim (Baba Monshi; paternal grandfather), 9–10, 24–25, 35, 37, 64
Ahrary, Fazel Ahmed (paternal uncle), 37, 39–40, 72, 282–83
Ahrary, Roufa (aunt), 9
Ainuddin, Haji, 248–50, 257
Akhunzada, Sher Mohammad, 263
Albanian mafias, 136, 230
Alexander the Great, 173–74, 303
Ali (uncle of Darya), 119–23
Alizai, Fatema, 82
al Qaeda
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and, 230–31
opium trade as funding for, 32
relationship with Taliban, 31–32, 56, 66, 226, 306
Aman (brother of Darya), 279, 317
Amarkhil, Aminullah, 135, 136–37, 206–7
Amin, Hafizullah, 39, 41–42
Amini, Gul Ahmad, 101
Amniat (federal secret police), 233–35, 238–41, 249
Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah, 11, 26
Argu opium bazaar, 168–73
Ariana Afghan Airlines, 27, 136, 183, 206–7
Ariana Television, 249
Arifs, 136
Arman Radio, 189
Asad, Amir Zada, 42–43
Asif, General, 216–18, 223–24, 226, 235, 261–62, 264
Atiq (Amniat agent), 239–40
Aunohita (Indian friend), 221
Authorities of Herat, The (Ramia), 10
Azam, Mohammed, 243–44, 246, 254–57
Azin (second wife of Touraj), 102–4
Baba Monshi (Abdul Karim Ahrary; paternal grandfather), 9–10, 24–25, 35, 37, 64
Badakhshan province
author visits in 2004, 175–82
beauty of, 162–63, 174
heroin laboratories in, 177, 234, 237
history of, 173–75
opium bazaar at Argu, 168–73
opium trade in, 168–73, 175–82, 191, 290, 309
poppy farming in, 34, 149–67, 175, 232
Bagcho, Haji, 136
Baharistan bazaar, Kabul, 217–18, 223–24, 311–12
Bahram (cousin), 24, 66–67
Baktosh (guide in Takhar province), 231, 233
Baloch, 37, 261, 276
Balochistan, 276
Bangladesh, 37
Baramcha, 261
Barat, Haji (drug lord), 176, 177–81, 309
Barfield, Thomas, 303–4
Bashir, Amer (warlord), 231, 242–47, 250–52, 254–57
Basira (mother of Darya), 97–105, 119–20, 124, 276–77, 278–79, 295, 316–17
beggars, 3–4, 24, 74, 82, 83, 186–87
Behzad, 11
Berger, Louis, 301
Bibi Assia (paternal step-grandmother), 9, 10, 12–13, 19, 24–25, 27, 76
Bibi Gul (maternal step-grandmother), 10–11
Bibigul (opium addict), 193–95, 196
Bibi Sarah (paternal grandmother), 10
bin Laden, Osama, 17, 42, 56, 306
Blackwater, 199, 258
Bonn Agreement (2001), 68, 79, 157, 225–26
Bonoo (daughter), 314, 315
Brahimi, Lakhdar, 78
bride price, 96, 113, 114, 133–34
Brown, Tom, 159
Burma, 33, 91, 236, 307
burqa, 21, 23, 28, 46, 93, 186, 280–81, 285, 289, 293, 299–300
Bush, George W., 56, 57, 185
calcium hydroxide, 237
California, author’s family moves to, 7, 41, 59–66, 314–15
“Call of Love” (Rumi), 19
cannabis, 32–33, 140, 142, 144, 196, 204, 254, 308
Cantoni, Clementina, 300–301
car jacks, 238
carpet weaving, 115, 151–53, 162, 191
Central Asia Development Group, 159
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
drug smuggling and, 42–43
Operation Mosquito, 42–43
rumors concerning, 94
chadors, 7, 44, 166, 276–77, 282, 299–300, 318
Chahab district, 231, 242–47, 254–57
children
kidnapping, 247–50, 257
as opium addicts, 190–91
China White/crystal, 236–38
Chouvy, Pierre Arnaud, 161
Citizens’ Council, 249–50, 252
coal, 232
Colombia, 33, 307
Communism. see Soviet Union, former
Communist People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), 38
counternarcotics strategy, 140–41, 156–60, 199–211
Amniat (federal secret police), 233–35, 238–41, 249
corruption and, 139–40, 217, 226–29, 238, 240–41
double agents, 141–42, 203, 218, 238, 261
drug inspections, 199–204, 281
counternarcotics strategy (cont.)
