In Exile From the Land of Snows

by John Avedon

  Bull, Geofrey T. When Iron Gates Yield Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1964.

  Burman, Bina Roy. Religion and Politics in Tibet. Vikas Publications, New Delhi, 1979.

  Butterfield, Fox. China: Alive in the Bitter Sea. Times Books, New York, 1982.

  Carrasco, Pedro. Land and Polity in Tibet. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, 1976.

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  Dalai Lama, the Seventh. Songs of Spiritual Change. Gabrial/Snow Lion, Valois, N.Y., 1982.

  Dalai Lama, the Fourteenth. My Land and My People. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962.

  Dalai Lama, the Fourteenth. The Buddhism of Tibet and the Key to the Middle Way. Harper and Row, New York, 1975.

  Dalai Lama, the Fourteenth. The Opening of the Wisdom Eye. The Theosophical Publishing House, Wheaton, III. 1972.

  Dalai Lama and India. The Institute of National Affairs, New Delhi, 1959.

  Dalvi, Brig. J.P. Himalayan Blunder. Thacker and Company Ltd, Bombay, 1969.

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  Fraser, John. The Chinese: Portrait of a People. Summit Books, New York, 1980.

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  Gashi, Tsering Dorji. New Tibet. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India, 1980.

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  Glimpses of Tibet Today. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India, 1978.

  Gould, B.J. The Jewel in the Lotus. Chatto & Windus, London, 1957.

  Great Changes in Tibet. Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1972.

  Harrer, Heinrich. Seven Years in Tibet E. P. Dutton, New York, 1954.

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  Jain, Girilal. Pancbsbeela and After. Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1960.

  Karan, Pradyumna P. The Changing Face of Tibet. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, 1976.

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  Lati Rimbochay, and Jeffrey Hopkins. Death, Intermediate State and Rebirth in Tibetan Buddhism. Rider, London, 1979.

  Lehmann, Peter-Hannes, and Jay Ullal. Tibet: Das Still Drama auf auf Dacb der Erde. GEO, Hamburg, 1981.

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  Migot, Andre. Tibetan Marches. Rupert Hart-Davis, London, 1955.

  Mitter, J.P. Betrayal of Tibet. Allied Publishers Private Ltd, Bombay, 1964.

  Moraes, Frank. The Revolt in Tibet. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1966 (first published 1960).

  Murphy, Dervla. Tibetan Foothold. John Murray, London, 1966.

  Nanporia, N.J. The Sino-Indian Dispute. The Times of India, Bombay, 1963.

  Norbu, Dawa. Red Star over Tibet. Collins, London, 1974.

  Norbu, Jamyang. Horseman in the Snow. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India, 1979.

  Norbu, Namkai. The Necklace of Gzi. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India, 1981.

  Norbu, Thubten Jigme, and Heinrich Harrer. Tibet Is My Country. E. P. Dutton, New York, 1961.

  Norbu, Thubten Jigme, and Colin M. Turnbull. Tibet. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1968.

  Paljor, Kunsang. Tibet: The Undying Flame. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India, 1977.

  Patterson, George N. Tragic Destiny. Faber and Faber, London, 1959.

  Patterson, George N. Tibet in Revolt. Faber and Faber, London, 1960.

  Peissel, Michel. Cavaliers of Kham. Heinemann, London, 1972.

  Rahul, Ram. The Government and Politics of Tibet. Vikas Publications, New Delhi, 1969.

  Rato, Khyongla Ngawang Losang. My Life and Lives. E. P. Dutton, New York, 1977.

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  Shakabpa, Tsepon W.D. Tibet: A Political History. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1967.

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  Thubtob, Rev. Ngawang. Tibet Today. Bureau of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New Delhi.

  Tibet. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981.

  Tibet Fights for Freedom, Orient Longman’s, Bombay, 1960.

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  Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India, 1976.

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  Topping, Audrey. The Splendors of Tibet. Sino Publishing Company, New York, 1980.

  Tsongkhapa, Je. Compassi
on in Tibetan Buddhism. Ed. Kensur Lekden and Jeffrey Hopkins. Gabrial/Snow Lion, Valois, New York, 1980.

  Tsongkhapa, Je. The Yoga of Tibet: The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra Nos. 2 and 3. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1977 and 1981.

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  Tucci, Giuseppe. The Religions of Tibet. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1980.

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  Wangdu, Sonam. The Discovery of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. Khett Thai Publications, Bangkok, 1975.

  Wrath of the Serfs. Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1976.

  PAMPHLETS AND PERIODICALS

  Beijing Review, 1957-1983. Peking, China.

  Bobb, Dilip. Blunting the Edge. India Today, Dec. 1-15, 1980.

  Brief Survey of History and Present-Day Conditions in Tibet. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India, 1977.

  China Reconstructs, 1951-1983. Peking, China.

