Unsettling the West
Page 37
penn, 13 Feb. 1775, aa4 1:1273– 74; commissioners for indian affairs to William lochry, 8 Oct.
1776, yeates; minutes of the council of safety, 2 dec. 1776 and 31 Jan. 1777, crp 11:24, 110; proc-
tor to council of safety, 27 Jan. 1777, pa 5:202; minutes of the supreme executive council, 4 and
21 mar. 1777, crp 11:173, 186– 87; FdUO 39n79, 139n6. For pentecost, see pentecost to commit-
tee of safety, 4 June 1776, rVri 7:361; James patrick mcclure, “The ends of the american earth:
pittsburgh and the Upper Ohio Valley to 1795” (ph.d. diss., University of michigan, 1983), 282–
83, 329– 30. For shepherd, see court minutes, 19 sept. 1775, in Boyd crumrine, ed., Virginia
Court Records in Southwestern Pennsylvania: Records of the District of West Augusta and Ohio
and Yohogania Counties, Virginia, 1775– 1780 (Baltimore: genealogical publishing company,
1974); george morgan to david shepherd, 29 July 1777, draper 1ss:63– 65; abraham shepherd to
david shepherd, 2 and 24 nov. 1778 and 8 Jan. 1779, draper 1ss:133– 35, 137– 39, 153– 55. For the
emergence of upper Ohio elite, see r. eugene harper, The Transformation of Western Pennsylva-
nia, 1770– 1800 (pittsburgh, pa: University of pittsburgh press, 1991).
13. henry to pentecost, 13 dec. 1776, rUO 223 (“arms and accoutrements”); militia ar-
rangements, Jan.– apr. 1777, rUO 229– 35; clark diary, 1777, grc 8:21 and 23; david shepherd,
unaddressed, 26 mar. 1777, draper 1ss:25; minutes of a council of War, 16 apr. 1777, vol. 1, p. 6,
ehp; henry to hand, 3 July 1777, FdUO 16– 18; monongalia county council of War, 27 June
1777, draper 1U:60; hand to yeates, 10 June 1777, FdUO 6; Zackwell morgan to hand, 8 July
1777, draper 1U:63. For militia laws, see hand to archibald lochry, 6 July 1777, box 3, folder 47,
daF; arthur J. alexander, “pennsylvania’s revolutionary militia,” Pennsylvania Magazine of
History and Biography 69, no. 1 (1945): 15– 25; hannah Benner roach, “The pennsylvania militia
in 1777,” Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine 23, no. 3 (1964): 161– 230; Francis s. Fox, “pennsyl-
vania’s revolutionary militia law: The statute That transformed the state,” Pennsylvania His-
tory 80, no. 2 (spring 2013): 204– 14; michael a. mcdonnel , The Politics of War: Race, Class,
and Conflict in Revolutionary Virginia (chapel hill: University of north carolina press,
2007), 92– 93.
14. gibson to hand, 1 aug. 1777, FdUO 35; david shepherd to hand, 22 aug. 1777, FdUO
46– 48; John page to hand, 17 sept. 1777, FdUO 85– 86; morgan Jones to his parents, n.d., draper
1U:71; mmd 385.
15. meeting of Botetourt militia officers, 29 aug. 1777, draper 1U:88; hand to Fleming, 12
aug. 1777, draper 1U:80; Zackwell morgan to hand, 15 aug. 1777, vol. 1, p. 18, ehp; shepherd to
hand, 22 aug. 1777, FdUO 47; hand to yeates, 25 aug. 1777, FdUO 48– 49; page to hand, 17
sept. 1777, FdUO 85; abraham smith to hand, 21 sept. 1777, vol. 1, p. 27, ehp; John moore to
hand, 22 sept. 1777, vol. 1, p. 28, ehp; John Bowyer to Fleming, 24 sept. 1777, FdUO 104– 5;
notes to pages 104–107
205
hand to archibald lochry, 18 Oct. 1777, box 3, folder 52, daF; lochry to hand, 2 nov. 1777,
draper 1U:127; John dickinson to hand, 7 nov. 1777, FdUO 150– 51; hand to patrick henry, 9
nov. 1777, FdUO 154– 55; John stuart, narrative, n.d., FdUO 158.
