Unsettling the West
Page 39
pa3 22:729; Virginia land entries, 1780– 81, pa3:548, 552, 558; Ohio county courts- martial,
1779– 81, FrUO 425– 30; Washington county militia rol , 25 sept. 1781, pa6 2:92. For the expedi-
tion, see Brodhead to ettwein, 23 Oct. 1781, no. 144, reel 1, papers of John ettwein; schebosh to
ettwein, 4– 5 nov. 1781, no. 504, reel 3, papers of John ettwein. an undated roster of fifty- seven
names, labeled “Williamson’s expedition,” appears twice in the published Pennsylvania Archives.
The editors assumed that this was a partial list of participants in the march 1782 expedition, but
it seems more likely to be from the smaller October 1781 venture: see pa2 14:769– 70 and pa6
2:257– 58. contemporary sources do not identify the expedition’s commander, but early local
histories state it was Williamson: Joseph doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of
the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, from 1763 to 1783, Inclusive, ed. J. s. ritenour and
W. t. lindsey (1912; parsons, WV: mcclain printing company, 1960), 199; alexander scott
Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare, annotated ed., ed. reuben gold Thwaites (1895; parsons,
WV: mcclain printing company, 1975), 322– 23.
31. marshel to irvine, 20 and 26 nov. 1781, Wic 279– 81 (“volunteer plans,” 279); marshel to
reed, 6 nov. 1781, pa 9:444– 45 (“in full form”); marshel to moore, 4 Feb. 1782, pa 9:484– 85 (“a
large mob”); marshel to reed, 8 aug. 1781, pa 9:345; return of militia officers, 4 Feb. 1782, pa6
2:217– 19; Washington county class rol s, [1781– 82], pa6 2:7– 10, 17– 21, 25– 28, 76– 84, 91– 93, 117–
25, 130– 34, 152– 55, 163– 68, 200– 210. For tenmile creek, compare militia rol s with Washington
county tax lists, 1781, pa3 22:704, 712, 721, 722, 724, 747, 748.
32. For nonhelema, see Johann david schoepf, Travels in the Confederation, 1783– 1784,
trans. alfred J. morrison (philadelphia: W. J. campbel , 1911), 277. For Betsey and gibson, see
notes to pages 137–141
213
denny 286; John neville to clark, 14 apr. 1782, grc 19:57– 58; William irvine to ann irvine, 12
apr. 1782, Wic 344; gibson to isaac craig, 5 aug. 1784, box 1, folder 23, northwest territory
collection, indiana historical society, indianapolis. For gelelemend’s band, see orderly book,
12 nov. 1781, draper 2nn:188; irvine to Washington, 7 Feb. 1782, Wic 90; court- martial, 12 Jan.
1782, draper 2nn:206; “extract of a letter dated chartiers,” Pennsylvania Journal 1493, 22 may
1782, [3]; irvine to Washington, 20 apr. 1782, Wic 99– 102; ddZ 1:85; margaret pearson Both-
wel , “Kil buck and Kil buck island,” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 44, no. 4 (dec.
1961): 344– 45. For irvine and gibson, see irvine to Washington, 2 dec. 1781 and Feb. 1782, ser. 4,
gWp; irvine to Board of War, 13 and 14 dec. 1781, Wic 163– 65; Finley to irvine, 2 Feb. 1782,
Wic 351– 53; soldiers of the 7th Virginia regiment to irvine, n.d., Wic 103n1; gibson to irvine,
13 and 15 Feb. 1782, ser. 4, gWp.
33. Pennsylvania Packet 872, 16 apr. 1782, [3] (“wife and children,” “called themselves”);
ddZ 1:82 (“to be off”); Pennsylvania Packet 865, 30 mar. 1782, [3]; michael huffnagle to moore,
8 mar. 1782, pa 9:511; c&m fols. 48– 49; William m. Farrar, “The moravian massacre,” Ohio Ar-
chaeological and Historical Publications 3 (1891): 287– 93.