  Choedrak, Tenzin. Seventeen Yean in a Chinese Prison. Spearhead, New York. Autumn 1981.

  Dalai Lama, the Fourteenth. An Introduction to Buddhism. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, India, 1965.

  Dalai Lama, the Fourteenth. Short Essays on Buddhist Thought and Practice. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, India, n.d.

  Dalai Lama, the Fourteenth. The Key to the Madhyamika. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, India, 1974.

  Dhonden, Dr. Yeshi. Introductory Lectures on Tibetan Medicine. University of Virginia, 1980 (class notes).

  Dreyer, June Teufel. China and Tibet: A Thirty Year Assessment. Spearhead, New York, Autumn 1981.

  Far Eastern Economic Review, 1946-1983. Hong Kong.

  Gyalpo, Pema. Three Months in Tibet. Metok, Tibetan Children’s Village, Winter 1980.

  Introduction to Tibetan Medicine. Tibetan Review, New Delhi, 1976.

  Life magazine, 1950-1959. New York.

  Long, Jeff. Going After Wangdu. Rocky Mountain Magazine, July/Aug., 1981.

  National Geographic, Vol. LXVIII, no. 4; VOL. XC, no. 2; Vol. CVIII, no. 1; Vol. 157, No. 2.

  National Integration (Tibet Issue), New Delhi, 1964.

  News Tibet, 1965-1983. The Office of Tibet, New York.

  Rabten, Geshé. The Preliminary Practices. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, India, 1974.

  Rangdzen, 1972-1983. Magazine of the Tibetan Youth Congress, Dharamsala, India.

  Reiter, Elmer R. How Tibet’s Weather Affects Other Countries. Natural History, Vol. 00, no. 9, New York, 1981.

  Ripley, S. Dillon. Tibet: The High and Fragile Land Behind the Ranges, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1981.

  Schaller, George B. Tibet: Behind the Clouds a Troubled Ecosystem. Animal Kingdom, Dec. 1980-Jan. 1981.

  Schaller, George B. The Dusty Road to China’s Wild West. Asia, Vol. 4, no. 5, Feb. 1982.

  Schell, Orville. Journey to the Tibetan Plateau. Natural History, Sept. 1982.

  The Hindustan Standard, 1959-1983.

  The Hindustan Times, 1959-1983.

  The Indian Express, 1959-1983.

  The New York Times, 1959-1983.

  The Statesman, 1959-1983.

  The Sunday Standard, 1959-1983.

  The Tibet Journal, Dharamsala, India, 1975-1983.

  The Times of India, 1959-1983.

  The Truth About Tibet, Bureau of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New Delhi.

  Thogs-med bzang-po. The Thirty Seven Practices of All Buddbas’ Sons. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, India, 1973.

  Tibet News Review, London, 1980-1983.

  Tibet: A Sovereign Nation for Centuries. Tibetan Youth Congress, Dharamsala, 1977.

  Tibetan Bulletin, 1968-1983. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India.

  Tibetan Medicine, Series nos. 1 & 2. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, India, 1980-81.

  Tibetan National Uprising—20th Anniversary of the 10th March, 1959. Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India, 1979.

  Tibetan Review, 1968-1983. New Delhi.

  Miscellaneous Reports from the Bureau of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New Delhi, and the Information Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, India.

  PICTURE CREDITS

  The photographs in this book appear through the courtesy of the following sources:

  The future Dalai Lama (i1.1): World Wide Photos. Farmers ploughing (i1.2); The Thirteenth Dalai Lama (i1.3); The Chensel Phodrang (i1.4): The Collection of the Newark Museum. Lhamo Lhatso (i1.5): Tenzin Tethong. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama (i1.6): World Wide Photos. Tibetan noblemen (i1.7); Tibetan noble ladies (i1.8): The Collection of the Newark Museum. The Dalai Lama on his throne (i1.9): World Wide Photos. Soldiers of the Tibetan Army (i1.10): Heinrich Harrer, Life Magazine © 1951, Time, Inc. Commanders of the People’s Liberation Army (i1.11): EASTFOTO. The Tibetan delegation (i1.12): Information Office of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Ngabo Ngawang Jigme (i1.13): EASTFOTO. Mao Zedong (i1.14): UPI. Prime Minister Nehru (i1.15): World Wide Photos. Chinese trucks arrive (i1.16): EASTFOTO. Nechung Monastery (i1.17): Khedroob Thondup. Anti-Chinese demonstration (i1.18): Information Office of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. The Dalai Lama delivers sermon (i1.19): EASTFOTO. The Dalai Lama and bis bodyguard on horseback (i1.20); The Dalai Lama and Khampas (i1.21); The Dalai Lama escorted by Gurkhas (i1.22); Officers of Chushi Gangdruk (i1.23): Khedroob Thondup. Tibetan refugees (i1.24): World Wide Photos. Tibetan schoolchildren (i1.25): Information Office of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Guerrillas from Mustang (i1.26) (2 photos): George Patterson.