16. arbuckle to hand, 6 Oct. 1777, FdUO 126 (“thought proper”); arbuckle to hand, 7 nov.
1777, FdUO 150 (“well satisfied”); stuart, narrative, n.d., FdUO 157– 62 (“cocked,” 159; “seven or
eight,” 160; “returned home,” 162); John anderson et al., deposition, 10 nov. 1777, FdUO 163
(“not in his power”); hand to henry, 9 dec. 1777, FdUO 177 (“would be vain”); William preston
to Fleming, 2 dec. 1777, FdUO 168– 69; mmd 417– 18.
17. hand to ewing, 7 mar. 1778, FdUO 215– 16 (quotations); “recollections of samuel mur-
phy,” 216– 20.
18. hand to ewing, 7 mar. 1778, FdUO 215– 16 (“could not,” “savage conduct,” “Behave
wel ”); hand to yeates, 2 Oct. 1777, FdUO 119 (“murder”).
19. george rogers clark to hand, 30 mar. 1778, FdUO 249 (“entirely evacuated”); John
evans to hand, 18 apr. 1778, FdUO 273 (“the forts”); lochry to Thomas Wharton, 13 may 1778,
pa 6:495 (“general evacuation”); preston to Fleming, 17 may 1778, FaUO 52 (“the people”);
hand to horatio gates, 14 may 1778, FaUO 50 (“whole country”); monongalia county council
of War, 27 June 1777, draper 1U:60; hand to yeates, 30 mar. 1778, FdUO 250; hand to clark, 22
apr. 1778, grc 8:45; hand to gates, 24 apr. 1778, FdUO 279; William Jack to hand, 2 June 1778,
vol. 1, p. 45, ehp; mmd 438, 440, 446.
20. daniel Brodhead to michael huffnagle, 30 apr. 1779, box 1, folder 1, dBp (“constantly
calling”); archibald lochry to Wharton, 6 dec. 1777, pa 6:68 (“houses”); campbell to Fleming,
11 aug. 1777, draper 1U:78; meeting of Botetourt militia officers, 29 aug. 1777, draper 1U:88; Van
metre to cook, 28 sept. 1777, FdUO 111; hamilton to carleton, 25 apr. 1778, mphs 9:435; Wil-
liam mcKee to hand, 21 June 1778, FaUO 98– 99; John irwin to richard campbel , 19 nov. 1778,
FaUO 175; Brodhead to lochry, 28 apr. 1779, box 1, vol. 1, dBp; lochry to Brodhead, 1 may 1779,
FaUO 299; Brodhead to george Washington, 22 may 1779, pa 12:113– 15; morgan Jones to his
parents, n.d., draper 1U:71; eric hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the
Ohio Val ey, 1673– 1800 (new york: cambridge University press, 1997), 221, 224.
21. campbell to Fleming, 11 aug. 1777, draper 1U:78 (“congress”); henry to preston, 27
June 1778, FaUO 100– 101 (“general use”); Fleming to henry, 19 July 1778, FaUO 115– 17 (“could
not”); John campbell to hand, 21 sept. 1777, vol. 1, p. 26, ehp; daniel mcFarland to hand, 14
may 1778, vol. 1, p. 43, ehp; Brodhead to lochry, 25 apr. 1779, box 1, vol. 1, dBp; lochry to Jo-
seph reed, 1 may 1779, pa 7:362– 63; Brodhead to irwin, 7 may 1779, box 1, vol. 1, dBp; minutes
of the supreme executive council, crp 11:377, 394, 444– 45, 477, 779– 80, 12:372– 73; ansel good-
man, narrative, 1832, in dann, Revolution Remembered, 280– 82.
22. george morgan to hand, 15 mar. 1778, vol. 1, p. 38, ehp; William mcKee to hand, 29
mar. 1778, FdUO 246– 48; daniel smith to arthur campbel , 19 June 1778, FaUO 96– 97; patrick
lockhart to Fleming, 13 sept. 1778, FaUO 138; Thomas clare to Joseph skelton, 28 apr. 1779,
gWp; Brodhead to John clark, 27 July 1779, box 1, vol. 1, dBp; e. Wayne carp, To Starve the
Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775– 1783
(chapel hill: University of north carolina press, 1984).