34. irvine to moore, may 3, 1782, Wic 239; militia returns, 9 mar. 1782, pa6 2:31– 33, 135– 38;
Pennsylvania Packet 872, 16 apr. 1782, [3]. For ammunition, see minutes of the supreme execu-
tive council, 20 dec. 1781, crp 13:151.
35. leonard sadosky, “rethinking the gnadenhütten massacre: The contest for power in
the public World of the revolutionary Frontier,” in The Sixty Years’ War for the Great Lakes,
1754– 1814, ed. david curtis skaggs and larry l. nelson (east lansing: michigan state Univer-
sity press, 2001), 187– 214.
36. c&m fol. 50 (“good treatment”); Frederick lineback [leinbach], relation, [apr. 1782],
pa 9:524 (“minister schebosch”); ddZ 1:79– 80.
37. c&m fols. 51 and 56; ddZ 1:80– 81; lineback, relation, [apr. 1782], pa 9:524. For Thomas
and family, see mmd 581, 594, 597, 599.
38. c&m fols. 52– 54; ddZ 1:80; edmund de schweinitz, The Life and Times of David Zeis-
berger: The Western Pioneer and Apostle of the Indians (philadelphia: lippincott, 1871), 551– 52;
“records of the moravian mission among the indians of north america: indian individuals
index,” primary source media, gale cengage learning, http://microformguides.gale.com;
mmd 563– 600.
39. c&m fols. 55– 56; mcKee, unaddressed, 10 apr. 1782, pFh addl. mss. 21783, fols. 139– 41,
reel 56 (“speech wampum”); ddZ 1:79.
40. William croghan to William davies, 6 [July] 1782, grc 19:71 (“liv[ed] with them”);
c&m fol. 55 (“must dye,” “good and true,” “wrung their hands”); John rose, “Journal of a Vol-
unteer expedition to sandusky, from may 24 to June 13, 1782,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History
and Biography 18 (1894): 294 (“Bigotted notions”); lineback, relation, pa 9:524 (“either to
carry”); pentecost to moore, 8 may 1782, pa 9:540; Pennsylvania Packet, 7 nov. 1782, [2]; irvine
to Washington, 20 apr. 1782, ser. 4, gWp; ddZ 1:81; doddridge, Settlement and Indian
Wars, 199; rob harper, “looking the Other Way: The gnadenhutten massacre and the contex-
tual interpretation of Violence,” Wil iam and Mary Quarterly 64, no. 3 (2007): 629– 36.
41. c&m fols. 55– 61 (“praying,” 58; “condemning party,” 55; “very loving,” 61); ddZ 1:79– 80
(“forgive,” 79); lineback, relation, [apr. 1782], pa 9:525 (“kept on singing”); irvine to Washing-
ton, 20 apr. 1782, ser. 4, gWp; William irvine to ann irvine, 12 apr. 1782, draper 2aa:17– 21.
42. c&m fols. 60– 65; ddZ 1:80– 82.
43. mcKee, unaddressed, 10 apr. 1782, pFh addl. mss. 21783, fols. 139– 41, reel 56; William
214
notes to pages 142–145
irvine to ann irvine, 12 apr. 1782, draper 2aa:17– 21; Bul , memorial, 13 apr. 1782, rprg 19:656;
nevill to clark, 14 apr. 1782, grc 19:58; irvine to Washington, 20 apr. 1782, ser. 4, gWp; “ex-
tract of a letter dated chartiers,” Pennsylvania Journal 1493, 22 may 1782, [3]; ddZ 1:85; irvine to
[isaac craig], sept. 1782, draper 1aa:316– 19.
44. pentecost to moore, 8 may 1782, pa 9:540– 41 (“some condemning,” “a confusion”);
ddZ 1:89– 90; de peyster to haldimand, 13 may 1782, mphs 10:573– 74; Pennsylvania Packet
868, 9 apr. 1782; Pennsylvania Packet 872, 16 apr. 1782, [3]; charles Thomson to moore, 9 apr.