drug raids, 216–18, 223–24, 232–35, 238–39, 311–12
for heroin laboratories, 213, 232–35, 238
National Interdiction Unit (NIU), 199–204, 207–8, 216–18, 223–24, 233–35, 238, 258–72, 276
police intelligence units, 139–40, 207–11
Rapid Reaction Force, 207–11
teaming up with DEA, 2–3, 134–37, 196, 258, 262
U.S., 2–3, 33, 196, 258, 262, 306–7
crystal/China White, 236–38
currency exchanges, 101–2, 130, 133, 137, 170
Daanish, Gol Ahmed, 91–92
Darya (opium bride), 97–105, 128–29
author searches Helmand province for, 276–85, 287–304
author searches Marjah district for, 296, 300, 316–18
birth of, 100
as casualty of international drug problem, 304
family of, 97–105
introduction to, 1–2, 97–98
resists husband, Haji Sufi, 104–5, 118–24, 129, 147–48, 273–74, 289, 304
romantic images of, 126–27, 147–48, 303–4
wedding in Helmand province, 279
Darya, Farhad, 7, 8–9
Daud, Daud, 226–29, 230, 240, 241, 243, 257
Daud Khan, Mohammed, 33, 36–39
Deendaray, Bibi, 151
Donish (Knowledge) Publishers, 9
Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 54, 67, 78
double agents, 141–42, 203, 218, 238, 261
drug addiction, 190–96
drug mules, 100–101, 136–37, 206–7, 244–45
DuPee, Matt, 236–38
Durand Line, 31–32
DynCorp, 158, 196
Eid-al-Fitr (feast after Ramadan), 277–79
embroidery, 131, 151
English language, 59–60, 188, 315
Escobar, Pablo, 178, 181
Espinosa, Angeles, 80–85
Fahim, Mohammed, 78
Faiza (sister), 9, 13–15, 44, 59,
73, 189, 282
Faizabad, opium trade in, 176–79, 181
Farida (wife of Mobin), 19–20
Farsi, 19, 28, 36, 59, 61, 87, 131, 174, 179, 221, 243, 264, 273, 282, 285, 288, 291, 292, 294, 297, 299, 313, 315
Farzana (NIU agent), 199–204, 207
Fatah (drug dealer), 223–24
Fawad (driver in Iran), 145
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), 236
Feraidoon (kidnap victim), 247–50
Genghis Khan, 11, 32, 200, 303
Ghoryan district, Herat province, 1–4
author visits in 2002, 277–79
described, 90–92, 93, 110, 316
Mother’s Day (2002), 79–85
opium trade in, 50, 80–84, 89, 90–93, 106–15, 129–32
Persian Ghurid dynasty in, 83–84
police intelligence unit, 139–40
warfare in, 84, 110
girls. see women
gold, 44, 102, 197, 232
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 52–53
Gorgabad, 145–46
Gowhar Shad (queen of Sheba), 11
Great Britain
Bonn Agreement (2001), 68, 79, 157, 225–26
drug wars and, 2–3
opium trade and, 157, 195
Gul, Shabnam, 297–300
Habib, Haji, 255–56
Hadi (brother), 9, 41, 72, 189, 190, 274, 283
Haft Chah (seven wells), 129
Haji Baba (Sayed Akbar Hossaini; maternal grandfather), 10–11, 21, 41, 49–51
Hakim, Abdul, 240
halal (sanctioned by Islamic law), 166
hambaq (woman who shares a husband with another woman), 297–98, 317
Hana (sister of Darya), 99–100, 103, 104, 122, 278–79`
haram (forbidden by religion), 166
Haroon (intellectual), 214–15
Harris, Robert, 42–43
hashish, 32–33, 140, 142, 144, 204, 254
Hassan (opium dealer), 143–45
Hazaras, 36, 200, 231
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 33–34, 37–38, 53, 262
Helmand province
author’s family lives in, 38, 274–75
author visits in 2002, 275–76, 281–85
failed NIU operation in, 260–65, 270, 272, 276
heroin laboratories, 237
Little America project in Lashkargah, 274–75