23. henry to Fleming, 5 may 1778, FaUO 45 (“too complex”); Buffalo creek inhabitants,
petition, 13 aug. 1777, draper 1U:82 (“move off”); henry taylor to hand, 14 aug. 1777, FdUO 45
(“all the ammonition”); devereux smith to hand, 11 July 1777, vol. 1, pp. 15, ehp; abraham hite
to hand, 5 July 1777, draper 1U:61; lochry to Wharton, 13 may 1778, pa 6:495; daniel mcFar-
land to hand, 14 may 1778, vol. 1, p. 43, ehp; lochry to hand, n.d. [1778?], vol. 1, p. 34, ehp;
206
notes to pages 107–111
albert h. tillson, Gentry and Common Folk: Political Culture on a Virginia Frontier, 1740– 1789
(lexington: University press of Kentucky, 1991),
87– 90.
24. george Woods and Thomas smith to hand, 23 nov. 1777, draper 1U:131 (“voluntarily
formed”); lachlan mcintosh to Board of War, 11 Jan. 1779, FaUO 199 (“much waste”); george
Val andigham to hand, 11 apr. 1778, draper 2U:11; Westmoreland magistrates to mcintosh, 26
Oct. 1778, FaUO 150; William crawford to archibald lochry, 29 Oct. 1778, Officers of the rev-
olution, case 4, box 18, gratz; mcintosh to lochry, 30 Oct. 1778, FaUO 155– 56; reminiscences of
James powers, [1816], FaUO 199– 200.
25. robert a. gross, The Minutemen and Their World (1976; new york: hill and Wang,
2001).26. mmd 265, 299– 303, 308– 12; david edmunds, “ ‘This much admired man’: isaac glikh-
ikan, moravian delaware,” in Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and
Catholics in Early North America, ed. a. g. roeber (University park: penn state University
press, 2008), 1– 16.
27. george croghan to Thomas gage, 1 Jan. 1770, as 89, tgp; council minutes, 9 Oct. 1775,
rUO 86– 87; mmd 275, 387, 397, 399– 400, 402; hermann Wellenreuther, “White eyes and the
delawares’ Vision of an indian state,” Pennsylvania History 68, no. 2 (spring 2001): 139– 61.
28. mmd 407, 409– 12, 416, 440– 48, 452– 53 (“eradicate,” 407; “were offering,” 441); White
eyes and Kil buck to george morgan, 14 mar. 1778, morgan 3:21 (“restore peace”); White eyes to
morgan, 23 sept. 1777, FdUO 100– 101; morgan, letters to delawares, 1 Oct. 1777, FdUO 115– 18;
morgan to White eyes, 20 mar. 1778, FdUO 228; Zeisberger to morgan, 6 apr. 1778, morgan
3:40– 42; morgan, report on meetings with delawares, 25– 26 apr. 1778, morgan 3:53– 57. For
Wandochale, see delaware council to morgan, 26 Feb. 1777, morgan 1:47– 49; morgan to John
Jay, 28 may 1778, FaUO 343– 44.
29. mmd 448– 49, 452– 53, 455– 57 (“all orderly,” 448); council held at detroit, 14– 20 June
1778, mphs 9:445 (“great distance”); haldimand to hamilton, 6 aug. 1778, mphs 9:400 (“con-
quer[ed]”); White eyes and Kil buck to george morgan, 9 June 1778, pa 6:588 (“more dis-
posed”); hand to White eyes and Kil buck, 17 June 1778, pa 6:601 (“enter into friendship”);
arbuckle to hand, 2 June 1778, FaUO 64– 65.
30. council held at detroit, 14 June 1778, mphs 9:442– 52 (“turn[ing] [their] heads,” 449);
mmd 456– 57 (“wanted to force,” “behaved very quietly,” 456); Zeisberger to george morgan, 19
July 1778, FaUO 119 (“send an army”); lewis to Fleming, 14 aug. 1778, FaUO 127 (“the War be
carryed”); speech of great lakes indians to delawares, 18 June 1778, FaUO 94– 95; White eyes
to morgan, 19 July 1778, FaUO 117.