  Dr. Yeshi Dbonden (i1.27); Lobsang Jigme (i1.28): Nicholas Vreeland. Tibet’s State Oracle (i1.29) (2 photos): Anna Djambinov. Monks of the Gelugpa sect (i1.35); Mababodhi Temple (i1.34): Ernst Haas. Monks returning from work (i1.30); Monks leaving Drepung (i1.31); Members of the Tibetan Youth Congress (i1.32): Dilip Mehta. Tibetan road workers (i1.33); His Holiness the Dalai Lama (i1.36): Ernst Haas.

  Dr. Tenzin Cboedrak (i1.37): John F. Avedon. Gendun Thargay (i1.39): Frances Thargay. Tempa Tsering (i1.38): John F. Avedon. Ganden Monastery (i1.40): Sonam Wangfel Laden-La. The ruins of Ganden (i1.41): Tsultrim Jamyang. Yambulakbang in the 1940s (i1.42): Information Office of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Yambulakbang today (i1.43): Tenzin Tethong. A monastery used as a machine shop (i1.44); Buddhist temple (i1.45): Information Office of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. A commune school room (i1.46): Tenzin Tethong. Tibetans surround the bus (i1.47): From the book Tibet, das stille Drama auf dem Dacb der Erde (i1.48) by Peter-Hannes Lehmann/Jay Ullal, GEO-Publication 1981, Hamburg. Lbasans storm Cathedral: Information Office of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Tibetans run to greet second delegation (i1.49): Tenzin Tethong. A twenty-five-foot-tall pile of statutes (i1.50): From the book Tibet, das stille Drama auf dem Dacb der Erde by Peter-Hannes Lehmann/Jay Ullal, GEO-Publication 1981, Hamburg. The Panchen Lama (i1.51): Khedroob Thondup. Lobsang Samten (i1.52): Information Office of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Crows seeking blessings (i1.53); The ruins of Dungkhar Monastery (i1.54) (2 photos); From the book Tibet, das stille Drama auf dem Dacb der Erde by Peter-Hannes Lehmann/Jay Ullal, GEO-Publication 1981, Hamburg.

  The future Fourteenth Dalai Lama with his parents and elder brother, Gyalo Thondup, shortly after his birth in 1935. (picture credit i1.1)

  Farmers ploughing barley fields in Central Tibet, 1930. (picture credit i1.2)

  Thubten Gyatso, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama, in Darjeeling, ca. 1910–1912. (picture credit i1.3)

  The Chensel Phodrang, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama’s favorite residence in the
Norbulingka, or Jewel Park, 1937. (picture credit i1.4)

  Lhamo Lhatso, the sacred lake in which the vision of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama’s birthplace was seen. (picture credit i1.5)

  Lhamo Dhondrub, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, at the time of his discovery by a government search party. (picture credit i1.6)

  Tibetan noblemen gathered before the Potala to officiate at the New Year’s celebrations, 1924. (picture credit i1.7)

  Tibetan noble ladies from the provinces of U (left and right) and Tsang (center). (picture credit i1.8)

  The Dalai Lama on his throne at the time of the Chinese invasion in the autumn of 1950. (picture credit i1.9)

  Soldiers of the Tibetan Army on parade in Lhasa later, in 1950, these troops fought the Chinese. (picture credit i1.10)

  Commanders of the People’s Liberation Army, accompanied by officials of the Tibetan government, inspect troops in front of the Potala. (picture credit i1.11)

  The Tibetan delegation signs the Seventeen-Point Agreement in Peking, May 23, 1951. (picture credit i1.12)

  Ngabo Ngawang Jigme (exteme left) toasts the signing of the Seventeen-Point Agreement with Zhu De, Commander-in-Chief of the People’s Liberation Army. (picture credit i1.13)

  Mao Zedong hosts a banquet for the Panchen Lama (left) and Dalai Lama (right) on their arrival in Peking, August 1954. (picture credit i1.14)

  Prime Minister Nehru with the Dalai Lama and Zhou Enlai in New Delhi, November 1956. (picture credit i1.15)

  Chinese trucks arrive for the first time in Lhasa on the newly completed Chinghai-Tibet Highway, January 1955. (picture credit i1.16)

  Nechung Monastery, home of Tibet’s State Oracle; Drepung, the world’s largest monastery, in the background, late 1950s. (picture credit i1.17)

  One of the many anti-Chinese demonstrations held in and around Lhasa in March 1959. (picture credit i1.18)

  The Dalai Lama delivers his New Year’s sermon to 50,000 monks in front of the Tsuglhakang, Lhasa’s Central Cathedral. (picture credit i1.19)