1782, pa 9:523– 24; moore to irvine, 13 apr. 1782, pa 9:525; irvine to moore, 9 may 1782, Wic
241– 45; gibson to nathaniel seidel, 9 may 1782, Wic 362n; moore to irvine, 30 may 1782, Wic
245– 46; resolution of the general assembly, 15 aug. 1782, Wic 246n2; edward cook to moore,
2 sept. 1782, pa 9:629; croghan to davies, 6 July 1782, grc 19:57– 58.
45. harper, “gnadenhutten massacre,” 636– 40.
46. irvine to commander of volunteers, 14 may 1782, Wic 118n (“to destroy”); de peyster to
haldimand, 18 aug. 1782, mphs 10:629 (“effegies”); irvine to marshel, 29 mar. 1782, Wic 282–
83; irvine to Washington, 21 may 1782, ser. 4, gWp.
47. de peyster to haldimand, 13 may, 23 June, and 18 aug. 1782, mphs
10:573– 74, 594– 95,
628– 29; de peyster to powell, 15 may 1782, mphs 20:16; John turney to de peyster, 7 June 1782,
mphs 10:583; captain snake to de peyster, 8 June 1782, mphs 10:583– 84; John rose to irvine,
13 June 1782, Wic 367– 78; powell to haldimand, 1 July 1782, mphs 20:28– 29; croghan to da-
vies, 6 July 1782, grc 19:71– 73; de peyster to Thomas Brown, 18 July 1782, Wic 372n; de peyster
to mcKee, 6 and 19 aug. 1782, mphs 20:37– 39 and 10:630– 31; extract from a speech by chiefs of
the six nations, 11 dec. 1782, Wic 374n; rose, “expedition to sandusky.”
48. irvine to lincoln, 1 July 1782, Wic 175 (“indian settlements”); letters and petitions to
irvine, 1782, Wic 298– 302, 307n2, 380– 84; huffnagle to moore, July 1782, pa 9:596; irvine to
marshel, 10 aug. 1782, Wic 307– 8; antoine chesne to de peyster, 16 aug. 1782, mphs 10:628;
Bernard dougherty to moore, 19 aug. 1782, pa 9:619– 20; William caldwell to de peyster, 26
aug. 1782, pFh addl. mss. 21783, fols. 231– 32, reel 56; daniel Boone to Benjamin harrison, 30
aug. 1782, grc 19:98– 99; John Floyd to clark, 31 aug. 1782, grc 19:106; mcKee to de peyster,
28 aug. 1782, mphs 20:49– 51; irvine to clark, 16 sept. 1782, grc 19:116– 17; mcdonnel , Masters
of Empire, 308.
49. a. dundas to haldimand, 23 Oct. 1782, mphs 20:68 (“approaching bands”); haldi-
mand to de peyster, 21 Oct. 1782, mphs 10:660 (“public money”); irvine to Benjamin lincoln,
16 apr. 1783, Wic 187 (“total extirpation”); de peyster to powel , 27 aug. 1782, mphs 10:633– 34;
lincoln to irvine, 27 sept. 1782, Wic 184; irvine to clark, 7 nov. 1782, grc 19:149; mcKee to de
peyster, 15 nov. 1782, pFh addl. mss. 21783, fol. 270, reel 56; de peyster to al an maclean, 7 Jan.
1783, mphs 20:87– 88; “colonel William Fleming’s Journal of travels in Kentucky in 1783,” in
mereness, Travels in the American Colonies, 668– 72.
chapter 6
1. shawnees and george Wal s, speeches, 9 aug. and 11 sept. 1783, Vsp 3:521, 529– 30; arent
de peyster to al an maclean, 17 July 1783, mphs 20:146; indian council, 30 July 1783, mphs
20:153– 54.
2. W[illiam] north, unaddressed, 7 aug. 1786, box 1, folder 26, northwest territory collec-
tion, indiana historical society, indianapolis (“immortal hatred,” “back woods men”); peter
muhlenberg to Baron steuben, 23 apr. 1784, box 1, folder 25, northwest territory collection
(“proper measures”); John Fitch to governor of Virginia, 30 mar. 1785, Vsp 4:20 (“spy out”).
notes to pages 146–153
215
3. henry Knox to Josiah harmar, 27 June 1786, harmar 3:66; report on indian affairs, 15
Oct. 1783, pa 10:119– 24; eric hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio
Val ey, 1673– 1800 (new york: cambridge University press, 1997), 236.