31. mmd 457, 461– 62, 464, 465 (“much danger,” 461; “tore up,” 465); Bawbee [Odingquano-
oron], speeches to White eyes and george morgan, 16 aug. 1778, FaUO 129 (“shake hands”);
Zeisberger to commissioners, 25 aug. 1778, FaUO 132 (“no peace”); mcintosh to archibald
lochry, 30 Oct. 1778, box 4, folder 76, daF (“earnestly applyed”). For Odingquanooron’s name,
see articles of peace between William Johnson and the [Wyandots], 18 July 1764, in Documents
Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New- York, 15 vols., ed. e. B. O’callaghan (albany,
ny: Weed, parsons, & co., 1853– 58), 7:651.
32. John armstrong to congress, 1778, pa 6:614 (“immediate attack”); edward Ward to
James Wilson, 9 mar. 1777, box 7, folder 28, daF (“all the lands”); Virginia council, resolutions,
7 July 1778, FaUO 104 (“carry on”); mcintosh to Fleming, 30 Oct. 1778, FaUO 154 (“keep posses-
sion”); george morgan to Board of War, 17 July 1778, FaUO 112– 13; armstrong to henry lau-
rens, 22 July 1778, pa 6:657– 58; continental congress, resolution, 25 July 1778, FaUO 121;
notes to pages 112–114
207
morgan to Jay, 28 may 1778, FaUO 343– 44; randolph c. downes, “george morgan, indian
agent extraordinary, 1776– 1779,” Pennsylvania History 1, no. 4 (October 1934): 212.
33. “treaty at Fort pitt,” 12 sept. 1778, FaUO 138– 45 (“as their own,” 141); “treaty with the
delawares, 1778,” avalon project, yale law school, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/
del1778.asp (accessed 18 sept. 2016); “Orderly book of 8th pennsylvania regiment, 1778– 1779,”
FaUO 433 (“lieutenant colonel”); mmd 465, 479.
34. mmd 469– 76 (“pardon and peace,” 471); John heckewelder to gibson, 8 Feb. 1779,
gWp (“all his men”); Zeisberger to george morgan, 20 Jan. 1779, FaUO 201– 2; “capt. Kilbuck
& the other chiefs of the delawar nation” to pipe and Wingenum, n.d., pFh addl. mss. 21782,
fols. 259– 60, reel 55; hinguapooshes to Brodhead, 13 June 1779, FaUO 361– 62. herrmann Wel-
lenreuther finds gelelemend’s protests unconvincing: see his “White eyes,” 158– 59.
35. estate of White eyes, 9 nov. 1778, FaUO 168– 69 (“sundry papers”); mmd 479 (“real
peace”); george morgan, unaddressed, 12 may 1784, frame 72, george morgan papers, 1775–
1822, library of congress, microfilm, https://lccn.loc.gov/mm77033464 (“put to death”). at the time, mcintosh and his men reported that White eyes had died of smal pox (not long after, they
said the same about a moravian indian who died under similarly mysterious circumstances).
several years later, in a private, unaddressed, and possibly unsent letter, morgan alleged murder.
morgan is no ideal source (he was hundreds of miles away at the time), but the timing of White
eyes’s death makes the smal pox story implausible. The moravian messengers left the army on 5
or 6 nov., convinced that all was wel . White eyes’s possessions were inventoried, in pittsburgh,
on 9 nov. White eyes presumably died between 6 and 8 nov. perhaps not coincidental y, on 7
nov. scouts discovered the bodies, killed and scalped, of two militiamen who had slipped out of
the camp to hunt: an eerie echo of cornstalk’s fate at point pleasant. smal pox victims often
endure several days of flu- like symptoms before developing the distinctive rash, and they typi-
cal y suffer for ten or more days before death. since White eyes was healthy on 5 or 6 nov., it is
very unlikely that he had died of smal pox by 9 nov. apart from the two indians, no one else in
mcintosh’s army had come down with the disease. see mmd 482; robert mccready, “a revolu-
tionary Journal and Orderly Book of general lachlan mcintosh’s expedition, 1778,” Western
Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 1, no. 1– 3 (mar.– sept. 1960): 11– 12; stephen Burkam, recollec-
tions, [1845], FaUO 157; downes, “george morgan,” 215– 16; elizabeth a. Fenn, Pox Americana:
The Great Smal pox Epidemic of 1775– 82 (new york: hill and Wang, 2001), 15– 20. On White
eyes’s attire, see robert s. duplessis, The Material Atlantic: Clothing, Commerce, and Coloniza-
tion in the Atlantic World, 1650– 1800 (new york: cambridge University press, 2015), 102– 13.
36. george morgan to laurens, 29 nov. 1778, morgan 3:136; mccready, “revolutionary
Journal,” 17; delaware and Wyandot chiefs, message, 21 dec. 1778, FaUO 187– 88; Big cat to
Brodhead, 22 may 1779, FaUO 334– 35; mmd 482.
37. mmd 481 (“heard and enjoyed”); mccready, “revolutionary Journal,” 16– 17 (other quo-
tations), 269– 70.
38. mcintosh, speech to delawares, 22 nov. 1778, FaUO 178– 80.
39. James littel to William [?], 29 Jan. 1779, in mccr
eady, “revolutionary Journal,” 162
(“fort noncence”); mcintosh to richard campbel , 7 and 13 nov. 1778, FaUO 167– 68, 172– 73;
Burkam, recollections, FaUO 157; henry to Fleming, 20 nov. 1778, FaUO 177; John dodge to
congress, 25 Jan. 1779, FaUO 206– 10; Brodhead to nathanael greene, 26 may 1779, pa 12:118.
40. delaware and Wyandot chiefs, message, 21 dec. 1778, FaUO 187 (“at some distance”);
indian speeches at detroit, 2 Jan. 1779, FaUO 192 (“all [their] might”); mmd 479, 489, 491– 94,
497– 99 (“many promises,” 492); gibson, letters, Jan. 1779, in Col ections of the Il inois State
208
notes to pages 115–118
Historical Library, ed. h. W. Beckwith (springfield: illinois state historical library, 1903), 1:383–
86 (“doe something,” 385); Zeisberger to morgan, 20 Jan. 1779, FaUO 201– 2; Kil buck to gibson
and morgan, 9 Feb. 1779, FaUO 223– 24; gibson to mcintosh, 13 Feb. 1779, gWp; heckewelder
and Kil buck letters, 12– 13 mar. 1779, FaUO 242– 49; mason Bolton to haldimand, 24 mar. 1779,
mphs 9:427– 29; John Butler to haldimand, 2 apr. 1779, mphs 19:383– 85; Frederick Vernon to
Brodhead, 29 apr. 1779, gWp; Benjamin Biggs, recollections, [1845], FaUO 256– 57.
41. Bolton to haldimand, 24 mar. 1779, mphs 9:428 (“threatened their lands”); detroit
council, 7 Feb. 1779, FaUO 220 (“smooth tongued”); richard B. lernoult to Bolton, 26 mar.
1779, mphs 9:429 (“being not able”); dunquat to delawares, [mar. 1779], FaUO 266 (“good for
nothing”); henry Bird, extracts of letters, [mar. 1779], pFh addl. mss. 21782, fol. 222, reel 55; cf.
michael a. mcdonnel , Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America (new
york: hill and Wang, 2015), 295– 99.
42. Big cat to Brodhead, 4 may 1779, FaUO 308– 9 (“thick timber,” 308); Brodhead to
Washington, 14 may 1779, case 4, box 11, generals of the revolution, gratz (“not hostile”); Wil-
liam crawford to Washington, 12 July 1779, ser. 4, gWp (“don very litle”); Bird to mason
Bolton, n.d., mphs 19:413 (“rascals or cowards”); John montour to John dodge, 28 may 1779,
FaUO 346– 47 (“rebbels,” 346); guil aume monforton to lernoult, 7 may 1779, pFh addl. mss.