4. “ephraim douglass and his times, including the Journal of george mccul y and Vari-
ous letters of the period,” ed. clarence m. Burton, Magazine of History, with Notes and Queries,
extra no. 10 (1910): 50, 47, 61.
5. crBJ 4 sept. 1775; delaware council to george morgan, 26 Feb. 1777, morgan 1:47– 49;
henry Bird to de peyster, 21 may 1780, mphs 19:524; indian council, 20 sept. 1785, mphs
11:465– 67; helen hornbeck tanner, ed., Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (norman: University
of Oklahoma press, 1987), 44, 81– 84, maps 9, 13, 16, 17; richard White, The Middle Ground: Indi-
ans, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650– 1815 (new york: cambridge Univer-
sity press, 1991), 436– 37; helen hornbeck tanner, “coocoochee: mohawk medicine Woman,”
American Indian Culture and Research Journal 3, no. 3 (1979): 26– 27.
6. de peyster to maclean, 7 Jan. 1783, mphs 20:87 (“dupes”); transactions at sandusky, 6– 8
sept. 1783, mphs 20:179– 82 (“voice of the whole,” 180); maclean to Frederick haldimand, 18
may 1783, mphs 20:117– 21; morgan to senecas, 14 aug. 1783, mphs 11:380– 81; “ephraim dou-
glass,” 54, 58.
7. Joseph Brant, treaty proceedings, [1784], draper 23U:4; “treaty of Fort stanwix, in 1784,”
ed. neville B. craig, Olden Time 2, no. 9 (sept. 1847): 413– 14, 418– 20, 422– 24 (“free and indepen-
dent,” 418); “Journal of griffith evans, 1784– 1785,” ed. hallock F. raup, Pennsylvania Magazine of
History and Biography 65, no. 2 (apr. 1941): 212; pennsylvania indian commissioners, proceed-
ings, 1784– 85, rprg 9:980– 81; alan taylor, The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the
Northern Borderland of the American Revolution (new york: alfred a. Knopf, 2006), 157– 60.
8. “extracts from the Journal of arthur lee,” ed. neville B. craig, Olden Time 2, no. 7– 8
(July– aug. 1847): 336; denny 54– 55; pennsylvania indian commissioners, proceedings, rprg
9:983– 88.
9. piteosawa, speech to americans, 8 nov. 1785, draper 23U:30– 31 (“our chiefs”); Obadiah
robins to W. Ferguson, 29 sept. 1786, enclosed in Ferguson to harmar, 18 Oct. 1786, harmar
4:43 (“must not”); Butler 516 (“broke faith”); Brant, memorandum, 6 nov. 1784, ayer 106, folder
1, ayer manuscripts, newberry library, chicago; alexander mcKee to John Johnson, 2 June
1785, mphs 11:457– 58; michael huffnagle to harmar, July 1785, harmar 2:104; indian council,
20 sept. 1785, mphs 11:465– 67; denny 56; “Journal of samuel montgomery,” ed. david i. Bush-
nell, Mississippi Val ey Historical Review 2, no. 2 (sept. 1915): 263– 65; gregory evans dowd, A
Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745– 1815 (Baltimore: Johns
hopkins University press, 1992), 93– 94; Thomas s. abler, Cornplanter: Chief Warrior of the Al e-
gany Senecas (syracuse, ny: syracuse University press, 2007), 69– 72; taylor, Divided
Ground, 246– 47.
10. ephraim douglass to John dickinson, 2 Feb. 1784, pa 10:553 (“authority”); douglass to
John armstrong, 29 may 1784, pa 10:582 (“rabble”); philip Jenkins, deposition, 7 June 1784, pa
10:595.
11. edward cook to William irvine, 29 may 1782, Wic 325 (“general outcry”); cook to ir-
vine, 10 June 1782, Wic 326– 27 (“a prelude”); douglass to armstrong, 29 may 1784, pa 10:583
(“cautioned”); dorsey pentecost to William moore, 18 may 1782, pa 9:545– 46; John robinson
and hugh Brackenridge, depositions, 20 June and 4 July 1782, pa 9:572– 73; alexander mcclean
to moore, 27 June 1782, pa 9:564– 67; William mccleery to irvine, 30 June 1782, box 4, folder 19,
inF; James marshel to irvine, 17 July 1782, Wic 302; charles campbell to moore, sept. 1782,
216
notes to pages 153–155
rprg 19:1017– 18; irvine, unaddressed, sept. 1782, draper 1aa:316– 19; christopher hays to
moore, 20 sept. 1782, pa 9:637– 38; James trimble to commissioners of taxes, 28 June 1784,
rprg 21:266– 67; marshel to dickinson, 7 July 1784, rprg 21:292– 93; terry Bouton, “a road
closed: rural insurgency in post- independence pennsylvania,” Journal of American History 87,
no. 3 (2000): 855– 87.
12. robert Johnson to patrick henry, 5 dec. 1786, Vsp 4:191 (“cohees,” “tuckyahoes”); “diary
of major erkuries Beatty: paymaster of the Western army, may 15, 1786, to June 5, 1787,” Maga-
zine of American History with Notes and Queries 1, no. 1, 2 (1877): 435– 36 (“very superstitious,”
“no religion”); richard scott Blackburn, “a short
Journal of a trip from Winchester in Virginia
to new Orleans,” 26 apr. 1789, clements library, ann arbor, mi (“ranting”); denny 88 (“carry
on”); stephen aron, How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone
to Henry Clay (Baltimore: Johns hopkins University press, 1996), 70– 73; terry Bouton, Taming
Democracy: “The People,” the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution
(new york: Oxford University press, 2007); honor sachs, Home Rule: Households, Manhood,
and National Expansion on the Eighteenth- Century Kentucky Frontier (new haven, ct: yale
University press, 2015).
13. William croghan to pentecost, 28 apr. 1782, draper 30J:41 (“to go settle”); irvine to
george Washington, 20 apr. 1782, ser. 4, gWp (“a new state”); mcKee to Johnson, 9 sept. 1783,
mphs 20:183 (“before their great people”); Jonathan heart to William Judd, 8 Jan. and 4 June
1786, William Judd papers, 1786– 1797, collection no. 80327, connecticut historical society
(“Federal territory”); transactions at sandusky, 31 aug. 1783, mphs 20:175 (“to encroach”); ir-
vine to moore, 9 may 1782, Wic 244; armstrong to harmar, 13 apr. 1785, harmar 2:56; irvine to
harmar, 31 may 1785, harmar 2:77; ebenezer denny, “report after destroying the cabbins of
the intruders upon the lands of the United states,” 23 aug. 1785, harmar 2:110; “petition of the
intruders on the lands of the United states,” 30 aug. 1785, harmar 2:116.
14. Bethlehem township inhabitants, petition, 26 Oct. 1781, rprg 19:110– 11; pittsburgh in-
habitants, petition, 1 aug. 1782, rprg 19:936– 38; Joseph mcgarraugh to isaac mason, 14 dec.
1784, rprg 21:948; hays to dickinson, 12 may 1784, pa 10:264– 65; memorial from Fayette
county, 15 June 1784, pa 10:280– 81; mcclean to dickinson, 16 July 1784, pa 10:293– 94; John
allen and James Finley to supreme executive council, 21 apr. 1785, rprg 22:56; douglass to
dickinson, 5 aug. 1785, rprg 22:344– 45; somerset township inhabitants, petitions, [28 June
and 3 sept. 1788], rprg 24:192– 93, 346– 50; William parker to Benjamin Franklin, 3 sept. 1788,
rprg 24:351; minutes of the supreme executive council, 21 nov. 1781, 9 aug. 1782, 5 Feb. 1785,